USA > Wisconsin > Milwaukee County > Milwaukee > History of Milwaukee, city and county, Volume I > Part 19
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"They enjoyed their pint of beer during the several Incheon periods of the day, denounced the money grasping Yankee and the corruption in AAmeri- ean publie life and incidentally praised the solidity of Germany's officialdom and the beanties of their native villages.
"The pottery industry thrived until the competition from Akron and other Ohio points became too strong, and what was onee a thriving local industry has been converted into a warehouse and distributing center for Ohio pottery."
Polish Immigration .- The immigration of Poles had its beginning in the early '60s. A few families came and settled on the lower east side towards the south. The tide of immigration secured its real momentum, however. in the early '70s of the last century when a great number of Poles arrived daily. The old Reed Street Station was the seone of their coming.
William George Bruce, in an article published in one of the local news- papers offers this description of the advent of the Polish immigrants: "We deemed it one of the sights to behold these anxious men and women and abashed children nestled among the boxes, bundles and bedding of an old world household, awaiting transfer to a permanent abode. Usually a rickety express wagon took them to the southern limits of the city which up to this
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IMMIGRATION AND RACE ORIGIN
time had only been sparsely populated. They were travel stained, poor and ignorant, but they were hopeful, courageous and ambitious.
"The wooded lands south of Greenfield Avenue were soon transformed into a vast area of cottages with high basements accommodating two families, with gardens in the rear and some shrubbery and a rest bench in the front.
"Their life in a new world began. Everybody went to work. The men dug sewer trenches, built streets, bridges and honses. The boys and girls entered the factories and mills and stores. Many of the married women went ont to do a day's washing in addition to doing their daily housework.
"They imbibed the American spirit. Progress was in the air. With the passing of time the rising generation performed more exacting duties in the industrial and commercial life of the city. They entered the skilled trades. Some of the young men entered the professions. Others went into the chan- nels of trade, still others into the public service, until there are among the present generation young lawyers, physicians, judges and representatives in the city, county, state and national legislative bodies.
"The Poles also settled upon the east and the north sides of the city. The colony on the south side is by far the larger. These several colonies, aggre- gating a population of approximately one hundred thousand, note the progress of the Polish-American by thousands of neat and cozy homes and the mar- velons size and beauty of their churches."
Mr. Bruce, in disenssing the tendency of the Polish clement to colonize, says : " If the Polish-Americans have colonized in certain sections of American cities. it has been done in response to expedience rather than from a desire to foster isolation. Their colonies or neighborhoods not only manifest from within an intense progress in the various activities that make for a modern city, but they are an essential part of the community as a whole."
He adds: "There is a disposition on the part of those of other nationali- ties to ridicule Polish names. In the days of political conventions it was not uneommon to resort to laughter and jeers when the names of the Polish- American delegates were read. I took occasion to remind one of these con- ventions that these names were no more subject to laughter than were any series of German, Irish, or Scandinavian names. These names had been in- herited from honorable fathers and mothers, were borne by the families of the present generations and hence were sacred to them. The convention there- after indulged in no more laughter at the mention of Polish names. In his home life the Pole may foster the traditions and the nobler impulses of a mother country, but in his economic and civic life he is an American."
In discussing the advancement by the Polish-American element, the same author says: "My evening walks frequently extend into the southern part of the south side and when I contrast the scenes which attended the earlier Polish immigration at the railway station with the thousands of elean and comfortable homes, magnificent churches and schools, the business blocks on Mitchell Street, Kosciuszko Park and the many beautiful streets which char- aeterize the Polish section, I am thrilled with the transformation that has taken place. Here is the evidence, eloquently demonstrated, that the Polish immigrants were industrious and thrifty, law abiding and God fearing, and
MILWAUKEE HOUSE
THE OLD MILWAUKEE HOUSE, WHERE THE FIRST PASSENGER ON THE UNDER- GROUND RAILWAY ARRIVED IN SLAVERY DAYS. (From a wood eut in Milwaukee Under the Charter, published in 18\4)
185
IMMIGRATION AND RACE ORIGIN
that to the best of their ability, they are making their contribution to the progress of the city and to American civilizat on as a whole."
While many of the Poles hail from Austria and Russia, the larger number come from what was the grand duchy of Posen, formerly a part of Germany. A number of Poles, specially those formerly residing on Jones Island, were known as "Kashubes" who have their own peculiar dialeet and customs and came from a northeast section of German-Poland.
Monsignor Goral, in a chapter on the Poles in Milwaukee, says, "Whoever is closely acquainted with the psychology of the Polish nation will readily understand why it always has been, and still continues to be, the ambition of the Poles to organize a parish and to have their own school and church when- ever the numbers warrant it. It is admitted by all that at least ninety-five per cent of the Poles are Catholies. There is probably no other nation on God's earth that loves so fanatieally and clings so tenaciously to its language and national traditions as the Poles do. Woe to those that would ever dare to conspire against this most saered heritage of theirs!"
The Jewish Pioneers .- The first Israelite to come to Wisconsin was Jacob Franks who settled in Green Bay in 1794. He was an agent of the Canadian Fur Company and became one of the enterprising men of that settlement. Franks and Meyer Levi of La Crosse, concerned themselves in the erection of the first sawmills in the territory then known as Wisconsin.
Isador S. Horwitz, who is the acknowledged historian of the Jewish element in Wisconsin, says that the arrival of Jews in Milwaukee had its beginning in the early '40s. The records of those years reveal a number of Jewish names. Among the first and most prominent among them were the Schoyer brothers. Gabriel Schoyer, the older, conducted a mercantile enterprise on East Water Street for a number of years.
In the year 5610. according to the Jewish calendar, or in the year 1847, the beginning for a Jewish Synagogue with ten members was made. The first religious services were held on the Jewish new year, Rosh Hashona, and the feast of Yom Kippur.
The synagogue was at first located at the home of Henry Nenhans and a year later at the home of Isaac Neustadel. In 1849 the first regular Jewish congregation was formed and located over a small store on Chestnut Street conducted by Nathan Pereles. Gabriel Sehoyer became president of the con- gregation and Solomon Adler its secretary. The congregation later erected the Temple Emanu-El on Broadway and Johnson Street.
The first Jews to arrive here were of English and Holland birth and later came the Bohemian and German. The Russian JJews who are represented in larger numbers came at a later period and colonized in the area bounded by Chestnut, Center, Third and Sixteenth streets.
The Jewish worshipping places are Emann-El and B'ne Jeshurum (Re- form), Beth Israel, Anshe Stard, Anshe Lebowita, Moshab Zkenim, Anshe Ungarn, Degel Israel, Agudath Ahim and Beth Hamedrosh Hagodel (Ortho- dox ).
Italian Immigration .- The Italian population is estimated at nine thousand, of which probably one-quarter is American born. The greater imber live
186
HISTORY OF MILWAUKEE
in the distriet bounded by Michigan Street, Broadway, the lake and the river. They are mostly Sicilians who came from the Province of Palermo. The Italians residing elsewhere in the city come from sonth, central and north Italy.
Fully seventy-five per cent of the Italians of the city are common laborers. The number of skilled meehanies and small tradesmen is minor. G. La Piana. who in 1915 made a survey of the Italian population in Milwaukee, states that many of those who had been farmers, fishermen and mechanies in their native land, had been obliged to resort to common labor in this country. He claims that the difference in language and usage in a new country has been respon- sible for this condition.
This explanation, however, must be deemed insufficient. Some years ago (1912) the editor of this volume met a distinguished Italian nobleman in Rome who was much eoneerned in the progress of the 7,000.000 Italians who had left their native land and were now settled in different countries of the world.
"We have just held a convention here in Rome" said the nobleman, "of delegates who came from all parts of the world for the purpose of advancing the interests of Italians who had left their mother country.
"It is a peenlar fact that our Italian emigrants are not sharing adequately in the economic fruits of their adopted countries. They colonize, for in- stanee, in the American cities, and at the same time isolate themselves from the life and activities about them. They continue to eat Italian food, drink Italian wines, and sing Italian songs. This is all very well. But they should assimilate some of the eustoms, habits and ways of their new surroundings.
"Italians who live in America should become Americans, in England become Englishmen, in France become Frenehmen, in Germany become Germans. They should, as do other nationalities, find their way into the commercial, indus- trial, professional and political activities of their adopted countries, and share, adequately in the material and civic advantages afforded them.
"The objeet of this international convention, which was under the patron- age of the Queen of Italy," said the nobleman, "was to stimulate our country- men in distant lands to make for greater material and civic progress and thus seenre a more adequate share of the world's material blessings."
Skandinavian Element .- Among the immigrants who came to Milwaukee in the '40s and '50s there was a liberal sprinkling of Skandinavians, particu- larly of Norwegians. Upon landing they lived for a time on the lower east side. Later, as their numbers grew, they settled on the central and eastern part of the south side. Many of them became identified with the marine activities. They excelled as seamen and fishermen, and in some of the me- chanie arts. A number of them owned vessel property and became well to do. They founded a mimber of churches, some of which have discarded the native tongue, and employ only the English language in their sermons. When the tide of Skandinavian immigration was directed to Minnesota it practically ceased here.
Negro Population .- The negro population compared with that of other American eities has always been rather small. At no time did the number
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IMMIGRATION AND RACE ORIGIN
exceed the three thousand mark. When the leading hotels some years ago dispensed with colored help the population dwindled to even a smaller num- ber. During the World war, when white labor was at a premium, several of the larger manufacturing concerns brought several hundred negroes from the South. Some of these have returned to their native states again.
Variety of Nationalities .- During the World war in 1918 a local patriotic woman's committee made a survey of the city and located the foreign born. and the districts in which they dwelled without, however, dealing in any statistics or attempting to separate accurately the native from the foreign born. They prepared an interesting chart showing the sections where the foreign born resided indicating proportionately their race origin.
Aside from the native born, some twenty nationalities were represented as follows: Albanian, Anglo-Saxon, Armenian, and Syrian, Austrian and Hungarian, Belgian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Colored, Croatian, Czecho-Slovakia, English, German, Greek, Hebrew, Holland, Irish, Italian, Polish, Roumanian, Russian, Scandinavian, Seoteh, Serbian, Slovene, Welsh, Dalmatia. Ukriane, Macedonian, Turkish (thirty-one nationalities). Recording also the following seatlering nationalities : Arabians, Canadians, Finns, French, Lithuanian, Spanish and Swiss (thirty-seven nationalities in all).
The Census Bureau gave out the following statistics regarding the country of birth of foreign born white for Milwaukee for the year 1920:
Total foreign-born white
110,068
England
1,968
Scotland
589
Wales
252
Ireland
1,447
Norway
1,852
Sweden
863
Denmark
732
Belgium
109
France (incl. Alsace-Lorraine)
565
Luxemburg
164
Netherlands
528
Switzerland
931
Germany
39,576
Poland
23,060
Austria
5,906
Hungary
4,803
Czechoslovakia
4,497
Jugo-Slavia
4,359
Russia
7,105
Finland
147
Lithuania
398
Portugal
7
Spain
43
Italy
4,022
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HISTORY OF MILWAUKEE
Greece
1,815
Bulgaria
53
Roumania
633
Turkey, Europe
14
Other Europe
283
Asia
386
Africa
14
Australia
37
Canada, French
223
Canada, Other
1,830
Newfoundland
26
Cuba and other West Indies
29
Mexico
36
Central America
4
South America
45
Atlantic Islands
4
Pacific Islands
At Sea
82
Country not specified
623
These figures are based on a population of approximately four hundred and sixty-five thousand. Basing the population of city and county in round members at one-half million, the proportion of nationalities, will probably undergo but slight changes. On the whole it may be safe, assuming that cities like Cudahy, South Milwaukee and West Allis have large percentages of foreign born, to fix the entire foreign born population at 125,000 and the native born at 375,000.
The census of 1920 fixed the citizenship of foreign-born white men at 50,856, the number of those naturalized at 27.448, and those who had taken out their first papers at 12,454, leaving the mumber of aliens at 14,73], with 1,953 unreported.
CHAPTER XVI
BEGINNINGS, DATES AND EVENTS
A compilation of dates relating to the beginning of things in the several activities of men, the inauguration of movements, establishment of enter- prises and institutions, events and occurrences was made in 1915 and am- plified since then by John R. Wolf, a Milwaukee journalist, as follows:
Advertising .- March 15, 1890-First whole page ads published by Frank A. Lappen.
Aeronautics .- March 2, 1908-Aero Club; 1910-Aviator Art Hoxey at State Fair : 1911-12-14-Aviator Lincoln Beachey at State Fair.
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co .- May, 1847-Established as Reliance Works by Deeker & Seville; 1860, bought by Edward P. Allis, Charles D. Nash and John P. MeGregor, and conducted under name of E. P. Allis & Co. ; March, 1913, incorporated in Delaware.
Area .-- 1910 Census-14,585.8 acres: metropolitan district-city and im- mediate environs, 112,826.6 aeres; 1910-24.35 miles: 1900-21.5; 1880-15.
Art .- 1886-Milwaukee Art Society : 1910-revived; April 5, 1888-Lay- ton Art Gallery opened; Feb. 17, 1890-Carl Marr left for Germany ; April 21, .1890-Art League organized ; April 10, 1896-Carl Marr's " Flagellants" presented to city by Mrs. Emil Sehandein. Later placed in lobby of Andi- torium.
Automobiles .- May, 1899-First car operated by George L. Odenbreit : 1912-Vanderbilt Cup and Grand Prix races.
Auditorium .- September 21, 1909-Opened.
Baseball Championship .- April 8. 1868-Founded: 1887, annexed.
Bald Heads .- June 30, 1889-Neumueller's Park scene of a pienie held by the Moonshiners, an organization of bald-headed men.
Bennett Law .- April 18. 1890-Bennett Law Democrats organized ; March 14, 1890-West Side Turners support law ; May 2, 1890-Wisconsin Lutherans called convention to oppose Bennett Law.
Bethel Home .- August, 1868-Established by the Wisconsin Seamen's Friend Society.
B'Nai B'Rith .- June 29, 1861-Gilead Lodge, No. 41.
Butterine .- April 26, 1915-First butterine factory.
Canal .- January, 1838-Milwaukee and Roek River.
Cemeteries .- 1850-Forest Home; Nov. 2, 1857-Calvary: 1859-Holy Trinity ; January 11, 1865-Union; August, 1880-Pilgrim's Rest: AApril 1, 1872-Greenwood; September 6, 1894-Wanderers' Rest ; June 5, 1909-Holy Cross.
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C
MRS. MILWAUKEE H. SMITHI HACKELBERG First white girl born in Milwaukee, 1835
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BEGINNINGS, DATES AND EVENTS
Centenarians .- October 2, 1914-Mrs. Lonise K. Thiers, 100; December 25, 1914-Thomas Kelly, resident of the Soldiers' Home, 100; 1913-Mrs. Kath- erine Orzechowski, 100.
Chamber of Commerce .- 1854-Known as Board of Trade; February 3, 1863, new building; November 18, 1880, present building at Michigan Street and Broadway opened.
Churches .- 1835-Methodist Mission, Rev. Mark Robinson first pastor, place of worship, earpenter shop, Huron and East Water streets; May, 1841, first church built on east side of Broadway, between Oneida and Biddle streets; 1848, first German Methodist Church, Rev. Casper Jost, pastor, built on Fifth Street ; 1849, Welsh Methodist Church built on lake shore at Huron Street; March 25, 1865, Norwegian Methodist, Rev. A. Haagenson.
1836-First Baptist Church, Washington Street and First Avenue, Elder Griffin ; 1855, First German Baptist Church, Chestnut and Third streets; Rev. Carl Kleppe.
1836-St. Paul's Episcopal, Milwaukee and Wisconsin streets.
April 13, 1837 -- First Presbyterian, Rev. Moses Ordway.
1837-First Congregational Church : 1857, Welsh Congregational Church.
August, 1837-First Catholic services held in home of Solomon Juneau by Rov. Fleurimont Bonduel, March 19, 1844, Very Rev. John Martin Henni con- secrated bishop of Milwaukee; St. Mary's 1846; 1863, St. Stanislaus Church established at Grove and Mineral streets by Father Bonaventura Buczynski.
1839-St. Paul's Lutheran ; 1847, Trinity Lutheran.
1848 --- Our Saviour's Norwegian Evangelical, Scott and Reed streets.
1841-Unitarian.
1844-Universalist.
April .19, 1846-Corner stone of St. Mary's Catholic Church laid; conse- crated September 12, 1847.
1847-Evangelical.
1848-First Reformed (Dutch).
October 5, 1856-B'ne Jeshurum : August 5, 1869-Temple Emanu-El; 1900 -Sinai.
1
1862-Trinity Evangelical, Fourth and Lee streets, Rev. William Geyer.
November 17, 1877-Union Gospel.
September 6, 1878-Lutheran Theological Seminary.
1889-First Christian Science.
March 9, 1890-Methodists celebrated semi-centennial.
City Hall .- February 24, 1894-Corner stone laid; December 23, 1895- inaugural proceedings; cost of building and fixtures, $1,016,935; height of flag pole, 393 feet ; bell weighs 20,505 pounds and cost $4,000.
Clearing House .- December 1, 1868.
Clocks .- 1906-Street clocks removed by Mayor Becker.
Colleges .- September 14, 1848-Milwaukee College; 1895-Milwaukee- Downer; 1864-Marquette University.
Common Council .- 1851-First meeting held in Spring Street Methodist Church, Grand Avenue and Fifth Street.
Courts .- 1835-Albert Fowler appointed justice of peace; 1836-Court-
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HISTORY OF MILWAUKEE
house site donated by Solomon Juneau and Morgan L. Martin ; June 13. 1837- Federal Court opened by Judge William C. Frazier: 1837-Cyrus Hawley first elerk of Federal Court: JJuly 7, 1848-J. S. Rockwell first United States marshal; March 18, 1859-Erasmus Foote elected first judge of Municipal Court : election later declared unconstitutional and James A. Mallory, then district attorney, appointed judge; 1872-Courthouse, cost $1,000,000: June 29. 1889-Jury commission : April 19, 1910-Civil courts.
Dancing .- October. 1856-First academy. Prof. L. W. Vizay; November 26. 1910-People's dances, Anditorinm.
Debate, Liquor .- April 30, 1909-Rose-Dickie.
John Dietz, Cameron Dam Hero .- April 28. 1905-Seventeen Milwaukeeans sworn in to arrest Dietz: October 8. 1910-Captured.
Dime Museum .- December 31, 1889-Closed.
Disasters .- May 7, 1875-Steamer Schiller lost off England ; Joseph Schlitz. Henry Friend, Herman Zinkeisen, Marens Stein and Mrs. Marie Miller and child of Milwaukee lost; April 20, 1893-Waterworks erib disaster, fifteen lost : March 1. 1892-Seven killed in wreek in Milwaukee road yards: Feb- ruary 4, 1895-Three drowned when car ran into open draw at Kinnickinnic bridge; May 29. 1914-Mr. and Mrs. Henry Freeman saved from the steamer Empess of Ireland, lost in St. Lawrence River.
Drama .- 1850-56-Albany Hall, on site of Chamber of Commerce: March 24, 1862, burned.
February, 1852-Young's Hall completed: February 17. 1552. burned : March, 1853, rebuilt : April 8, 1853. opened with the production of " The Czar and the Ship Carpenter, " by the Musical Society: June 21, 1859, burned.
1860-Academy of Music : 1869, leased to Young Men's Association, became first public library.
January 10. 1865-Daniel Bandman.
January 31, 1865-Music Hall dedicated ; 1869, name changed to Academy of Music.
October 21, 1868-Stadt Theater. Third Street, dedicated.
August 29, 1889-Bijou Opera House.
August 17, 1871-Grand Opera House opened with production of .. Martha" by the Philharmonie Society.
April 16, 1890-Booth and Modjeska played at Grand Opera House.
April 6, 1890- Ernest Possart, German actor, first appearance.
1891-Pabst Theater : 1890-Davidson Theater: 1909-Drama Club.
March 20, 1910-Hedwig Beringer's golden jubilee at Pabst Theater. May 21, 1915-Imidwig Kreiss silver jubilee, Pabst Theater.
Druids .- August 22, 1853-Walhalla Grove, No. 2.
Earthquake .- August 31, 1886.
Eight-Hour Day .-- May 9, 1890-Carpenters' demand granted.
Epidemics .-- Cholera. 1819- 104 die: Ship fever. September. 1850-37 die : Smallpox, 1871-774 die: 1872-217 die: 1894-5-268 die; rioting during removal of patients to isolation hospital.
Exposition Building .- September 6. 1881-Opened : June 4. 1905, burned. Famous Sayings .-- 1898-"There are some things worse than war: some
193
BEGINNINGS, DATES AND EVENTS
things better than money."-Senator John L. Mitchell in debate on question of declaring war on Spain after the destruction of the battleship Maine.
Father of Weather Bureau .- November 1, 1870-Inerease Allen Lapham. Federal Building .- April 22, 1899-Opened.
Fire Department .- December, 1836-First fire, Samuel Brown's residence, Cherry Street, between Second and Third streets; 1837-Volunteer look and Ladder Co .: 1839-"Neptune, No. 1," first fire engine; 1840-Second com- pany ; 1844-Third company ; February, 1869-Alarm system ; March, 1874- Paid department established ; February, 1878- Relief fund established : August 17. 1885-Thomas A. Claney joined Engine Co. No. 4; 1858-1867- Jobst H1. Buening, first chief ; December 2, 1877-Fire insurance patrol : 1889- Henry Haerter, first fireman pensioned: September 4, 1889-Mayor Brown christened Cataract : 1885-Fire and Police Commission : Thomas Shea. Gen F. C. Winkler, Jacob Knoernschild, Jerome R. Brigham ; April 10, 1915-First fire engine placed on Jones Island.
Fires. April 6, 1845-First big fire burned block bounded by Broadway. East Water, Huron and Michigan streets; August 24, 1854-Block bounded by Broadway, Michigan, Huron and East Water streets, old Mitchell Bank, Tre- mont House, United States Hotel at East Water and Inron streets, and four livery stables on Broadway destroyed. January 18, 1851-Block bounded by Broadway. Erie, East Water and Chicago streets; March 20, 1860-Twenty stores on Wisconsin Street; January 1, 1863-Camp Siegel barracks, three soldiers killed : November 15, 1869-Gaiety Theater, three killed ; February 2, 1865-Van Etta, Treedman & Co. 's tobacco factory; October 23, 1865- Block on Wisconsin Street between Broadway and Milwaukee streets: October 10, 1871-Refugees from Chicago fire came to Milwaukee: January 10, 1883 -- Newhall House, northwest corner of Broadway and Michigan streets; 90 to 100 killed: October 20, 1883-First Assistant Chief George M. Linkman joined department ; October 26, 1913-Goodyear Rubber Co. Building, 380 East Water Street; nine firemen killed and seventeen injured; October 28, 1892-Twelve blocks in the Third Ward; started in Union Oil Co. store on East Water Street and burned to the lake and the river; two firemen killed. two women died from excitement ; loss, $3,000,000 to $4,000,000; Milwaukee's most disastrons fire : April 9, 1894-Davidson Theater burned; Third Asst. Chief August Janssen and eight other firemen killed ; fifteen firemen injured ; March 28, 1895-Grand Avenue, Landauer Bros. wholesale dry goods honse, Ioss $1,000,000 ; July 18, 1899-Hotel Grace, Park and Reed streets, one fire- man killed and six injured ; February 3, 1903-Schwaab Stamp and Seal Co .. 372-4 East Water Street ; nitric acid gas caused death of Chief James Foley Capt. Andrew White and Pipeman Edward Hogan and Thomas Droney; Asst. Chief Thomas A. Clancy and twelve firemen overcome ; February 24, 1905- Dient. Charles Dressel killed by fall from hoseeart; February 13, 1909-11. W. Johns-Manville Co., Clybourn Street, fire firemen killed, one employe killed and several firemen injured ; January 3, 1910-American Bridge Co., Seventeenth Street and St. Panl Avenue, Four firemen killed; October 29, 1910-Phoenix International Light Co., 317 Chestnut Street, one fireman Vol. 1-13
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