USA > Arizona > The resources of Arizona; a description of its mineral, farming, grazing and timber lands; its rivers, mountains, valleys and plains; its cities, towns and mining camps; its climate and productions; with brief sketches of its early history etc > Part 23
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Fort Apache is situated in the Sierra Blanca, in the north- eastern portion of the Territory, and about the same elevation
201
CLIMATE.
above sea-level as Prescott. The following table will show the temperature and precipitation at that point for the past three years and a half:
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
Temp
Precip.
Temp.
Precip
Temp.
Precip.
Tem. |Precip
January.
34.6
1.31
33.3
. 20
34.5
2.82
31.9
.85
February
29.9
.95
40.I
1.17
37 .5
2.85
39.3
2.46
March.
41.7
.80
41.6
2.45
44.0
1.09
47.52.03
April
49.4
. 46
53.6
1.53
48.6
.91
48.0
.22
May
58.5
59.7
.35
55.8
.94
56.4
.86
June.
67.7
.46
69.8
64.8
3.27
69.0
.02
July
70.7
5.83
72.6
5.63
72.1
4.79|
70.35.46
August .
69.7
1.44
68.3
8.31
69.8
7.36
69.44.26
September.
63.6
.55
60.9
5.41
60.9
1.02
October.
52.3
.56
53.7
4.68
50.2
. .
November ...
37.5
.03
37.4
.85
41.9
2.34
December. ..
36.6
2.38
38.3
.54
36.0
.23
Total .
14.77
31.12
27.62
Mean
5I.C
1.23
52.4
2.59
51 .31
2.30
It will be seen from this that the average yearly rain and snow-fall in this portion of the Territory is a fraction over twenty-four inches a year. Upon the winter snows which fall upon the mountains of Northern Arizona the entire Territory depends almost entirely for its water supply. When this snow- fall is heavy, the rivers through the southern valleys carry an abundant water supply and a bountiful crop is assured. The snow-fall on the mountains of the upper plateau sometimes reaches a depth of five and six feet. Barred by the peninsular continuation of the Sierra Nevada from the northwest trade winds, Arizona has to depend for moisture on these winter snows and on the summer rains which are borne hither on the wings of the southwest trade winds. These cloud-bearing winds, after sweeping over northern Mexico, reach Arizona about the first of July, when the rainy season commences, and generally lasts until the first of September.
With the coming of these summer rains a transformation as sudden as it is beautiful takes place. Grass and vegetation of all kinds spring up as if by magic; flowers cover the hills, plains, mesas and mountain-sides; all nature rejoices under the life-giving fluid, and the whole country, decked in its robes of green and adorned with myriads of wild flowers, presents as charming an appearance as one could wish to look upon. Life on the Arizona plateau at this season is a luxury found but in
202
THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA.
few spots on earth. There is a delicious softness and elasticity in the air by day, while at night the bluc heavens are gemmed with countless stars, whose brilliant light flashes down upon the bcholder, impressing him anew with the might and omnipotence of Him who set them in their separate spheres.
The winter months of this portion of the Territory are cool and healthful. Sleighing is sometimes indulged in on the streets of Prescott, and a visitor to Northern Arizona at this time of the year is apt to have his notions concerning the country materially changed as he gazes upon the snow-clad mountains which stretch south and cast from the capital to the Territory. He will realize that the country is not the dry desert which some have painted it ; and the nipping night-air will be apt to dissipate any notions he may have entertained as to the oppressiveness of the heat. Such a thing as epidemic diseases are never heard of, and, in fact, disease of any kind is so little known and sickness so rarely occurs that medical men find their occupation all but gone, and quickly scek fresh fields where death, the reaper, finds a richer harvest.
Fort Grant is fifty miles north of Tucson, in the foot-hills of the Graham mountains, and some 5,000 feet above sea-level. It is only a short distance west of the finc agricultural valley known as the Pueblo Viejo, a description of which has been given in another place. The tables below give the temper- ature for the years 1881 and 1882, and for seven months of 1883. As will be seen, the climate is delightful, while the yearly moisture will average fifteen inches each year :
Temperature.
Temperature.
188 1.
1882.
Inches.
Mean.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Precipitation -- Inches.
January . . .
45.7
68.0|17.0
.60
January ... .
41.6 65.0 21.0
.86
February .
38.9
65.0 19.0
.48
February . .
43.7 62.8 23.0
1.26
March .. . .
48.3
75.0 31.0
.85
March
51.4 79.0 21.0
1.84
April.
55.9
80.0|30.0
.08
April
56.4 85.0 32.0
.07
May
67.6
90.0 42.0
.00
May
65.2 86.0 37.0
.81
June.
77.9
98.0 56.0
1.32
Junc.
72.5 94.9 51.0
1.47
July ..
75.8
100.0 56.0
5.63
July.
77.999.0 61.5
2.02
August. ..
71.6
93.0 57.0
3.73
August .. . .
72.1 93.9 55.0
4.73
September.
171.5
91.0 52.0
I.OI
September.
67.9 88.4 51.5
.80
October ...
61.0
88.0 35.0
.47
October. .
59.4 77.9 34.0
.00
November .
147.4
68 0 20.0
.00 November.
50.7 76.9 31.0
.79
December .
45.3
69.0
18.0
1.57
December .
44.5 65.9 22.2
.17
An. means Total
58.9
82.1
36.1
An. mcans Total.
58.6 81.2
36.7
15.74
14.82
Mean.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Precipitation --
203
CLIMATE.
Temperature.
South of the thirty-fourth 1883. parallel there is a marked change in the climate of the country. There is a difference Inches. in altitude of from 2,000 to Precipitation Minimum. Maximum. Mean. January. . . . 40.5 64.6 10.0 1.21 February ... 43.9 March. . 52.2 65.8 17.0 1.40 4,000 feet. This portion of the Territory embraces the large agricultural valleys of the Salt 1.27 and the Gila rivers, and the wide April 55.7 75.9 37.0 78.4 32.0 .03 open plains which stretch away May. 64.5 89.9 39.0 1.16 1.26 beyond the Sonora border. In June. 77.7 IO1.5|54.0 this part of Arizona the cli- July. 75.1 95.4 61.3 2.90 August . 73.8 91.2 61.2 3.07 mate is warmer than on the northern plateau. Snow rarely falls in the valleys, and the temperature for nine months in the year is unequaled for mildness, salubrity and healthfulness. While the heat during June, July and August is sometimes great, so dry, pure and exhilarating is the atmosphere that no injuri- ous effects are experienced. When the thermometer reaches IIO°, men are at work in the harvest-fields of the Salt River valley, and do not feel any inconvenience from the sun's rays. Sunstrokes are unknown. The air is so free from moist- ure that the oppressed sensation experienced in the crowded cities of the East under excessive heat, is never felt in Arizona.
During the autumn and winter months the climate of the southern portion of the Territory cannot be surpassed. In the warm, dry, balmy air there is a sense of new life and a buoyancy of spirit unknown to those who have never drank their fill of the pure, elastic atmosphere which wraps the mountains and plains of southern Arizona. In the great farming valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers, the fields are in bloom in the middle of winter; and when snow and ice wrap the landscape in their chilly embrace in other lands, in this favored region trees and shrubbery are in bloom, the fields are a sea of waving green, and the husband- man goes about his out-door labors in his shirt-sleeves! This is southern Arizona during the winter months, and there are few spots of earth blessed by nature with so genial a climate.
Phoenix, the center of the largest body of agricultural land in the Territory, has a winter climate such as has been described. Although the thermometer registers rather high during the sum- mer months, yet so healthful is the atmosphere, that no serious results are ever experienced from exposure to the heat. Below is a table showing the maximum and minimum temperature and the rain-fall in the valley, for the year 1882 and for six months of the present year. The records for a longer period have been destroyed by fire.
204
THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA.
1SS2.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Rain-fall or
Melt'd Snow.
1883.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Rain-fall or
Melt'd Snow.
January.
74.5 19.0 1.52
January
86.7
15.00.83
February
72.5 23.00.00
February
80.2 22.7 1.27
March
81.5 40.2 0.00
March.
91.6
38.4 1.16
April ..
100.9,37.0 0.00
April
98.6
30. 1|0.00
May.
102.3 51.0 0.00
May
107.2 40.7
0.44
June.
IO1.3 56.0 0.37
June.
112.5
55.2 0.00
July ..
III.7 70.2 0.32
August.
112.5
64.7 1.81
Total rain-fall.
4.70
The city of Tucson is 2,500 feet above the sea-level. The annexed table gives the maxi- mum, minimum and mean tem- perature for a year, together with the rain-fall.
MONTII.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Am't Rain or
Melt'd Snow.
January
78.0
14.0
0.56
February
77.0
20.0
0.15
March
87.0
35.0
0.41
April
88.0
36.0
0.04
May
104.0
44.0
0.00
June
IIO.O
60.0
0.00
July
108.0
65.0
1.62
August .
106.0
66.0
1.28
September
106.0
58.0
1.89
October .
94.0
40.0
0.09
November.
73.0
30.0
0.00
December
80.0
28.0
0.57
Annual means
92.6
41.3
6.61
September.
105.2
45.0 1.25
October
97.3
44.2
0.10
November
91.5 24.5
1.30
December.
94.6 23.5 0.00
Total rain-fall .
6.67
The winter climate of this city is making it a favorite resort for invalids, who find in its cquable atmosphere rest and recuper- ation.
The climate of Yuma has long been a subject of facetious comment, and ever since "John Phoenix" told the story of the soldier and his blanket, a good deal of funny (?) capital has been made out of the subject. That the temperature of the place is a trifle hot during the summer months cannot be
205
CLIMATE.
gainsayed, but during six months of the year there is no more perfect climate on the continent. The clear sunshiny days, and the delicious mildness of its bright star- lit nights, make this a most desirable place for those troubled with pulmonary complaints to pass the winter months. There is probably not another spot in the Union blessed with so many days of bright sunshine during the year. Out of the 365, it is estimated there are not over twenty that are cloudy. So high an authority as Ross Browne has written: "The climate in winter is finer than that of Italy. It would scarce be possible to suggest an improvement. I never exper- ienced such exquisite Christmas weather as we enjoyed during our sojourn." This is the verdict of a traveler who saw many lands, and experienced all varieties of temperature.
Below is a statement showing the maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures, and the precipitation, in inches and hun- dredths, at Yuma, Arizona, for each month from the commence- ment of observations to January, 1883, compiled from the records on file at the office of the Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C., April 9, 1883.
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES.
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
187980.
90.
100.
IO3.
102.
I]].
116.
115.
113.
102.
91.
74.
1880 77.
73.
84.
94.
104.
IIO.
IIO.
III.
108.
97
86.
76
1881 76.
89.
97.
IO2.
IO2.4
109.4 115.3
109.6 107.4 98. 2
83.4 79.5
1882 76.478.1|91.7
102.8|
103.51
108.7/111.8114.
107.3 90
182.
79.8
MINIMUM TEMPERATURES.
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May. June.
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1879.
30.0
37.0
46.0
48 0
53.0
59.0
61.0
64.0
59.0
44.0
38.0 27.0
1880. .
30.0
25.0
37.044.0
5 1 0 61.0 69.0 67.0 58.0 46.0
31.0 37.0
1881 ..
33.0 37.0 31.0 50.0
57.2 62.2 71.2
65.6 58.8
47.2
35.5 36.8
1882.
27.2 35.8 |38.9 43.7 53.8|58.2 72.7 72.2 50.0 49.5 37.0 31.5
MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES .- [Computed from the three telegraphic observations.]
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug. Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Means
1876
50.959.5
61.972.7
81.889.393.990.3 86.3 77.0 65.4 59.3
74.0
1 877 . 60.365.07 1.868.475.3 88.794.092 783.3 7 1.458.5 54.5
7 3-7
1878. 54.859.664.666.776.885.193 391.683.0 73-462.0 53.4 72.0 1879. 53.163.7 70.5 7 1.8 77.785.592.092.587.7 72.8 59.952.8 73.3
1880.55.252.258.367.5 76.685.689.690.08 3.2 7 1.2 56.7 56.1
70.2
1881 . 52.3 62.163.572.678.184.891.988.682.770.458.357.C
7 1.9
1882. 50.254462.367.177.283.093.092.082.769.6 59.5 58.0
70.8
Means.
53.859.5 64.769.5 77.686.092.591. 184. 1 72.8 60.4 56.0 72.3
.
206
THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA ..
PRECIPITATION .- [In inches and hundredths.]
Year.
Jan.
Feb. Mar.
Apr.
May. June. July. Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Amount
1876 0.44 0.46
0.04
0.00
.00
0
0.00 0.00 0.00
O. 0
0.00
0.00
10.94
1877 0.09 |1.72
0.00
0.0
0.50
0.06
. .
0.00
.00
1.23
13.66
1878 0.00 0.06
0.13
0.02
0.55
1.50
.37
0.00 0.02
0.14
2.88
1879 0.59 1.21
0.48
0.15
0.00 0.00
O.II
0.33
0.15
0.27
3.29
1 880.
0.00
O
O
0.00 0.74 0.74
1881 0.00
.55
0.00
0.20 0.08
0.05
...
0.00 0.10
0.98
1882
1.35
0.01
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.05
0.20 0.03 0.04
0.0I
0.09
0.00
1.78
Mean
0.35 0.49
0.09
0.10|0.01
O.0I
0.21
0.25
10.08|0.04|0.03|0.31]
12.04
Annual
The winter climate of southern Arizona is indeed as near perfection as one can expect to find anywhere on the globe. The mild, balmy air, the days with their clear cloudless skies, and the nights brilliant beyond description with the lustre of countless stars, like diamonds set in an azure field, present a picture which not even the vaunted clime of sunny Italy can rival. The lack of moisture and the peculiar dry elasticity of the air make this the most healthy region on the Pacific coast. In such an atmosphere disease cannot live or germinate. Those constitu- tions shattered by hardships and exposure to the severity of northern winters, will find no climate more mild, salubrious and strengthening than that of Yuma, Tucson, Florence, Phoenix, and other points in southern Arizona during the greater por- tion of the year.
There is no climate more conducive to longevity. This is proved by the great age reached by Mexicans and Indians born and bred here. Centenarians are not uncommon among these people, and there are many of them who have passed the one hundred mile-stone. Discases among them are scarcely ever known; and although few of them observe hygienic laws, they seldom know a day's sickness and travel down the vale of life with health and faculties unimpaired, and die at last of old age.
Arizona has been called the "Sunset Land," and well does it deserve the name. There is no region on the globe, not even excepting the Italian peninsula, that can show such grand effects of light and shade, such gorgeousness of coloring, or such magnificent sun-bathed landscapes. When the God of Day sinks to rest behind some rugged mountain, lighting up the western heavens with a blaze of gold, and pink, and crimson, and orange, and wrapping the jagged peaks of the bare and forbidding mountains in a soft and dreamy haze of purple and violet; when the banks of clouds around the western horizon look like masses of burnished gold set in a sea of silver, then is presented a picture to which neither pen nor pencil can do justice. And when the last ray has disappeared, and the west- ern sky is yet blushing with the mellow radiance of the last
207
CLIMATE.
glorious caress, the stars begin to peep out from the clear, blue canopy, and in a short time the vault of heaven's dome is lit up by the brilliant beams from the countless creations that gem the firmament. No artist has yet undertaken to paint an Arizona sunset, but for him who can transfer to canvass its wonderful colors and its inexpressible grandeur, there is both fame and fortune in store.
There is no portion of the Union that can show so many cloudless sunshiny days as Arizona. In the southern part of the Territory there is scarcely a day in the year when the sun is not visible at some time during the twenty-four hours. A cloudy day is an anomaly in this region, and, except during the rainy season, the warm sunshine bathes hill, mountain and plain every month in the year. Think of this, ye unfortunates, condemned to drag out an existence under the fogs and frosts of less-favored regions, where life is a continual struggle for existence.
The healthfulness of the country is proverbial. The extreme purity and dryness of the air does away with malarial diseases, and prevents the spread of anything like epidemics. It is safe to say there is not a population of equal numbers in the United States where the mortality from natural causes is less than in Arizona. In the valley of the Salt, where irrigation is exten- sively practiced, and where, owing to the numerous water- ways, one would expect malarial fevers to prevail, such a thing is unknown, men work in the fields and in the water, winter and summer, and enjoy the best of health. No better evidence of the virtues of Arizona's climate can be found than this.
The tables here presented, and the facts given, will convey to the reader an idea of the climatic conditions of the Territory. Instead of the sun-scorched desert, which some have pictured it, he will see that it is a land blessed beyond most countries with a climate whose health-giving qualities few can equal. The summers of northern Arizona reach as near a perfect tempera- ture as any on the continent, while the winters in the southern part of the Territory possess all those desirable features of mildness, salubrity and recuperative power which so many seek for in vain in foreign lands.
The emigrant who thinks of casting his lot in this growing Territory need have no misgivings about the climate. Under its genial skies he can follow his calling in the open air every month in the year. He will find bright sunshine, pure and in- vigorating air that will bring the flush of health to his cheek, and send the warm blood bounding through his veins; he will find strength and vigor in every breeze, and long life and happiness in a favored land which combines all the beauties of the tropic and all the virtues of the temperate zones. Such a land is Arizona, endowed by nature with every gift to make a powerful, prosperous and happy State, and blessed with a climate unsur- passed in either hemisphere.
WAGES AND COST OF LIVING.
Rates of Wages for Mechanics-Prices of Provisions-Of Clothing-Rents-Prices of Lumber and Cost of Building-The Class of Immigrants not wanted, etc.
JU O the immigrant of limited means, who thinks of remov- ing to a new country, these are important items for consideration. If he is a mechanic, or follows some other calling where manual labor supplies him with his daily bread, he will be desirous of knowing what his labor is worth in the region where he contemplates making a new home. If he has other resources besides his hands to depend upon for a livelihood, he will naturally wish to learn what it costs to live in the new land. If he has a family, he will want to know the ex- pense of building a little home, and the prevailing rates of rent in the principal towns; the price of the staple articles of con- sumption and wear, and all other matters connected with do- mestic economy. In this short chapter will be found the in- formation sought and the answer to the scores of inquiries which are being received daily from all parts of the United States. The rates given have obtained for several years, and there is not much probability of any material change for some years to come.
The following are the rates of wages for skilled labor which prevails, generally, throughout the Territory.
PER DAY.
Miners $4 00
Carpenters. 5 00
Blacksmiths
4 00 to 6 00
Bricklayers 5 00 “ 6 00
Masons. 5 00 " 6 00
Engineers 4 00 “ 5 00
Painters 4 00 “ 5 00
And other trades in like proportion. Mechanics should not forget that the supply of labor, in their several lines, is always in excess of the demand. While the rates of wages are tempt- ingly high, they should remember that the opportunities for se- curing employment are limited. To a mechanic, who has
SEE PAGE 240 A GROUP OF YUMA INDIANS.
BANCAUTT - LAH-SF.
209
WAGES AND COST OF LIVING.
steady work, where he is, we would say, stay. While your labor commands a much higher price in Arizona, you should not lose sight of the fact that the field is circumscribed. As has been before remarked, manufactures of all kinds are yet in their in- fancy in this Territory, and a man who casts his lot here now, must come prepared to turn his hand to anything that presents itself.
For miners, who understand their business, there is always a demand, but the supply is generally equal to it. This class of workers are sure to find their way to every new mineral region, and if they cannot secure employment at their regular calling, they have the Western faculty of "rustling," which always brings them right side up. They are the men whose indomitable cou .- age, patience and energy brings to light the resources of new lands, and opens the way for capital and immigration. To them Arizona owes her present prosperity, and to them she offers un- limited opportunities in the future. There are yet rich mines to be discovered, and fortunes to be made in the quest for the treasures which lie hidden in every hill and mountain range.
The wages paid for other branches of labor are about as fol- lows: Clerks, $50 to $100 per month, and board; teamsters, $40 to $60 per month, and board; farm laborers, from $30 to $40 per month, and board; and day laborers, from $2.50 to $3.50 per day, without board.
The cost of the necessaries of life in Arizona are very reason- able, when the distance from the great markets of the East and the West is taken into consideration. If we except flour, meat and vegetables, nearly everything worn or consumed in the Ter- ritory is brought from abroad. Groceries, hardware, clothing, boots and shoes and all staples are imported from California or the East. Yet notwithstanding the cost of freight, prices are not high. In Tucson, Tombstone and Phoenix, the prices of groceries, provisions, hardware, clothing, etc., are nearly the same and rule about as follows :
Flour, (imported).
$5 to $6 per ioo pounds.
(domestic).
4 5
Coffee.
20 cts. per pound. 20
Sugar
Tea.
50 cts. to $1
Bacon
121/2 "
Beef .
IO to 20
Mutton
8 " 12
Potatoes
2 “ 5
And all other vegetables in like proportion. Board can be had in these towns at from $6 to $10 per week. A suit of clothes can be bought as low as fifteen dollars, or as high as the length of your purse will stand. Rents are not unreasonably high, when the cost of building is considered. A house of three
14
210
THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA.
or four rooms can be had at from $20 to $30 per month. Fur- nished single rooms will command from $10 to $20 per month. The rates for board and the cost of supplies are very little higher in Prescott, Globe, Pinal and other towns farther from a rail- road. More than half the flour consumed in the country is of home manufacture, and it will be but a short time when the val-, leys of Arizona will produce sufficient to supply the entire home demand. In Tucson, Tombstone, Phoenix or Prescott, you can buy a pair of boots at from $4 to $10; a hat from $1 to $5, and all other articles of clothing at similar prices. Hardware and furniture are all imported and the cost of transportation makes such articles come rather high, but with the building of railroads, the price is being materially lessened.
Good merchantable lumber can be bought in Prescott at from $20 to $30 per thousand, and in Tucson, Tombstone, and Phœ- nix, California and Texas lumber can be had at from $40 to $60 per thousand, according to quality. A cosy little home can be built in any of the principal towns or valleys at from $400 to $600. This of lumber; but in the southern towns and farming valleys most people prefer the adobe, or sun-dried brick, as being better suited for the climate, and less costly. This is the material which the first settlers in southern Arizona used in the con- struction of buildings, and it has given entire satisfaction. Houses built of the adobe are cool and roomy, and when prop- erly plastered and finished, with a wide veranda running all around them, make as comfortable a home as one could wish, in a dry climate.
These, in brief, will convey to the reader an idea of the cost of living in Arizona Territory. It is not higher than that which prevails throughout the Pacific States and Territories. If the immigrant should think the prices rather steep, he should re- member that here the laborer is worthy of his hire; that every calling and profession receives a generous remuneration, and he should not forget that the products of the garden and farm com- mand much higher prices than in the States nearer the rising sun. And before we close this chapter, a word on the class of immigrants which Arizona don't want. Of lawyers, doctors and professional men generally, there are already more than enough, and an influx of the learned professions is not desired. They are overcrowded, and sharp competition has made the practice of them anything but profitable. It is true there is always room for a man at the top, but, unless he has the acquirements to gain that position, he had better remain where he is. Of clerks and all others who are seeking positions where the labor is light and the salary high, the supply on hand always exceeds the de- mand. The truth is, to Arizona, as to all new countries, comes a class who expect to grow suddenly rich, without much effort on their part. To all such we would say, remain at home.
Here, as everywhere else, energy, perseverance and hard work
211
WAGES AND COST OF LIVING.
lead to success, and he who expects to reach it by any other way should stay where he is. No drones in the hive of industry are wanted in Arizona. Vim, enterprise and industry are the roads to fortune, and those who sit quietly down and wait for the goddess to bid them good-morrow, will be apt to remain in the shade of poverty all their lives. But for those with stout hands and brave hearts, who are not afraid of work, and can "rough" · in a new country; who will fight the battle of life, and not give up the contest because Fortune does not always smile on them; who can turn their hands to anything that presents itself; who are sober, steady and industrious, Arizona is a field where the opportunities for securing a competence are unequaled in the West.
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