USA > California > San Luis Obispo County > A memorial and biographical history of the counties of Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura, California Containing a history of this important section of the Pacific coast from the earliest period of its occupancy to the present time, together with glimpses of its prospective future; with full-page steel portraits of its most eminent men, and biographical mention of many of its pioneers and also of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 8
USA > California > Santa Barbara County > A memorial and biographical history of the counties of Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura, California Containing a history of this important section of the Pacific coast from the earliest period of its occupancy to the present time, together with glimpses of its prospective future; with full-page steel portraits of its most eminent men, and biographical mention of many of its pioneers and also of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 8
USA > California > Ventura County > A memorial and biographical history of the counties of Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura, California Containing a history of this important section of the Pacific coast from the earliest period of its occupancy to the present time, together with glimpses of its prospective future; with full-page steel portraits of its most eminent men, and biographical mention of many of its pioneers and also of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 8
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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clothed with a dense growth of chapparal (low brush) consisting of buckeye, sumach and a number of bushes peculiar to this country. Redwood also is found, and some say mezquite, although the present writer believes that this mimosa is not found on the hither side of the Colorado River.
The summits of the San Rafael Range, in the eastern part of the county, and. the northern part of Ventura, is clothed in patches, sometimes covering 100 or 200 acres, with a fairly thick growth of fir, pine and cedar, the latter species, which grows lower down than the pine, being a scrub cedar, particularly valuable for posts and ties.
The Santa Maria and Santa Ynes are the principal rivers, the former being the longer and carrying the greater volume of water. It rises in the Sierra Madre del Sur, and the San Rafael mountains, draining by its branch the Cnyama, the southern slope of the for- mer, and by the Sisquoc the northern slope of the latter, and it flows into the Pacific abont seven miles north of Point Sal. The Tepusque, Los Encitos, Cañoncito, Agua Sacado, and Potrero are small tributaries.
The railroad bridge across the Santa Ma- ria River is 1,982 feet in length.
The Santa Ynes rises in the Santa Ynes mountains, in Ventura County, and flows westerly, draining the south slope of the San Rafael and the north slope of the Santa Ynes range, and reaching the ocean five miles south of Purisima. Its feeders are the Sal Si Puedes, Zaca, Alisal, Alamo Pintado, Santa Cruz, Caballada, Los Laureles, Indio, Mono, Agua Caliente, and a few others.
The southern slope of the coast mountains waters the valley below through the Rincon, Carpenteria, Santa Monica, Paderon, Toro, Ficay, Hot Springs, Cold Stream, Mission Creek, Maria Ygnacia, San José, San Pedro, Carneros, Tecolote, Armitas, Tecolotito, Dos
Pueblos, Las Varas, El Capitan, Refugio, Hondo, Costa, Molinos, Las Cruces, Agua Caliente, Santa Anita, San Augustin, Rodeo, Cañada Honda and the San Antonio and Cosmalia creeks. Of these mountain streams the Rincon, Carpenteria, Mission, El Capi- tan and Dos Pueblos are the most important, flowing into the sea in ordinary years, while most of the others shortly after leaving the foot-hills partially or wholly disappear during the dry season. There are in the county several small lakes and lagoons, the Guada- Inpe and the Zaca being the largest.
Over the Santa Ynez mountains run sev- eral horseback trails and two good wagon roads, through the Santa Ynes and Gaviota passes. The greatest elevation of the San Marcos Pass is 2,240 feet. It is reached by following up the San José, descending the mountains on the north side, along the Los Laureles by what is known as the Frémont trail. The Gaviota Pass lies along the Las Cruces, crossing the mountain on the old Spanish grant of that name at an altitude of 1,500 feet. One horseback trail starts from the foot of Montecito Valley, follows up the Ficay to its head, and then bears a little northeast to the Najalayegna Cañon. Another crosses the mountain by Cold Stream Canon, near the head of this valley. A good trail also ascends the Pedregosa, the east branch of Mission Creek, to near its source, where it divides into two forks.
Much of Santa Barbara County is hilly or mountainons; the Santa Ynes, a low range of mountains, follows the trend of the coast across the southern part of the county, and the Sierra de San Rafael, a higher range, strikes through the center of the county, and extends almost to its northern limits. These mountains, with the foothills and spurs, im- part to the whole country a rugged and diversified aspect.
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SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
Separated by these ranges are the four large valleys of the county, from which branch out a number of smaller and tribu- tary valleys. These four main valleys, be- ginning at the south, are: Santa Barbara, Santa Ynes, Los Alamos and Santa Maria.
Between the Santa Ynes and the sea lies the unparalleled valley of Santa Barbara proper, forty-five miles in length, with an average width of perhaps three miles, and an area of 86,400 acres. Although this is the smallest in acreage of the four chief valleys into which the county is divided by the con- figuration of its surface, yet it is the most important, by reason of its natural character- istics, which have attracted the largest popu- lation.
For its rare advantages of climate and its wonderful fertility. it has become famous all over the world. This valley extends from the Rincon to Point Concepcion, and it com- prises the Carpenteria Valley, from the Rin- con to a small spur of the Santa Ynes, called Ortega Hill, a distance of nine miles; the Montecito, from Ortega Hill to the city limits; the city of Santa Barbara, spreading beyond its two miles square; and eight miles beyond, on the Patera, the village of Goleta. Still following the same broad avenue, are found the great ranchos of Dos Pueblos, Nuestra Señora del Refugio, and those owned by Hollister and Cooper; then comes the Gaviota Pass, and a few miles past it, Point Concepcion, where the Santa Ynes range runs boldly into the Pacific, forming the terminal wall of this valley.
Beyond the Santa Ynes range, and between it and the San Rafael, opens the lonely Santa Ynes Valley. The Santa Ynes River here runs almost due west from its mountain source, watering a vast extent of farming lands and passing through the broad Lompoc Valley before it empties into the sea, be-
tween Point Concepcion and Point Purisi- ma. This valley contains the towns of Santa Y'nes and Lompoc.
LAND GRANTS.
After secularization, land in abundance could be had for the asking, and large tracts were given to the heads of families. The policy of the Mexican govern nent liad been to limit each holding to eleven leagues, which would contain something above 48,000 acres. The wide territories required for stock-raising caused this to be considered a small tract, and many families acquired several times that much, whether by ex- change, purchase, or government favor. For instance, the Noriegas at one time owned no less than 200,000 acres. The following list from Hoffman's report on land cases shows the ownership of many of the old grants, some dating back to 1790, though mostly made subsequent to secularization. In the case of lands lying in other counties, they are included here because they were assigned to members of families living in Santa Bar- bara.
Rancho Nipomo, granted to William Dana (member of Carrillo family), April 6, 1837. Acreage, 32,728.62.
The Lompoc, granted to José Antonio Carrillo, April 15, 1837. . Acreage, 35,- 335.78.
San Julian, granted to George Rock, April 7, 1837. Acreage, 48,221.68. The claim was purchased and the title perfected by José de la Guerra y Noriega.
Guadalasca, granted to Ysabel Yorba, May 6, 1846. Acreage, 30,593.85.
Simí, or San José de Gracia, to Patricio Xavier and Miguel Pico, in 1795, by Gov- ernor Diego de Borica; claim revived by Alvarado to de la Guerra, April 25, 1842. Acreage, 92,341.35.
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SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
Sespe to Carlos Antonio Carrillo, Noveni- ber, 1833; six leagues. In the trial this number was pronounced fraudulent, and dos (two) was substituted.
San Buenaventura to Fernando Pico, March 24, 1845; 29.90 acres.
Guadalupe to Diego Olivera and Teodoro Arellanez, March 21, 1840. Acreage, 30,- 408.03.
Cuyama to José Maria Rojo, April 24, 1843. Confirmed to Maria Antonio de la Guerra and Cesario Lataillade; 22,198.74 acres.
Hnerfano (San Luis Obispo), granted to Mariano Bonilla; confirmed to Francis Branch (member of the Carrillo family).
Tequepis to Joaquin Villa; confirmed to Antonio Maria Villa; 8,919 acres.
Sisquoc to Maria Antonio Caballero, June 3, 1833; confirmed to James B. Hnie; 35,- 485.90 acres.
Santa Rosa Island to José Antonio and Carlos Carrillo, October 4, 1843. Acreage, about 60,000. This island was given to Jones and Thompson, who married into the Carrillo family.
Cañada Larga de Verde to Joaquin Alva- rado, about 2,220 acres.
Punta de la Laguna to Luis Arellanes and E. M. Ortega, December 24, 1844. Acre- age, 26,648.42.
Conejo to José de la Guerra y Noriega, by Governor Sola, October 12, 1822. Acre- age, 48,674.56.
Arroyo Grande or San Ramon (in San Luis Obispo) to Zeferino Corlon, April 25, 1841; confirmed to Francisco Branch, who married one of the Carrillos.
Ojai to Fernando Pico, April 6, 1837. Acreage, 17,792.70.
Rancho (name unknown) to Teodoro Arel- lanes, January 22, 1846. Small.
Mision de San Diego to Santiago Ar- guello, June 8, 1846. Small extent.
Island of Santa Cruz to Andres Castillero, May 22, 1839. About 60,000 acres.
Mision Vieja de la Purisima to Joaquin and José Antonio Carrillo, November 20, 1845; 4,440 acres.
Corral de Cuati to Agustin Davila; con- firmed to Maria Antonia de la Guerra Latail- lade; 13,300.24 acres.
Tequepis to Tomas Olivera, April 7, 1837; confirmed to Antonia Maria de Cota; 8,- 900.75 acres.
La Laguna to Miguel Avila, November 3, 1845; confirmed to Octaviano Gutierrez; 18,212.48 acres.
Tinaquiac to Victor Linares, May 6, 1837; confirmed to Wm. D. Foxen; 8,874.60 acres.
La Calera or Las Positas to Narciso Fab- regat, May 16, 1843; confirmed to Thomas M. Robbins and Manuela Carrillo de Jones; 3,281.70 acres.
Todos Santos to Salvador Osio, November 3, 1844. This tract contained 22,200 acres; another tract on the Cosumnes, granted at the same time, to the same party, contained 26,640 acres. These tracts were confirmed to William E. P. Hartnell.
Cañada de San Miguelito to Ramon Rodri- guez, Marc : 1, 1846. Acreage, 8,880.
Alisal to William E. P. Hartnell, January 26, 1843; Acreage, 2,971.26.
La Zaca to Maria Antonia de la Guerra Lataillade, 1838. Acreage, 4,480.
Lomas de la Purificacion to Agustin Jans- sens, December 27, 1844; contained 13,320 acres.
Las Posas to José Carrillo, May 15, 1834; confirmed to José de la Guerra y Noriega; 26,623.26 acres.
San Marcos to Nicolas A. Den, June 8, 1846. Acres, 35,573.
One square league to --- Marcelina, An- gust 16, 1843; confirmed to Maria de la Guerra Lataillade.
56
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
San Francisco (partly in Santa Barbara County) to Antonio del Valle, January 22, 1839; confirmed to Jacob Feliz.
Las Huertas confirmed to Maria Antonia de la Guerra Lataillade; granted July 26, 1844; 13,000 varas square.
Los Alamos to José Antonio Carrillo, March 9, 1839. Acres, 48,803.38.
Santa Clara del Norte to Juan Sanchez, May 6, 1837; 13,988.91 acres.
Calleguas to José Pedro Ruiz, May 10, 1847; 9,998.29 acres.
San Miguel to Raimundo Olivas, July 6, 1841; 4,693.91 acres.
La Liebre to José Maria Flores, April 21, 1841; eleven square leagues. - three square leagnes to José Ramnon Malo, April 12, 1845.
Santa Rosa to Francisco Cota, three and a half leagues, granted July 30, 1839; and a subsequent addition November 19, 1845.
Parisima to Ramon Malo, December 6, 1845; 14.927.62 acres.
Ex-Mision San Buenaventura to José Ar- naz, June 8, 1846; confirmed to Poli.
Camulos to Pedro C. Carrillo, October 2, 1843; 17,760 acres.
Nojogni to Raimundo Carrillo, April 27, 1843; 13,522.04 acres.
Santa Ana to Crisogono Ayala and others, April 14, 1837; 21,522.04 acres.
- to José Chapman, 4,440 acres. 1838; confirmned to Guadalupe Ortega de Chapman.
Dos Pueblos to Nicolas A. Den, April 18, 1842; 15,535.33 acres.
Cañada del Corral to José Dolores Ortega, November 5, 1841; 8,875.76 acres.
La Goleta to Daniel Hill, June 10, 1846; 4,440 acres.
Temescal to Francisco Lopez, March 17, 1843; 13,320 acres.
Nuestra Señora del Refugio to Antonio
Maria Ortega, August 1, 1834; 26,529 acres.
Jesus Maria to Lucas Olivera, April 8, 1837; 42,184.93 acres; two-thirds confirmed to Lewis Burton.
San Carlos de Jonata to Joaquin Carrillo, September 24, 1845; 26,631.31 acres.
Mision Santa Ynes to José Maria Covar- rubias and others, June 15, 1846. This claim was rejected by the commissioners.
Pueblo de Santa Barbara to the Common Council; granted in 1782; claim filed Feb- ruary 1, 1853; rejected by commissioners August 1, 1854; confirmed by District Court March 1, 1861.
Island of Catalina to Thomas Robbins, July 4, 1846.
Santa Paula y Saticoy to Manuel Jimeno Casarin, April 1, 1843; 17,733.33 acres.
Casmali to Antonio Olivera, September 12, 1840; 8,841.21 acres.
College Rancho or Cañada del Pino; 35,- 499.37 acres.
Santa Barbara Mission to Richard S. Den, June 10, 1846.
Mission lands allotted after secularization: San Buenaventura, 36.27 acres; Santa Bar- bara, 37.83 acres; Santa Ynes, 17.35 acres.
By the methods already cited, some of the influential families obtained territory enough for a small kingdom. Thus the Carrillo family had twelve grants, the Castros twenty, the de la Guerras twelve, Fosters eight, Li- mantour eight, Murphy thirteen, Ortega nine, Pacheco eight, Rodriguez seven, San- ehez twelve, and Vallejo fourteen.
THE CHANNEL ISLANDS.
"An enterprising party named Cabrillo headed the first special excursion party to Santa Barbara and its islands, that was only 345 years previous to our present boom, but there is a record to the fact that the old sea- rover and his crew of buccaneers were as well
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SANTA BARBARA COUNTY,
pleased with the country as are the tourist parties of to-day. Sailing under direction of no special hotel syndicate or real estate monopoly, Cabrillo and his companions made free to choose their own winter quarters in the fairest spot on all the coast, an island opposite to where our city now stands." Such is the humorons beginning of a paper on the Channel Islands, written in 1887 by a Barbareño, referring to the two-months so- journ of the pioneer explorer, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, and his men, on San Miguel, in the winter of 1542-'43. We have already read how Cabrillo there died, and was buried; also how Sebastian Vizcaino sailed up hither, sixty years later, and named the channel, and renamed the other points of interest. And from that time down to the present, these is- lands have been conspicuous features in the landscape, objectively and subjectively.
Until their examination by the Coast Sur- vey, nothing accurate was known of the num- bers, position, extent, or peculiarities of the islands off the coast, from San Diego to Point Concepcion, but the chart published by this body shows clearly the beautiful parallelism, to which Vizcaino first called attention, be- tween these islands and the adjacent main- land. The four islands Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel, with the rocks extending from the last named, have their longer axis parallel to the trend of the shore- line, which is the general direction of the Sierra Santa Ynes, immediately behind it. Cortez Shoal, Santa Catalina, San Clemente, and John Biggs' Rock, have their longer axes northwest by west and parallel to cach other, while Santa Barbara Island is the pro- longation of the longer axis of San Clemente.
Navigators, in making the Santa Barbara channel from the northwest, readily note the neighborhood of these islands through thick, foggy weather, by the peculiar odor of the 4
bitumen which issues from the bottom or the shore some eight miles west, and floats upon the water, working against the winds far be- yond Point Concepcion. Vanconver was the first to call attention to the presence of this bitumen. Sir Edward Belcher, in October, 1839, also remarked the phenomenon.
The current among these islands runs southward as far as San Nicolas. On the Cortez Shoal it frequently runs against the northwest wind at the rate of nearly two miles per hour; while again it has been found to run nearly as strong in an opposite direc- tion.
Santa Cruz, lying almost in front of the city of Santa Barbara, at twenty-five miles distance, contains 52,760.33 acres, and its mountains rise to 1.700 feet in height. It is owned by a French company, who devote it to sheep-raising. There is no settlement on this island, beyond the rancho-houses. Santa Rosa contains 52,696.49 acres, and rises to a height of 1,172 feet. It belongs to A. P. More, and is used for sheep-raising. San Miguel, the most western of the group, is seven and a half miles long, two and a half wide, and contains 15,000 acres. It belongs to the United States Government, and is held in reserve, being unsurveyed. Waters and Schilling occupy it by possessory right, for sheep-raising.
Santa Cruz is irregularly shaped, having a rongh surface, with a few tracts of level lands. The owners have a fine wharf, with a harbor safe in all but northeast winds. The climate is much the same as on the main land, though the ocean winds are stronger. Citrus and deciduous fruits will do well here. This was formerly the resort of great numbers of seal, but continued slaughter has almost extin- guished them. Santa Cruz was used by the Mexican Government only as a penal colony -a sort of Botany Bay, whose few tenants
58
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
were yet a constant menace to their main- land neighbors.
Santa Cruz was afterward given by Mex- ico to Castillero, in reward for his discovery of quicksilver at New Almaden. He sold it to the sheep companies. Occasional matan- zas, or systematic slaughters of stock, are held here.
More than half of Santa Rosa is adapted to tillage. It is nearly quadrilateral in shape. In 1834 it became the joint property of Car- los and José Antonio Carrillo, and was given as a dowry to the two daughters of Carlos, who, on the same day married J. C. Jones and A. B. Thompson.
The grooms raised sheepon the island, with great success. After some family litigation, Santa Rosa became the property of A. P. and P. H. More, and is now owned by the foriner. The natural grasses are of very fine quality, and the humid atmosphere keeps them green throughout the year, so that the sheep bnsi- ness is here conducted under particular advantages.
One of the most notable events in the history of these islands was the wreck here, in the early days of the Pacific Mail Steam- ship Company, of their steamer Winfield Scott. It is said that her wreck was visible beneath the water for twenty years there- after.
These islands, with their cave dwellings, their kitchen-middens, their battle-grounds, and their obscure history, are full of interest to the ethnologist, the archaeologist, and the antiquarian. Cabrillo described the inhabi- tants of the Channel Islands as fairly white, with florid complexions.
Accounts vary as to the extinction of these people. Some authors opine that they were extirpated by the inhabitants of Russian- America, who used to come to these islands to hunt the sea-otter, and who are known to
have slain, even during the present century, all the male inhabitants of San Nicolas, whose effects and women they appropriated. Again it is suggested that a famine reduced the natives to the necessity of preying upon each other, to their extermination; or else that they were fallen npon by the cannibalistic inhabitants of the islands of the western Pacific. Some appearance of probability is given to this theory by the state of the human bones found on the island, many of which have been cracked, as if for the pur- pose of extracting the marrow. On the other hand, the idea of a famine is counteracted by the existence on the rocks of shell-fish enough to sustain a population of thousands. There are, however, many indications of a terrible drouth experienced liere at some time, and the inhabitants may have perished for lack of fresh water.
CLIMATE.
Of Santa Barbara, as of other portions of Sonthern California, it must be said that the terms " rainy season " and " dry season " are in some ineasure a misnomer, as conveying too extreme an impression. Dr. J. P. Wid- ney's suggestion of "rain season " is more apt, as signifying the period during which rain does fall, as distinguished from the time of the year when it does not fall. It is practically true that from April to No- vember no rain falls, yet even during these months there have been known occasional showers. From November to April the rainfall occurs, in Santa Barbara averaging seventeen inches per season. The rains are not continuons, but distributed, coming in heavy storins, with days or often weeks of intervening delightful weather. While there is no regularity about the rains, no two sea- sons being alike, there is usually a heavy rain about the first of December, followed by another heavy storm abont the beginning of
59
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
January, then others scattered through Janu- ary, February and March, with the final or " clearing up " storm abont the first of April. February and March are the real spring months of Santa Barbara. Then the results of the rains are fully apparent, the flowers of the plains and cañons are in season, the foot- hills are brilliantly grass-clad, the streams are full, and nature appears in her brightest, gayest aspect.
The rainfall for 1867-'68 was 25.19 inches; for 1868-'69, 15.77 inches; for 1869-'70, 10.27 inches; for 1870-'71, 8.91; for 1871- 772, 14.94; for 1872-'73, 10.45; for 1873- '74, 14.44; for 1874-'75, 18.71 inches.
In 1872 there were only thirteen days when the mercury rose above 83º. The highest temperature was 86°, and the lowest 40°. In 1875 the mercury rose above 83º only seven times; the highest was 88°, and the lowest 38°, this last being the register for seven o'clock A. M. on January 24.
Observations made from June to Decem- ber show the mean temperature of the sea water to be 64°, the thermometer being sunk four feet below the surface of the water, where it is twenty feet deep, at the point one-third of a mile from land, and at 11 A. M. Obser- vations made at the same time show the mean temperature of air in the shade to have been 71°.
In 1885 there were thirty-one days in which the mercury rose above 80°. These were distributed through seven months, of which two were December and February. There were only thirteen days when it did not fall at night below 60°, and these were scattered through three months, including December. There was but one night in the year when the mercury fell below 40°. In 1885 there were thirty-one days in which rain fell, but only nine of them could be called rainy days, since, in the remaining
twenty-two it rained only in the night, or in brief showers during the day.
In 1886 there were twenty-three days, dis- tributed through seven months, in which the mercury rose above 80°, and thirteen nights when it did not fall below 60°. The great- est height of the mercury during this year was 85°, and the lowest point reached was 35°. The mean temperature for January was 55°; for July, 66.3º ; for October, 58.3º. The mean temperature for the three winter months was 56.81°; for the three summer months, 65.51°; for the three autumn months, 59.46°. Thus it will be seen that the difference between the mean of January and that of July was 11.30°, and between the mean winter and mean summer tempera- ture 8.7º.
In 1886 the mean temperature of the warmest day in the year was 73.5°, this fall- ing in January; of the warmest day in Au- gust, 72°; the mean of the coldest day, being in February, was 45°; the highest tempera- ture reached was 85°, in January, February, and August; the lowest was 35°, in January. The annual average temperature was 59.6°. The total rainfall was 13.86 inches.
In 1887 the mean temperature of the whole year was 59.7°; while that of the three sminmer months was 64.4°, a difference of less than 5°. The means of the three warm- est days were 79°, 71°, and 74°, in June, July and October, respectively. There were during this year twenty-six days in which the mercury registered more than 80°, and of these only six were in the summer. On the warmest night of the year the tempera- ture fell to 65°, and there were but fourteen nights in the whole year when it did not fall to or below 60°, and of these, four were in the summer. The mean temperature of the coldest day was 47.5°, in November. The three hottest days being in May, June, and
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
October, reached respectively, 86°, 95°, and 91.8°. The three lowest fell in Jannary, February, and December, reaching 37°, 37°, and 38°.
There was a total rainfall of 17.09 inches, being .72 above the average for the last twenty years. Rain fell on twenty-four days. Of 289 days observed this year, 214 were recorded as clear, forty as fair, and thirty- five as cloudy.
Such statistics as these refer more partien- larly to that portion of the country sonth of the mountains; that is to say, Santa Barbara Valley. In the northern valleys there is more wind, and the mercury falls lower and rises higher. During seven months, begin- ning with March of the year 1888, the low- est mean in the Santa Maria Valley was 57°, in April; the highest, 63.5°, in July-a dif- ference of only 6.5°. In the Santa Ynes Valley the mercury has fallen to 18° and has risen to 100°. Even these valleys, however, are generally eqnable, and the more marked changes they do undergo prove an attraction to many persons liking variety,
There is a table of comparisons often sub- mitted, as illustrative, to those knowing the Eastern resorts, of Santa Barbara climate. This says: Jannary at Santa Barbara is equivalent to May at Nantucket; February to May at Atlantic City; March to May at Norfolk; April to May at Portland; May to May at New Haven; June to May at New York; July to May at Philadelphia; Angust to May at Washington; September to May at Brooklyn; October to May at New London; November and December to May at Portland.
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