USA > Vermont > Washington County > Montpelier > The History of Washington County in the Vermont historical gazetteer : including a county chapter and the local histories of the towns of Montpelier. > Part 17
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The Sabbath school is truly said to be the nursery of the church.
THE FREEWILL BAPTIST CHURCH
was organized in 1803. at the house of Lieut. Thomas Lyford, the ministers of- ciating, elders Benjamin Page and Aaron Buel of Strafford, Vt .; first members : Anthony Perry and wife; David Haines and wife ; - Spiller ; Enoch Hoyt and wife; Joseph Hoyt and wife; Ezra Hoyt and wife; Mr. Bruce, Benjamin Hoyt, David Lyford, Samuel Kingston, Abraham Hinks and David Blanchard ; deacons: Enoch Hoyt, David Blanchard and Benjamin Hoyt.
The town records show that Rev. Ben- jamin Page was settled as pastor the same year of the organization, which gave him a clear title to the minister-lot, he being the first settled minister in town. This he received, it now being the farm of George M. Webster, Esq. It was then in a state of nature, but his parishioners at once turned out and cut and cleared 10 acres for him, and built a barn on the same. But
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it is said he did not remain their minister long after he got it in shape to sell.
Meetings were held at the houses and in the barns for quite a number of years ; and they used often the Congregational meeting-house at the Centre, after it was in shape to use.
In 1829, they built a meeting-house on the west hill where quite a large number of these members lived. The house was of more modern style than either of the other meeting-houses, being but one story, gallery across one end, and the pulpit only about 6 feet from the floor. It had no tower. It was occupied regularly by the church for about 20 years, and during the time, they had some very able ministers, and some very stirring meetings.
The quarterly meetings are spoken of as being very interesting occasions and largely attended ; some coming 15 or 20 miles to attend them.
In about 12 or 15 years, the church be- gan to suffer heavily by deaths and remov- als, and about 1850, it lost its organization. One board after another began to disap- pear from the old house, and in 1875, it went over to the majority.
I have not been able to find any record of this church. This account has been obtained from the oldest inhabitants of this and adjoining towns.
THE METHODIST CHURCH IN CABOT. BY REV. ROBERT SANDERSON.
The first family that moved into town became afterward identified with Method- ism. The wife of Benj. Webster was one of the members of the first class. It is stated by one of the oldest members of the church that her mother attended a quar- terly meeting on Cabot Plain about 1808. This seems to be the first commencement of the society, although the first class was not formed until about 1811. The mem- bers of the first class were: Mrs. Judge Dana, Mrs. Dr. Scott, Mrs. B. Webster, Mrs. Hills, Mrs. N. Webster, Mrs. Durgin and Mrs. Rogers. The first men to join the class, some short time afterwards, were Judge J. W. Dana, Daniel Smith and Dr. Scott. There may have been others
connected with the class at that time ; we have only been able to find the above, and have no doubt they were the original members. The first Methodist sermon preached in town was probably by Thomas Branch, in 1807 or '8. One of the oldest inhabitants says he remembers going to meeting when quite a boy, and hearing the first Methodist sermon preached in town. Thomas Branch was presiding elder of Vermont district about this time. The first circuit preacher was Bro. Stearns. The first presiding elder who seemed to have had anything to do with Cabot as a circuit, was Eleazer Wells. In 1814, Lo- renzo Dow preached his first sermon in Cabot, in the old Congregational meeting- house at the Center before it was finished, using the work-bench for his pulpit. After announcing his text, he said Jesus Christ sat down and taught the people ; so shall I, and sat during the delivery of his dis- course. There seems to have been quite a reformation in the winter of the year 1816. The summer following, the Meth- odists held their meetings in the tannery, which is now used as a dwelling-house by Widow E. Perry, next to Sprague & Wells' block. Up to this date they had held their meetings in the houses and barns, chiefly at Cabot Plain, the quarterly meetings being held in the Congregational church at the Center. The first camp-meeting held in town was in 1820, in the grove owned by Daniel Smith, now owned by A. M. Foster, where over 80 tents were pitched. The presiding elder was John Linsey, who is said to have been a man of thunder. The first church was built about 1822 or 1823, the land and timber being furnished by Judge Dana, who had connected him- self with the poor and despised Methodists, to the wonderment of the community, a man of his standing to be so short-sighted as to connect himself with such fanatics. It was owing to his influence and liberality the church was built. In 1825 and '26 the great reformation took place, commencing with the watch-night service in the Meth- odist church. Bro. E. Ireson was the preacher. The revival spread throughout the town, both churches taking part in the
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work. The facts up to this date we have had to gather as we could, not being able to find any previous record. Thos. Lyford has supplied us with most of the information, he being a small boy then. His people afterwards became connected with the Methodists. In 1828, Cabot circuit con- tained Cabot, Calais, Woodbury, Peacham, Walden, Goshen Gore and Marshfield, with a membership of 312. We find a record of the first quarterly conference :
At a quarterly meeting conference, held at Cabot, July 5, 1828, William Peck was chosen secretary. Luke Richardson was appointed recording steward. Licensed Bro. Horace A. Warner to preach in a local capacity. Licensed Bro. G. B. Hous- ton as an exhorter. Licensed Bro. Samuel Stocker as a local preacher. Licensed Bro. William Simons as an exhorter. Elected the following brethren as a committee of arrangement for the year ensuing. Luke B. Richardson, Timothy Haynes, John W. Dana, voted that the next quarterly con- ference be held at Walden. A true copy of the record. Attest,
L. B. RICHARDSON, Recd. Steward.
The preachers in charge at .this time were N. W. Aspenwall and E. J. Scott. Below is the estimate of their salary :
Quarterage, Bro. Aspenwall and wife, and one child under seven years.
Quarterage. Table House Fuel. Traveling Total. expenses. rent. expenses.
$216.00 $75 $20 $20 $13 $344.00 E. J. Scott and wife,
200.00 53.54 10 5 8 276.50 Total receipts,
N. W. Aspenwall, $123.34 E. J. Scott, 71.84
In the quarterly report for January 3, 1830, we find the following resolution :
Resolved, that Oliver J. Warner, J. W. Dana and William Lance be a committee to purchase a suitable piece of ground, and build thereon a parsonage house and barns, provided a sufficient amount is subscribed to warrant the purchase of said land, and the commencement of said building.
In 1830, John Courier received his first license to preach, and was recommended to the traveling connection. In 1832, or 2 years after their appointment, the com- mittee bought of Joseph Preston one acre of land, house and barns thereon; cost, $200, where the widows Heath and Lyford
now have houses. The society put itself on record on the side of liberty and tem- perance :
Resolutions. Quarterly meeting held at Cabot, May 11, 1839.
Ist. That slavery as it exists in the United States of America is under all cir- cumstances a sin against God, contrary to the rights of our fellow-men enslaved.
2d. That it is the duty of every Chris- tian philanthropist and republican to use all lawful means for the peaceful emanci- pation of all the enslaved of our land.
3d. That we claim the right to examine and discuss this subject, and also to peti- tion Congress for the immediate abolish- ment of slavery in the District of Columbia.
ON TEMPERANCE.
Ist. that the manufactory and vending of intoxicating drinks, for a beverage, is an immorality.
2d. That it is inconsistent with Christian principles and a growth in grace to use in- toxicating drinks as a beverage.
3d. That by precept and example, we discourage the use of all intoxicating drinks as a beverage.
In 1848, the parsonage lot was sold to W. B. Cutting. Henry Russell, Joseph Lance and John Clark, committee. In 1851, S. Aldrich was the preacher. Quite a reformation took place ; several conver- sions ; some have gone to receive their re- ward ; others are among our leading mem- bers to-day. Removing and rebuilding the church was commenced ; completed in 1852, by Bro. A. L. Cooper, appointed to the charge that year.
NOTICE OF THE DEDICATION.
Providence permitting, the newly-repair- ed Methodist meeting-house at Cabot will be dedicated to the service of God on Tuesday, December 14, services com- mencing at II o'clock A. M. Sermon by Rev. J. Currier. Brethren in the ministry and others in the vicinity are invited to attend. A. L. COOPER.
December 2, 1852.
Joseph Lance was the leading man in rebuilding the church. To his public spirit the society are indebted for the very nice and commodious church they now own. Building committee of the church : Jos. Lance, Paul Dean, John Clark. The parsonage, commenced, 1853, Allen Perry, Jerry Atkins, Rob. Lance, committee. Jo-
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seph Lance gave the lot for the parsonage, besides his share in the building, and Mr. Perry bore the whole committee burden. From '53 to '73 nothing very marked oc- curred; the church just holding its own and sometimes going down to low-water mark, with the exception of the time. Bro. King labored here. During the charge of Bro. W. H. Wight, 1872, new interest was manifested. In his third quar- terly report we find " we have repaired and beautified our church ; painted, frescoed, carpeted throughout ; carpet cost $200, paid by subscription ; chandelier $50, paid by another subscription, raised by Harry Whittier, a lad of 14 or 15 ; finishing and frescoing to be paid by tax on the pews. The brethren have been equally ready to share in the responsibilities. Among those foremost in the work are Bros. Allen Perry, Theron H. Lance, William S. At- kins. In report, Oct. 24, 1874 :
" Our people have been surprised with the gift of a fine bell, cost between $400 and $500, from Bro. Paul Dean, and Sister Jeremiah Atkins. The church desire to record here their appreciation of this timely gift, and will ever pray that the blessing of God may rest on the donors."
In the same report :
" We have nearly finished a neat vestry, cost about $500; subscriptions nearly pledged ; we shall have it free from debt. We wish to make favorable mention of the labors of Sister Julia Hopkins, whose un- tiring efforts in soliciting subscription for this work has been so abundantly blessed."
John Clark died, Feb. 17, 1874, and left to the society $500, the interest to be used for Methodist preaching in Cabot. 1875, Sister Phebe Rogers, left the society $200, for the same purpose. Bro. Paul Dean also left the society $500. At the quar- terly conference, Jan. 16, 1881, the follow- ing resolutions were passed :
Ist. Whereas God in his all-wise Prov- idence, has removed one of our number, Bro. Paul Dean, and although he has fallen in a good old age, yet, we feel the loss to us none the less, as regards the church he loved. He was ever hopeful, firm in pur- pose, wise in council and liberal in support. He fully adopted these beautiful lines :
For her my tears shall fall,
For ber my prayers ascend,
To her my toil and care be given Till toil and care shall end.
2d. We deeply feel our loss in the vacant seat in our church, his absence in our consultations, and his kind, cheerful and helpful words.
3d. That we highly appreciate his lib- eral bequest for the benefit of the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and shall ever cherish in grateful remembrance and highly appreciate his liberal bequest for the benefit of the ministry of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church in this place. Or- dered that a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to Sister Dean.
By order of the Board of Stewards,
CHURCH TABOR, Presiding Elder. C. M. SEABURY, Secretary.
The church has a membership of 102 members and 25 probationers. Most the probationers have joined during the past year. The congregations are larger than at any other time in the history of the church. The first organization of the Sabbath school was about 1820 or '21. The first school had one teacher for the whole school-Benjamin Derrel. Some years previous to this they had made it a practice of teaching the children from house to house. Mrs. Dr. Scott was, no doubt, the first one in town to be engaged in Sabbath school work, though it was not known by that name. The school has never been so flourishing as to day. The largest average number in attendance has been reached during the past year. The present pastor is Robert Sanderson ; Sab- bath school superintendent, William S. Atkins, who has held the office for over 15 years. Stewards of the church, Allen Perry, Alvah Elmer, William S. Atkins, D. Reed, M. Seabury, M. J. Stone, S. B. Blodgett, Palmer B. Elmer; organist, Harry P. Whittier; chorister, Herman Osgood.
The following pastors have been sta- tioned here since 1824 :
1825, E. Ireson; 1826, Sargent and Barker ; 1827, Aspenwall and E. J. Scott ; 1828, Foster and Peck; 1829, Demming and Page ; 1830, Cass and Manning ; 1831, Cutler and Rust ; 1832, Cutler and Noyes ; 1833, Sweatland and Scott ; 1834, Kellogg and Worcester ; 1835, Brown and Smith ; 1836, Wells and Hill; 1837, Wells and
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Farnham; 1838, L. Austin ; 1839, C. Lis- combe ; 1840, James Smith ; 1841 and '42, A. Gibson ; 1843, H. Kendall ; 1844 and '45, Z. S. Haines ; 1846 and '47, P. Frost ; 1848, Swichel ; 1849, W. W. Scott; 1850, S. Aldrich ; 1851, H. T. Jones ; 1852 and 53, A. L. Cooper ; 1854 and '55, D. Packer ; 1856 and '57, D. S. Dexter ; 1858 and '59, P. P. Ray ; 1860, E. Copeland ; 1861. C. Fales ; 1862 and '63, F. E. King ; 1864 and '65, A. Hitchcock ; 1866 and '67, D. Willis ; 1868 and '69, L. Hill ; 1870 and '71, J. W. Bemis ; 1872, '73 and '74, W. H. Wight ; 1875, '76 and '77, F. H. Roberts ; 1878 and '79, H. F. Forrest ; 1880 and '81, R. San- derson.
THE ADVENT CHURCH
in this town dates from 1843, when a long series of meetings were held by Elder Ship- man. Till 1858, there was no organiza- tion, but meetings were held in different parts of the town, mainly at the West Hill and at Lower Cabot, where the church was organized Feb. 16, 1858; 40 members ; Nathan Wheeler and Erasmus L. Burnap, deacons, and M. P. Wallace, scribe.
Samuel W. Thurber was the first pastor, widely known in this vicinity as a wide- awake preacher, and one who to edify his hearers, did not spare his lungs. He was pastor for 6 years, since which the church has been supplied by ministers hired from year to year, among whom were Rev. H. Canfield, Rev. George Child, Rev. Alonzo Hoyt and Rev. Nathan Wheeler. Their meeting-house was built in 1857, mainly through the efforts and means of Dr. M. P. Wallace, and dedicated January, 1858; sermon by Rev. J. V. Himes, of Boston, who continued to hold meetings for the next 4 weeks. He was a pleasant speaker, thoroughly engaged in his labor. The house was crowded at nearly every meet- ing. The other churches all joined in the work, and a deep religious interest moved the whole town, and after the close of his labors, meetings were held at different lo- calities. It was called the most general awakening that had pervaded the town since 1826, and about 150 converts were added to the different churches, many of
whom have proved strong helps to the churches to which they belong. For the past few years this church has suffered greatly from deaths and removals, and at present they have preaching but one-half the time.
The Sabbath-school was organized be- fore the church, and has always been kept up ; the largest number enrolled, about 50. They have the largest library of any Sab- bath-school in town-400 volumes, and when the church has had regular preach- ing each Sabbath, there has been a good degree of interest manifested in the school.
PHYSICIANS
have been, and are now, well represented in this town ; men who have stood well in their profession.
DR. GERSHOM BEARDSLEY came among the very early settlers, as early as 1790. The physicians have been in the order of their names : Gershom Beardsley, Perley Scott, Dyer Bill, Dr. Haines, Leonard Morgan, Dr. Pratt, Z. G. Pangborn, M. P. Wallace, D. G. Hubbard, John Doe, Dan. Newcomb, D. M. Goodwin, S. L. Wiswall, J. A. Thompson, Fred Gale, Dr. Warren. Our present physicians are Drs. Wallace and Wiswall, Gale and Warren.
Dr. M. P. WALLACE graduated at Han- over Medical College, 1842, and com- menced practice in this town in 1843-he has retired from general practice, but is often called in council.
Dr. S. L. WISWALL graduated at Wood- stock Medical School, and after practicing in the towns of Wolcott and Hydepark, came to this town in 1862, as successor to Dr. Newcomb. He is a well-read physi- cian, and held in much esteem by the pro- fession.
When " Dr. Bill " was the only prac- titioner in town, located on the Plain, a man broke his thumb. The doctor and all the neighbors decided that amputation was necessary. The Doctor had no instru- ments, but they found a chisel they thought if ground up to an edge might answer. The chisel was ground, the man laid his hand on a block, the Doctor took the
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chisel and hammer, and in a minute the amputation was done.
EPIDEMICS.
Probably the worst years of sickness this town ever saw were 1813 .and '14, when the spotted fever raged to an alarm- ing extent, nearly every family in town having more or less sick ones, and in some portions of the town there were not well ones enough to care for the sick. Not un- frequently, a person would die with none but the members of their own family pres- ent. The old tomb-stones show a great number of deaths that year.
Deacon Clement Coburn died of the spotted fever. He was one of the pillars of the Congregational church in his town. He lived but a very short time after he was taken. No one taken with this epidemic expected to live, it was so fatal and violent in the first seizure of its victims. Says the venerable Rev. Mr. Stone, of Montpelier : Deacon Stone called to see him as soon as he learned he was sick, to minister to any want and to pray with him. When he must leave that afternoon, Deacon Stone was much affected at parting with Dea. Coburn ; he had been a good and fellow- laborer by his side in the house of worship, and he never expected to see him alive again, but Dea. Coburn, in the midst of his sufferings, bade him good-bye very calmly, triumphantly adding :
. " My soul shail pray for Zion still, While life and breath remains!"
These were his last words to Deacon Stone, to which Dea. Stone often after al- luded when speaking of Dea. Coburn or of that calamitous period.
No other epidemic prevailed till 1841, when the canker-rash, in its most malig- nant form, carried off a great many chil- dren. 1843 and '44 are remembered as the terrible years of crysipelas. The toll- ing of the bell saluted the ear, and the mournful procession greeted the eye, al- most daily. 1862 and '63 were sad years to many families, from the ravages of diphtheria.
NATIVE CLERGYMEN .- Congregational, John F. Stone, Levi H. Stone, James P.
Stone, Harvey M. Stone, all brothers ; William Scales, Ebenezer Smith; Chris- tians, Leonard Wheeler, Nathan Wheeler, brothers ; Methodists, Zerah Colburn, Augustin Hopkins.
LAWYERS .- Theron Howard, J. S. Mar- ston, Harlow P. Smith, George W. Stone, John McLean, T. P. Fuller and J. P. Lam- son, the present lawyer of the town ; took his academical course at Johnson, Vt. ; read law with the late Hon. Thomas Gleed, of Morrisville ; came to this town, and commenced practice August, 1860, during which time he has built up a large prac- tice, and is one of the leading attorneys in this section.
COLLEGE GRADUATES .- Oscar F. Dana, William Edgerton, William Scales, Eleazer J. Marsh, Charles C. Webster, Charles F. Stone.
LOCAL LITERATURE.
We have not wasted much printer's ink. I find but two Cabot publications, a pamph- let by Rev. Henry Jones, in 1826, that is entitled " An Exposure of Free-Masonry," and another pamphlet, written by Israel Cutting, giving an account of a law-suit between himself and Orlando Carter.
A large number of newspapers are taken here, and local items are well contributed. Several libraries have been purchased for the town, but after a few years were scat- tered, and at present there is no public or circulating library in town.
MASONIC.
GREEN MOUNTAIN LODGE, CHARTERED IS65.
Charter Members-A. F. Sprague, B. J. Lance, G. M. Webster, W. W. Lyford, Rufus Adams, John M. Fisher, N. B. Rogers, William H. Fletcher, G. W. Clark, Edwin Fisher, A. M. Ruggles, E. C. Smith.
First Officers of the Lodge-Rufus Ad- ams, W. M .; J. M. Fisher, S. W .; A. F. Sprague, J. W .; B. J. Lance, Treasurer ; Edwin Fisher, Secretary ; W. H. Fletcher, S. D .; Joseph Dow, J. D .; G. M. Web- ster, Nathaniel Perry, Stewards; N. B. Rogers, Tyler.
Present Officers-G. E. Forbes, W. M .; A. E. Dutton, S. W .; N. B. Rogers, J.
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W .; A. T. Durant, Treasurer ; Hiram Wells, Secretary; J. G. Pike, S. D .; C. C. Eastman, J. D .; W. W. Buchanan, George Gould, Stewards ; Charles French, Chaplain ; T. O. Parker, Marshall ; T. H. Lance, Tyler.
Highest membership reached, 104.
TOWN CLERKS 1788-1881.
Maj. Lyman Hitchcock, first town clerk, held the office from 1788 to 1795, when he removed from town; Dr. Horace Beards- ley, 1795 ; Thomas Osgood, 1796 to 1821, then in 1823 to 1832, with the exception of 1822, when Joseph Fisher held the office, an unbroken term of 36 years, when on account of the infirmities of age, his son Thomas Osgood, Jr., was elected in his place and served till 1858, a term of 26 years, when from consumption, he had to resign and soon after died, and Allen Perry was clerk to 1874; Lucas Herrick to 1875 ; Allen Perry re-elected in 1875 ; has held the office since, making 6 town clerks in 93 years. The records were kept in a. clear, plain hand and are all remarkably well preserved, even the first unbound rec- ord, which is well stitched together on the back, and is an interesting town relic.
SELECTMEN.
Lieut. Jonathan Heath, 1788; Lieut. Thomas Lyford, 1788, '91, '92, 1843, '44 ; David Blanchard, 1788, '89, '90, '94; Ed- ward Chapman, 1789, '90 ; Benjamin Web- ster, 1790; Samuel Danforth, 1791, '92 '93; Lyman Hitchcock, 1791, '92, '93; Capt. James Morse, 1793, '94; Jacob Gil- man, 1794; Fifield Lyford, 1795, '96, '98, 1801; Samuel Warner, 1795, '96; Joseph Fisher, 1797, '98 '99, 1800, '3, '4, '5, '6, '7, '8, '10, '11, '12, '13, '14, '15, '16, '17, '18, '19, '21, '22, '25, '26, '33, '34 ; John Which- er, 1797; Reuben Atkins, 1799, 1800; Oliver Walbridge, 1799, 1800, '1 ; Clement Coburn, 1801 ; Perley Scott, 1801, '2, '22, '23 ; John Edgerton, 1801 ; Moses Stone, 1802, '7 ; Matthias Stone, 1803, '4, '5, '6, '9, '32, '33 ; Enoch Hoyt, 1803, '4, '5, '50, '52, '53, '54, '68 ; John Damon, 1806, '10, 'II, '12, '13, '15, '18, '19, '20, '39, '40, '49, '50, '51 ; John W. Dana, 1807, '8, '9, '13, '16 to '22, '25 to '32, in all 16 years ; Jo-
seph Blanchard, 1808, '9; Joseph Coburn, 1810; Leonard Orcutt, 1812, '21 to '31, '33 to '37, '43 to '46, 18 years in all; John Stone, 1814, '16, '17 ; David Haines, 1815, '27, '28, '38 ; Anthony Perry, 1820; Eben- ezer Smith, 1823, '39, '41 ; Nathan Wheel- er, 1824; Tristam C. Hoyt, 1829, '31, '32 ; Hugh Wilson, 1830, '31, '42 ; Caleb Fisher, 1832, '41, '42, '43 to '48, '54, 62, '63, II years ; Jeremiah Atkins, 1835, '36, '40, '52, '53; William Lance, 1835, '45; John A. Adams, 1836,'37, '38 ; Alpha Web- ster, 1837, '38, '49 ; Milton Fisher, 1837, '59, '60 ; Stephen Hoyt, 1840, '58, '59; Oli- ver C. Warner, 1841 ; Timothy P. Fuller, 1842; Daniel Gould, 1846, '47, '53; Jacob Way, 1846, '47 '48 ; M. O. Fisher, 1848, '49, '52 ; Jewett Walbridge, 1848, '56, '57 ; Jos. Lance, 1849; Paul Dean, 1850, '51 ; Geo. W. Stone, 1851 ; George H. Paige, 1854, '55 ; M. P. Wallace, 1855, '64, '66, '67, '68, '78, '79, '80; Rufus Adams, 1855; Allen Perry, 1856, '57 ; John Clark, 1858 ; Peter Lyford, 1858; Joseph Hoyt, 1860, '61 ; Robert Lance, 1860; S. W. Osgood, 1861,'63, '65; B. F. Scott, 1861,'62, '64; James Atkins, 1862, '63; B. W. Marsh, 1864; John H. Damon, 1865 ; N. K. Ab- bott, 1865; C. M. Seabury, 1866; Orson Kimball, 1866, '69, '70; E. D. Putnam, 1867; William P. Whittier, 1867, '68, '71, '74; George W. Payne, 1869, '70, '72 ; Lucius Herrick, 1870, '71, '72, '75, '76, '77, '78; Roland B. Bruce, 1871; N. K. Ab- bott, 1872, '73; E. T. Hopkins, 1873, '74, '76, '77 ; C. C. Perry, 1873 ; Roswell Laird, 1874, '75, '76, '77; S. L. Wiswall, 1878, '80 ; George L. Paige, 1879 ; George Gould, 1879, '81; Bemis Pike, 1880; Hiram Wells, 1881 ; Charles M. Fisher, 1881. In 1831, five selectmen were elected and served.
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