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GENEALOGY COLLECTION
i
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01177 6090
HISTORY OF WASHINGTON
History of Washington
no grund s 9dsm of seth bris sidairlo') ods to din J TA bos Wwwsa jaTit 9dt find onIs 9H The Rise and Proudof filth Inting
By CLINTON A. SNOWDEN
Aitvi ary Editora CORSAAIT'S H. ITANBORD, MILES C. MOORE, WILLIAM D. 212DE SYSWHEN J. CHADWICK
VOLUME THREE
COLONEL MICHAEL T. SIMMONS.
The first American settler to explore the country north of the Columbia, and first to make a home on Puget Sound. He also built the first sawmill and first gristmill in the Sound country. He was one of the purchasers of the brig Orbit, the first ship owned by residents of the territory, and he was one of the early merchants of Olympia. He was a leader among the early settlers in every public enterprise.
History of Washington
The Rise and Progress of an American State
By CLINTON A. SNOWDEN
Advisory Editors CORNELIUS H. HANFORD, MILES C. MOORE, WILLIAM D. TYLER STEPHEN J. CHADWICK
VOLUME THREE
STATE
HE
TI
F
THE SEAL
SHINGTON
1889
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY NEW YORK 1909
Printed by John C. Rankin Company for The Century History Company
COPYRIGHT 1909 BY THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Publication Office 54 Dey Street, New York, N. Y. U. S. A.
.
1385637
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXV.
PERILS AND TRIALS OF THE TRAIL.
Hostile Indians. 3
Attack on the Perry Family. 4
Murder of Mrs. Clark and her Son 5
Massacre of the Ward Party 5
A Wounded Boy's Escape. 7
Haller Punishes the Murderers 8
A Father's Revenge. 8
A Long Funeral Journey 9
White Outlaws. IO
The Murderer of a Family. II
How the Sick were Cared For II
Experiences of the Hanford Family 12
The Plagues of the Desert 13
Surgery on the Plains. 14
The Terrible Cholera Years 15
Orphans of the Plains. 16
The Bonney Family's Experience I7
Mrs. White's Pathetic Story
17
A Baby's Funeral. 18
Terrors of the Snake River Trail.
19
Swindlers and Robbers 20
A Bride's Predicament. 21
A Loaf of Fresh Bread. 23
The End of the Journey 24
CHAPTER XXXVI.
THE SETTLERS' CABIN.
The Home-Hunters. 27
The Country They Left. 28
The Railroads and Rivers. 29
Lack of Employment. 30
Senator Linn's Land Bill 3I
Land for the Landless. 33
Burnett's Three Temptations 34
The First Six Thousand. 35
Expectations and Realizations. 36
Gloomy Days. 37
135% P 90286 Start 79-01. 8 m'Or nothing
vi
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Selecting the Claim. 38
The First Shelter. 38
Early Employment. 39
The First Home in the Wilderness. 40
Its Furniture.
41
A Hollow Stump as a Home. 43
The Second Homes 46
Their Ornamentation. 48
Lonely Lives of Wives and Mothers. 49
How the Tables were Supplied 50
How Clothing was Procured. 5I
The Hard Winter of 1861-62 53
The Settler and his Reward. 55
CHAPTER XXXVII. GOVERNMENT GETS STARTED.
Primitive Conditions. 59
First Public Officers. 60
John R. Jackson as a Public Official. 6 I
First Members of the Legislature. 62
Douglass and Ogden as Politicians 63
Governor Abernethy's Election 64
Oregon Becomes a Territory 65
Governor Lane. 67
Indian Affairs in Oregon and Washington 68
First Territorial Legislature in Oregon. 69
Courts Established 70
Fort Steilacoom Established. 71
The Murderers of Wallace Surrendered. 72
Their Trial and Execution.
73
First Session of Court in Washington 74
Trial of the Whitman Murderers. 75
Their Execution. 76
The Steamer Massachusetts Arrives. 77
A Collector of Customs Appointed. 78
First Mail Service 78
The Cadborough Seized. 80
Seizure of the British Ship Albion 83
Her Condemnation and Sale. 86
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT.
The Discovery of Gold in California 91
The Donation Law. 92
OF AN AMERICAN STATE vii
Selecting Claims 93
Whidby Island's Attractions 94
Its Earliest Settlers 95
First Claims at Port Townsend. 97
First Building Erected. IOI
First Arrivals in the Duwamish Valley
103
Peculiarity of this Valley
IO5
First Settlers at Alki Point 109
The Denny Party Arrives. III
Their First Winter on the Sound. II2
Elliott Bay Explored II4
II5
Denny, Boren and Bell Select Their Claims.
Dr. Maynard Arrives
II7
First Houses in Seattle I18
Henry L. Yesler Arrives 120
The First Steam Sawmill
I2I
The Famous Cookhouse.
122
First Plat of Seattle
123
The Name of the New City.
124
Terry's City of New York Platted. I26
The First Wagon in King County 127
First Arrivals at Bellingham Bay. 129
Early Settlers in Clallam County .. 130
First Arrivals in the Puyallup Valley I31
John R. Jackson and his Neighbors. 132
Fort Steilacoom Founded. I33
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE PROGRESS OF EVENTS.
The Collection District of Puget Sound. 137
The Gold-Hunters of Queen Charlotte's Island. I37
The Party Shipwrecked 138
Captain Balch to the Rescue. I39
Pacific County Organized. 14I
Thurston County Organized 142
Pierce and King Counties. 143
First Post Office in Washington 144
First Overland Mail. 145
Early Mail Service on the Sound. 146
First Newspaper in Washington. 147
First Roads.
148
A Road Wanted Across the Cascades. 149
Site of Seattle Examined. 116
viii
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Early Efforts to Get it Built 151
The Immigration of 1852 152
First Coal Found. 153
Progress of Settlement Reviewed I 54
First Church Service 155
Early Lawyers. 156
The Early Sawmills. 158
The Cascade Road Explored. 161
Work on it Begun.
162
The Road Opened. 163
Early Talk of a Railroad. 164
Colonel Ebey Appointed Collector 165
First Surveys.
166
Fourth of July Celebrated. 167
CHAPTER XL.
WANING POWER OF THE HUDSON'S BAY.
McLoughlin Retires. 171
His Land Claim at Oregon City. 172
His Title Contested by the Missionaries. 174 McLoughlin's Naturalization 178
Refused Title to his Claim.
179
His Death 180
Land Claims of the Hudson's Bay Company. 18 I
Claim Taken by Their Employees 182
American Settlers and Their Claims. 183
Ill Feeling Aroused. 185
Hudson's Bay Headquarters Removed to Victoria. 186
Seizure of the Beaver and Mary Dare 188
The Offense Charged. 189
Captain Stuart Escapes.
190
The Ships Released. 191
CHAPTER XLI.
THE TERRITORY ORGANIZED.
Early Mentions of a Territorial Government. 195
President Polk and the Whitman Massacre. 196
The Slavery Question. 196-197 A Fourth of July Suggestion 197 Reasons for Separation. 198
The Capital Question in Oregon 200
The "One-Horse Council" 201
Separation Discussed
202
OF AN AMERICAN STATE ix
The Convention at John R. Jackson's. 203
The First Newspaper Founded. 204
The Monticello Convention Called. 205
A Memorial Adopted.
206
Colonel E. J. Allen's Account of the Meeting 207-208
The Memorial Presented to Congress.
210
Territory Created.
211
Officers Appointed .. 211
News Reaches the Territory. 212
Letters from the New Governor 213
Politics and Politicians. 214
The New Governor.
215
Survey for a Transcontinental Railroad. 216
The Governor Reaches Olympia. 217
His Reception. 218
First Census of the Territory 220
Judicial Districts Established. 221 First Political Convention 222
The Election ..
223
The Indian Service Organized. 224
Hudson's Bay Company's Matters. 225
CHAPTER XLII.
THE FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE.
The First Council. 229
First House of Representatives 231
Governor Stevens' First Message. 233
The Road Question. 234
Subjects for Legislation 235
Appropriation for a Capitol. 236
The Judges Assist the Legislature
237
End of the First Session. 238
New Counties Created. 239
Conditions in Eastern Washington. 241
George Bush Gets his Land Claim 242
New Judicial Districts Established 243
A Territorial Seal Adopted.
245
Governor Stevens Allowed to Visit Washington.
247
A Clash with the Secretary of War. 248
Opposition to the Northern Railroad Route.
249
New Legislation Adopted. 250
Stevens Returns to the Coast with his Family 251
Their Trip up the Cowlitz. 252
Home Life in Olympia. 253
X
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
CHAPTER XLIII.
TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS.
Pressing Demands for the Treaties. 257
Character of the Indian Title. 258
Anxiety Among the Indians. 258
The Governor as Indian Agent 2 59
His Instructions. 260
The Indians and the Hudson's Bay Company. 261
Details Left to the Governor's Discretion. 262
An Active Campaign Planned. 264
Mischief-Makers Among the Indians 265
Preparing for the Councils 267
268
First Council Assembled
270
The Negotiations Begun 272
273
First Treaty Signed
274
Its Provisions.
275
The Point Elliot Council.
276
The Point Elliot Treaty
277
The Third and Fourth Councils 278
The Treaties Criticized. 279
The Chinook Jargon. 280
The First Reservations. 282
Negotiations with the Coast Tribes
285
Their Failure.
287
Preparations for the Walla Walla Council.
288
A Military Escort Demanded
289
Arrival at the Council Grounds
290
The Nez Perces Arrive.
292
Threatening Demonstrations 293
Kam-i-ah-kan and Peo-peo-mox-mox.
296
The Council Opened. 298
Au Indian Holiday.
299
The Lawyer Alarmed. 300
Peo-peo-mox-mox in a Surly Mood.
The Indian Orators. 302
Looking Glass and his War Party. 304
The Council Nearly Broken Up. 305
The Treaties Signed 306
Their Provisions 307
Governor Stevens Starts Eastward 308
Councils with the Flathead and Blackfeet Tribes. 308
Preparing the Treaties
Method of Treaty-Making.
-
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
xi
CHAPTER XLIV.
WAR BEGINS.
Gold-Hunters Murdered. 313
Cause of Indian Complaints 314
The Government Responsible 315
Father Pandozy's Warning 316
Major Alvord Reproved.
317
Indian Women Give Warning
318
The Klikitats Driven Out of Oregon 320
Their Return Alarms the Yakimas 32I
Kam-i-ah-kan as a Conspirator. 322 His Agents and Their Work. 324
Warnings from West of the Mountains.
325
Treaties not the Cause of War
326
The Discovery of Gold at Colvile.
328
Miners Invade the Indian Country
329
Murder of Agent Bolon.
331
News of the Murder at the Dalles
333
Haller Sent to the Indian Country
334
Battle with the Indians. 335
The Command Forced to Retreat 336
Return to the Dalles. 337
CHAPTER XLV.
THE WAR EAST OF THE MOUNTAINS.
Condition of the Settlers 341
The Regular Troops 342
343
First Call for Volunteers 344
A Question of Command. 345
Sheridan's View of the Case. 346
Nathan Olney Visits Fort Walla Walla 347
Peo-peo-mox-mox in Bad Humor 348
The Settlers Warned. 349
Rains Starts Northward 350
First Skirmish with the Indians 351
A Battle without a Leader 353
Father Pandozy's Mission Burned.
354
A Snowstorm Ends the Campaign.
355
Difficulties of the Retreat. 356
The Militia Carry the War Eastward. 356
Fort Henrietta Built. . 357
Strange Conduct of General Wool 358
Sorry Condition of the Volunteers. 359
Gen. John E. Wool.
xii
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Colonel Kelly Resolves to Advance. 360
The Skirmish at Fort Walla Walla. 360
Peo-peo-mox-mox Prepares an Ambush 361
He Demands a Parley
362
Is Taken Prisoner 363
His Warriors Abandon Their Camp 364
The Battle on the Walla Walla. 365 Death of Captain Bennet. 366
Four Shots from a Howitzer
367
Peo-peo-mox-mox Killed. 369
End of the Four Days' Fighting
370
The Losses on Both Sides. 371
The Pursuit Abandoned 373
Results of the Campaign. 374
CHAPTER XLVI.
THE WAR WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS.
Acting-Governor Mason and His Advisers. 379
Eaton's Rangers. 380
Difficulty of Securing Arms 381
Leschi and Quiemuth. 382
Their Camp on White River
383
Murder of McAllister and Connell.
384
A Night Battle.
385
The White River Massacre. 386
Captain Hewitt to the Rescue.
389
Captain Maloney's Retreat. 391
Murder of Moses and Miles. 392
Lieutenant Nugen Calls for Volunteers. 393
First Battle on White River 394
Battle on Green River. 395
Flight of the Settlers to the Towns. 396
More Volunteers Called For. 397
Governor Douglass Appealed To. 398
W. W. Miller Made Quartermaster-General. 398 Difficulties of his Position 399
Wool Arrives on the Ground 401
Refuses to Assist the Settlers 402
Captain Keyes in Command. 403 Lieutenant Slaughter's Expedition 404
Leschi as a Rifleman 405
A Night Battle. 406
Death of Lieutenant Slaughter 406
Leschi Visits Fox Island. 408
OF AN AMERICAN STATE XIII
Escapes Capture. 409
The Indian Plan of Campaign. 410
The Town of Seattle. 4II
The Warship Decatur. 412
The Klikatats Surround the City 413
Governor Stevens Arrives. 414
The Battle Begun.
415
Its Progress 417
Guns that Shot Twice 418
End of the Battle 419
Indians Retreat. 420
CHAPTER XLVII.
WAR AT CROSS PURPOSES.
Results of the War So Far 425
Governor Stevens' Return Journey. 426
A Council with the Cœur d'Alenes 426
With the Spokanes 428
With the Nez Perces
429
Stevens' First Letter to Wool.
430
Wool's Reply
433
Wool's Second Visit to the Sound.
435
Stevens' Second Letter to Wool.
436
Wool Refuses to Reply
438
The Second Regiment Called For
439
Its Composition. 440
Patkanim Offers his Services.
441
Marches Against the Hostiles 442
The Regulars Reinforced .
Death of Kanasket 443
444
The Regulars Attack the Indians
445
Battle Near Connell's Prairie.
446
The Indians Routed.
447
Maxon and his Raiders. 448
The Indian Allies 449
The Scouts and Their Skirmishes 450
Wright Marches to the Yakima 451
Battles at the Cascades 453
Sheridan to the Rescue. 459
The Indians Outwitted. 460
Massacre of an Indian Family 461
Volunteers on the Walla Walla. 462
Their Final Campaign 463
Owhi Outwits Wright 464
xiv
RISE AND PROGRESS OF AN AMERICAN STATE
Wool's Orders to Wright 466
Shaw Starts Across the Mountains. 467
Moves to the Grande Ronde 468
The Battle of the Grande Ronde. 469
Stevens Summons the Chiefs to Walla Walla 470
The Council Opened. 471
Stevens' Camp Attacked. 472
Steptoe Refuses Assistance. 473
Retreat of Steptoe and Stevens. 474
The Indian Murderers Demanded. 475
Wright's Peace
476
The Volunteers and the Regulars 477
CHAPTER XLVIII.
MARTIAL LAW.
"Squaw Men " Suspected 483
Some of Them Arrested. 484
The Courts Appealed To 484
Martial Law Declared. 485
Judge Lander Arrested. 488
The Lawyers and Citizens Protest 488
Court Opened at Olympia. 489
The Governor Cited for Contempt. 490
Judge Lander Again Arrested. 490
One of his Guards.
491
Judge Chenoweth Opens Court
492
Release of the "Squaw Men"
493
End of Martial Law
494
The Governor Censured.
495
His Defense. 496
Course of Judge Lander Reviewed.
496
Company A in Trouble. 498
Denny Removed from Command.
499
Protest of the Company
500
The Order of Removal. 501
A Harmless Indian Murdered 503
Warlike Haidahs Invade the Sound. 504
Settlers at Bellingham Attacked. 505
The Massachusetts Arrives. 507
The Haidahs Refuse to Leave 508
Their Camp Attacked. 509
A Whole Day's Battle. 509
Murder of Colonel Ebey 510
The Blue Wing and Ellen Maria.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Colonel M. T. Simmons Frontispiece
Independence Rock. Facing page 4
Fort Boist Facing page 20
Cedar Stump Residence Facing page 42
Edward Huggins
Facing page 50
Edmund Sylvester
Facing page 64
Joseph Lane.
Facing page
66
F. W. Pettygrove.
Facing page
98
First House in Jefferson County.
Facing page 100
Edward Hanford
Facing page 104
Chief Seattle.
Facing page 124
Dexter Horton
Facing page 128
Captain Henry Roeder Facing page 130
Lafayette Balch
Facing page 132
Rev. John F. Devore.
Facing page 154
First Protestant Church North of the Columbia
Facing page 156
A Famous Pioneer Home
Facing page 198
Early Olympia
Facing page 216
Columbia Lancaster
Facing page 222
Rev. Father Lajeunesse, Portland, Ore.
1
Brother McStay, Tulalip
Facing page 240
Rev. Father Chirouse, Indian Agent, Tulalip
Rev. F. X. Prefontaine, Seattle
James G. Swan Facing page 284
General Granville O. Haller
Facing page 334
Charles H. Mason Facing page 379
General William Winlock Miller Facing page 398
Seattle in 1864 Facing page 411
Fort Steilacoom Facing page 484
Judge Edward Lander Facing page 488
Col. Benjamin F. Shaw. Facing page 492
Arthur A. Denny Facing page 499
Blockhouse on Whidby Island Facing page 510
CHAPTER XXXV.
THE PERILS AND TRIALS OF THE TRAIL.
I NDEPENDENCE ROCK was a landmark on the trail that nearly all of the pioneers remember with pleasure. This vast mass of stone, more than half a mile in circumference and three or four hundred feet in height, could be seen for a long distance before they reached the mountains on the eastern side. When they reached it they made an event of their arrival. Thousands climbed up its sides as far as they could go, for a last look at the plains they had conquered, and a nearer view of the mountains they were yet to assail. Thousands inscribed their names and the date of their 'arrival on its rugged face. "Every- body," says one writer, "who had a chisel or a tar bucket, or anything that would cut, carve, paint or make a mark of any kind, left his name, or initials, on some one of the faces of this great rock." It came to be a sort of news center for the emigrants, and they studied it for hours together, hoping to find, and often finding, the names of friends they knew to be in advance of them.
The Indians on the west side of the mountains were quite as annoying as those on the east side, and in places far more dangerous. Many were murdered by them. In a few cases whole families were killed.
Late in 1851 the family of Walter G. Perry, and three other families with two unmarried men, in four wagons, were traveling together near White Horse Creek in Idaho. The larger train, with which they had come most of the way, had been divided in order to find better grazing for the stock, the large number of teams which had preceded them having eaten the grass so close that theirs were finding but scanty pasturage. Early in the morning, perhaps an hour after they had left camp, they saw an unusually large number of Indians approaching, some on horses and some on foot.
4
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Miss Kirkland, who was riding in advance of the party on horseback, abandoned her horse and hurried back to the wagons on foot. The Indians followed, and spreading out their arms and blankets in front of the oxen brought them to a halt. They demanded whisky and, on being told there was none in the party, began to make other demands. While Perry and his brother-in-law, George Lake, were parleying with them, they opened fire, shooting Lake dead on the spot, and wounding Perry through the right lung, and Empson Cantrell, one of the young men, in the abdomen. The other men in the party then got their guns and fired at the Indians, who retreated out of range, but followed the party for several hours, endeavoring to stampede their stock, and particularly their horses. It was then proposed to give them the horses if they would make no further trouble. To this they assented and taking the horses rode away. It was afterwards ascertained that there were two renegade white men with this party, but, being dressed and painted as Indians, the fact was not suspected at the time. "The wagon that carried the shovels and other implements, known as the tool wagon," says Mrs. Frost, who was Mr. Perry's daughter, "was with the big train, and we had nothing with which to dig graves for the dead, nor did we dare to bury them, as we were afraid of another attack. Hence we carried the bodies until the third day after the attack, when decomposition had advanced so far that we were forced to bury them. We had been compelled to keep fires burning at night about the wagons in which they lay, to keep the wolves away from them. Wooden spades were improvised, a shallow grave dug and both bodies buried in it. We over- took the big train on the afternoon of the following day, and my father died about 10 o'clock that night, after having
5
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
suffered untold agonies for four days, and begging many times to be killed and put out of misery. We dare not stop, and the jolting of the wagon was almost unendurable to him."
A man named Clark, who was bringing a drove of thirty or more fine horses with him, and whose wife and daughter traveled in a carriage, while he and his son, still a boy, were most of the time on horseback, crossed with the train with which Hugh Crockett came in 1851. As the grass was short where they camped one night, the boy started the horses on ahead of the train next morning, hoping to find better feed for them. Mrs. Clark and her daughter followed in their carriage. About noon they came to a place where the grass seemed inviting, and they determined to halt and let the horses graze until the train came up. As there was no hint that Indians were in the neighborhood, the boy went down to the river bank to fish, while his mother and sister disposed themselves to rest. He had only been gone a few minutes when the Indians came upon them and shot Mrs. Clark dead, wounded the girl, and left her for dead. The boy, hearing the guns, rushed up the bank and was shot dead. His sister survived the frightful treatment she had received and was brought through to Oregon.
A more horrible massacre was that of the Ward party in 1854. This party was composed of several families, all or most of whom were related. They had separated from the main train and gone ahead of it. The night before the massacre, some cattle were stolen from the main train and Alexander Yantis, afterwards well known in Thurston County, and five other men were sent out to discover and recapture them. While following the trail of the robbers, they came upon the camp of the Ward party, which they found in the greatest confusion, everything indicating that
6
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
a bloody battle had only recently taken place there. The still warm and bleeding bodies of nine white men and seven Indians lay among the wagons where they had fallen. The party had been surprised while at dinner, and some of them killed before they could make any defense. The others had fought heroically. A young man from Massachusetts named Babcock had fallen close beside the bodies of two Indians, both of whom he had apparently killed in his own death-struggle. The body of Robert Ward lay close beside that of his son, while near them were the bodies of two dead Indians. All the men in the party had been killed, but the women and children had been carried away and reserved for a worse fate.
Yantis and his party started out to pursue, and if possible rescue them, but found this impossible, as the Indians too greatly outnumbered them. They came near enough to the party to have a short battle with them, but were compelled to retire after exchanging a few shots. During the battle they could plainly hear the cries of the captives imploring them to save them. It was subsequently learned that one young woman broke away from her captors and was shot. A married woman met a similar fate. Two or three children were burned to death before the eyes of their mothers, after which the women themselves were tortured by hot irons thrust into their flesh, and by all the devices which savage cruelty exults in.
Some of those who were thus carried away as captives were never afterwards found or heard from. The bodies of those who were tortured and burned to death, or murdered in other ways, were subsequently collected, and together with those of the men were buried in one common grave on the spot where the party had made their last camp.
INDEPENDENCE ROCK.
This famous landmark was long remembered by all the immigrants who crossed the continent by the Ore- gon trail, either to Oregon or California, Thousands of them wrote or engraved their names upon its face, and many left messages there for friends who were following them, so that in time it came to be a veritable post office of the plains. The picture is from a drawing made in 1849, to accompany the report of the quarter- master of the Mounted Rifle regiment.
6
LVL PROGRESS
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7
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
When Yantis and his men returned to the camp after their vain effort to rescue the women and children of the unfor- tunate party, they heard a child's voice calling them feebly from the bushes near by. On going to the spot they found a nine-year-old boy, named Newton Ward, who had been badly wounded and left for dead. He said he had held his breath when the Indians came to look at him, hoping they would think him dead. Taking the wounded boy in their arms they returned to the train, though the pain from his wound was such that he begged to be put down and left to die. He subsequently recovered and came safely through to Oregon, where he grew to manhood. His brother, a few years older, had a much more miraculous escape. He was shot through the right lung with an arrow, which passed so near through his body that the point could be felt under the skin of his back. Thus wounded he managed to make his way to Fort Boise, a distance of nearly thirty miles, living meanwhile for several days on roots and berries, and suffering terribly from his wound. There the arrow was extracted by cutting through the flesh to its point and draw- ing it through his body. He also recovered. These brothers were the only survivors of the Ward party.
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