USA > California > Los Angeles County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 11
USA > California > San Diego County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 11
USA > California > Orange County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 11
USA > California > San Bernardino County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 11
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In the grist-mill business there is a competi- tor in the Carter & Martin Milling Company. This firm has lately put in operation a new steam engine. They roll barley and crack corn to order. They also manufacture corn-meal and graham flour. They have an extensive trade from all the surrounding country, and ship by the ton to many points on the railroad. They are also contractors and builders, and manufac- tnre monldings, brackets, etc.
The Oceanside Fish Company are keeping their city prominently before the people of Los Angeles and San Bernardino. They began a few months ago, in a small way, to experiment at catching and selling fish. In both depart-
ments they have been successful. They catch anywhere from 500 to 2,500 pounds at a hanl. One firm in Los Angeles offers to take all they can catch at 5 cents per pound. It is impossi- ble for them to supply half of the orders they receive from Los Angeles and San Bernardino.
To help supply the demand for Oceanside fish, a Chinese company has been organized. They have built their own boat and manufac- tured their own nets, and propose, from the wealth of the ocean, to contribute to the wealth of Oceanside. There are millions of dollars in the fishing business on the Pacific coast, be- cause it is possible to fish twelve months in the year here, and only seven on the Atlantic coast.
The Bank of Oceanside has contributed its full share to the prosperity of the city. The bank building itself would do credit to a city of 50,000 inhabitants. The cashier, E. S. Payne, is a gentleman of large experience, and people in the city or country who do business with him, invariably return. D. H. Horne, presi- dent, and the directors are among the most pro- gressive and reliable men of the community. The business done by the banking institutions of a city is always an, index of its prosperity or adversity. As the Bank of Oceanside has taken in and paid out over its counters the past year over $1,000,000, it is very fair evidence that Oceenside is not dead. This institution inakes collections from any part of the Union, and transfers money to all parts of the United States and foreign countries.
The two nurseries of the city draw people from all the surrounding towns for trees, plants and shrubs. They have never been able to supply more than half the demand there is for nursery stock.
There are three stores for groceries and gen- eral merchandise. They all report business good and growing better. The summer visitors, the hotel and railroad business and the in- creasing number of thrifty ranchers in the country about Oceanside all contribute to make the store business a success.
The dry-goods store reports that business
A BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF THE CITY OF SAN DIEGO.
3
--
67
HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
has been good all through the year, but very much increased in volume towards its close. The same firm established in June, 1889, what is known as the Oceanside Warehouse, an in- stitution which is a great benefit to all this sec- tion. They handled this season 80,000 sacks of grain. They have sold 3,000 sacks of White Australian seed wheat to the farmers in this vicinity. They state that the Oceanside wharf will undoubtedly be finished by Angust 1, and when this is done they propose to ship their grain direct from here to San Francisco, thus saving $2 per ton on freight. The material necessary to complete the wharf is here, and the stockholders propose to carry the work forward as rapidly as possible.
Among the other business enterprises of this most enterprising little city may be mentioned two excellent hotels and one or two restaurants. One of the hotel buildings cost nearly $70,000. There are two drug-stores, two livery stables, a millinery house, two boot and shoe shops, two blacksmiths, a hardware store, a harness shop, a furniture and undertaking establishment, a bak- ery, a barber shop and various other enterprises, including three real-estate agents, who report three times as many purchasers for acre prop- erty as there were a year since. Oceanside has three skillful medical practitioners, three good lawyers, and a flourishing newspaper. The schools are well organized and ably administered.
The churches in Oceanside are well repre- sented. There are six organized religious bodies: Christian, Congregational, Baptist, Episcopal, Holiness and Methodist. The Episcopal and Methodist have no church building as yet, but they are planning to build in the near future. The attendance upon religious services during the past year has been better than in any other year during the history of the city.
SAN DIEGO-PORT AND CITY.
The city of San Diego is situated in a position at once beautiful and commanding, on the north- eastern shore of the bay of the same name, in
latitude 32° 42' 37" north, longitude 117° 9' west. It is 480 miles southeast of San Fran- cisco. The remarkably advantageous position it occupies insures almost constant regularity of movement of the winds, and delightful equa- bility of temperature. The city is situated upon a plateau formed by the foot hills, gently sloping southwestward toward the bay and shore. Northeastward and southeastward lie the slopes and peaks of the Coast Range and the Lower California chain of mountains; to the south- ward stretches the open Pacific ocean, mild and kindly, it being divided from the inlet waters of the bay by a long, narrow strip of land called the "sandspit" or the "peninsula," which broadens considerably at its western ter- mination, forming a natural breakwater, whose protection makes this bay perhaps the most per- fect and safe harbor on the whole western coast. It is farther protected by the western extension, also peninsular, of the mainland, which forms the western boundary of the entrance to the bay and breaks the force of the prevailing wind, from the Pacific. Very naturally, great consid- eration and importance attach to the bay as a harbor, since there are but two truly landlocked harbors on the whole coast line of California, a reach of over 700 miles. The harbor of San Francisco, while larger, is less safe for shipping and less easy of access than that of San Diego, so named by Sebastian Vizcaino in 1602. The following is a portion of a report on the bay of San Diego, made by Prof. George Davidson, of the United States Coast Survey: "Next to that of San Francisco, no harbor on the Pacific coast of the United States approximates in ex- cellence the bay of San Diego. The bottom is uniformly good; no rocks have been discovered in the bay or approaches: the position of the bay with relation to the coast, and of the bar in relation to Point Loma, is such that there is much less swell on this bar than on any other bar on the Pacific coast. There is less rain, fog, and thick haze, and more clear weather, in this vicinity than at all points to the northward, and the entrance is less difficult to make and enter
68
HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
on that account. Large vessels can go about seven miles (geographical) up the bay, with an average width of channel of 800 yards betweeen the four fathom lines at low water. This indi- cates sufficient capacity to accommodate a large commerce."
Again, in 1878, Cominodore C. P. Patterson, Superintendent United States Coast Survey, at Washington, transmitted to the chairman of a Congresssonal committee the result of the last survey of San Diego harbor in that year. He says:
" The depth over the bar (at low water) is twenty-two feet. The bar remains in a remark- ably permanent state. The distance across the bar, from a depth of twenty-seven feet to the same depth inside, is 285 yards, so that the re- moval of about 60,000 yards of material would give a channel of 300 feet wide and 283 feet deep over the bar at mean low water. I have crossed this bar at all hours, both day and night, withi steamers of from 1,000 to 3,000 tons burden, during all seasons, without any detention whatever. As will be seen from the dimensions given, ample accommodations can be had in this harbor for a very large commerce. There is no safer harbor on the Pacific coast for entering or leaving, or for lying off wharves. It is the only landlocked harbor south of San Francisco and north of San Quentin, Lower California, a stretch of 600 miles of coast, and, from a national point of view, its importance is so great that its preservation demands national protection, and justifies national expenditure. Fortunately, these expenditures need not be great, if the stable regimen of the harbor be preserved.
The climate of San Diego is indeed so mild, so benevolent, and so equable, as to thoroughly justify the pride of the inhabitants in that re- gard. It is interesting work to scan a recapit- ulation of the climate register, as seen in the United States Signal Station. This statement covers a decade, or 3,653 days, from 1876 to 1885, inclusive. During these ten years there were 3,533 days on which the mercury did not
rise above 80°. Of the remaining 120 days when the mercury did rise higher, 8 fell in the year 1876; 12 in 1877; 10 in 1878; 19 in 1879; 9 in 1880; 7 in 1881; 4 in 1882; 23 in 1883; 13 in 1894; 15 in 1885. Of the total number of 3,653 days there were only 41 days in which the mercury rose higher than 85°; on 22 days on which it rose above 90°, on 4 days on which it rose above 95°, and only 1 day on which it rose to over 100°. The highest temperature recorded during the whole period of ten years was 101°, on September 23, 1883. During these ten years there were never more than two days in any one month on which the mercury rose as high as 85°, except June. 1877, during which there were 4 days; September, 1878, when there were 5 days; June, 1879, which had 3 such days; September, 1879, having 4 such; October, 1879, when 6 snch days befell; and September, 1883, which had + days up to the 85° limit.
It may be remarked, en passant, that the year 1879 was an uncommonly hot season throughout southern California, owing to mete- orological conditions whose stress was aggravated by the heat sent out from extensive forest and mountain fires. On not one day during the ten years did any nnusual warinth continue for more than a few hours, the highest minimum for any day being only 70°, on five of the 3,653 days. During all this period there was no night when sleep under a blanket would pro- duce discomfort, but rather the contrary. During the same ten years, or 3,653 days, there were 3,560 days on which the mercury did not fall below 40°. Of the remaining ninety-three days there were only six on which the tempera- ture fell below 35°, and only two on which it registered as low as 32°. There was no day of lower temperature than 32°. On no day did the mercury remain below 40° for more than one or two hours, and this was reached in the period between midnight and daylight, which is always the coldest part of the twenty-four hours. The lowest maximum of any day was 52°, which was reached on 4 of the 3,653 days in this period.
69
HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
This absence of extremes of heat and cold, and of excess of either moisture or dryness; this even, moderate warmth; the regular daily motion of wind, and alınost constant atmos- pheric humidity of the desirable mean, can but make the climate not only delightful, but health- ful in the extreme.
To return to the period already observed, to determine the movements of the air, which have so much to do with the salubrity of a section: During the ten years under review there was not recorded one day as a "calın " day; while there were days of calmness at the taking of some of the observations, there were none which had not some movement of aerial strata or cur- rents, preventing stagnation, and renovating and purifying the air breathed. Every day four ob- servations were taken-at the hours of 7 A. M., 12:20 P. M., 2 P. M. and 9 p. M. These aggre- gate 14,612 observations, in the ten years. Of these, 1,730 showed north wind, 3,252 northwest, 3,280 west, 1,614 sonthwest, 1,044 sonth, 458 southeast, 846 east, 1,510 northeast, 878 calm. Now, the westerly winds, blowing from off the ocean, are the prevailing winds, and, notwith- standing their source, they are called the "dry " winds, because they do not bring rain; thie damp or rain winds blow from the east, south- east, and sonth.
The Signal Service tables classify winds hav- ing a velocity of 1 to 2 miles per hour as light; of 3 to 5 as gentle; of 6 to 14 as fresh; of 15 to 29 as brisk; of 30 to 40 as high; of 41 to 60 as a gale; of 61 to 80 as a storm; of 81 to 150 as a hurricane. Keeping in view this table, the mildness of the San Diego breezes may be judged from the following two facts: During the 14,612 observations taken ranging through ten years, as already stated, only 878 occurring at a windless moment, the daily average velocity for the whole period was only 139 miles, or less than six miles per hour. The highest daily velocity was 423 miles, or less than 18 miles per hour. The least daily veloc- ity was 17 miles, or only three-fourths of a mile per hour.
The mean per cent. of relative humidity for each month in the year at San Diego for fifteen years is as follows: Jannary, 71.2; February, 74.3; March, 73.5; April, 72.4; May, 73; June, 73; July, 70.4; Angust, 71.7; Septem- ber, 67.4; October, 71.5; November, 66.4; December, 67.2. The average number of clear, fair and cloudy days during the year, for fifteen years at San Diego, is: Clear, 184; fair, 136; cloudy, 45. The average number of days on which rain fell was thirty-four. The average depth of rainfall is between nine and ten inches. There are few "rainy days " so depressing to the invalid, and so inconvenient to the per- son of business; for a large proportion of the rain comes down in the night-time; then, too, the character of the soil and the natural slope of the land are such that the surface of the ground dries in a few hours after even the heaviest rain. This comparatively small rain- fall, which adds no little comfort and charm to life in San Diego, must not be understood to indicate the rainfall for the section at large. For, going back from the coast, the rainfall is found to increase in volume, so that at a distance of forty miles from the coast the occurrence of a dry year is as rare as it is anywhere else in California. Even within twenty miles of the city the rainfall averages over fifty per cent more than in town.
COMPARATIVE WEATHER.
The following table shows the temperature of the past two years by months:
1888.
Month.
Max.
Min.
Mean.
January
74.0
33.0
54.3
February
76.0
38,5
52.9
March.
89.2
43.5
57,2
April.
.93.0
47.2
60.8
Ma
. 70.0
52.0
61.2
June
.76.2
54.0
66.0
July
.77.2
54.6
68.4
August.
.82.0
57.0
68.4
September
.82.0
58.4
68.2
October
82.0
53.0
65.5
November
75.2
46.5
58.8
December.
73.0
44.0
56.5
70
HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
1889.
Month.
Max.
Min.
Mean.
January.
.78.0
36.0
51.6
February.
.85.0
37.0
54.6
March ..
80.0
45.0
58.2
April
.85.0
47.0
60.0
May
80.0
50.0
60.6
June.
72.0
56.0
64.0
July.
84.0
59.0
67.6
August
89.0
62.0
70.8
September
91.0
54.0
70.2
October
80.0
52 0
65.0
November
.83.0
46.0
62.0
December
.68.7
41.8
57.5
The average mean temperature for the differ- ent months of the year has remained practically the same for a decade or more.
The rainfall for December, 1889, was some- thing abnormal and unprecedented. Two storms during the month gave each over two and one-half inches of rainfall. The total rainfall during the month was 7.65 inches, and there were eighteen days on which rain fell. The highest temperature reached was 68.7 degrees on the 5th, the lowest 41.8 degrees on the 30th, the average inean temperature being 57.5. There were eight clear days, seven fair days, and sixteen cloudy days.
To speak of the rainfall during the month of December it is proper to say that the rainfall during the twenty-four hours ending at 5 o'clock on the morning of the 15th, amounted to 2.31 inches, which has been exceeded only three imes in the history of the signal office liere. The heaviest rains during any twenty-four hours of previous years is given below:
1871.
.0.49,1881
.0.83
1872.
1.12 1882.
.2.94
1873
2.52
1883
1.82
1874
1.35
1884.
1,89
1875
.0.95
1885
.0.80
1876
1.53
1886.
1.76
1877
1.09
1887.
2.00
1878
1.11
1888.
1.25
1879
2.75
1889
2.31
1880.
1 29
VITAL STATISTICS.
The deaths occurring in this city, including all transients, however remote, are recorded, and are as follows for the ycar 1889:
CAUSES OF DEATHS.
I .- Zymotic or Epidemic:
Cholera Infantum
5 | Diarrhea. 1
Dysentery.
7 Scarletina. 1
Fevers-Typhoid. 7
Cerebro-Spinal. 1
II .- Constitutional Diseases:
Hydrocephalus .. 2 | Tubercular Meningitis .. . 1
Phthisis Pulmonalis. .34 Marasmus.
2
Rheumatism. 1
Cancer.
8
III .- Local Diseases:
Pneumonia
11 | Bronchitis 5
Other diseases of the re- spiratory organs. 6
Enteritis.
2
Gastro-Enteritis
1
Peritonitis (non-puerperal) 2 Bright's Disease and Ne- phritis. 3
Other diseases of stomach and bowels.
8
Heart Diseases 11
Convulsions 6
IV .- Developmental Diseases:
Puerperal Diseases 2 | Old age.
5
V .- External Causes:
Suicide 3 | All other causes not classi- fied.
. ... .35
The deaths during the year were apportioned among the several months as follows:
January 19 | July .12
February 19
August. 14
March. 13
September 26
April. 12
October.
11
May.
11
November. 20
June.
13 | December 15
Total deaths for the year
179
During this year of 1889 the city was entirely free from all contagions diseases, except a few cases of typhoid fever and one or two cases of measles and whooping-congh.
Having thus reviewed the natural character- istics, the improvements due to inen's enter- prise, liberality, wealth and desire for improve- ment, may next be touched npon. First in order should come those material enterprises of more than local influence or results-railways, steamship companies, light-houses and other similar institutions, whose existence affects wider circles than those of San Diego city and county. Then should follow in proper sequence the enumeration of such features as affect tlie wider district, viz .: exports, imports, travel, traffic, commerce at large. Next in order ap- pear the local or municipal institutions which are of common nse to all the citizens; and last, such enterprises as banks, street railway sys-
Gastritis
1
Diseases of the Liver .. 3
Other diseases of brain and nervous system .. 9
Erysipelas. 1
.
71
HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
tems, hotels, etc., which, while they are the property of individuals or private corporations, yet constitute a notable and important element in the comfort, convenience and general pros- perity of the community. As far as possible this plan will be followed in the description of San Diego under its present aspect and in the outlining of its future prospect and ontlook; and any deviation therefrom will be due to the ramifications of the subject, and the subjects may be treated in inverse order.
THE WHARVES --- WHERE THEY ARE, WHAT THEY COST AND WHAT THEY CAN ACCOMMODATE.
San Diego is provided with ample wharves. The wharf of the Spreckels Brothers Company is 3,500 feet long. Its width gradually be- comes greater as it runs ont from the shore, commencing with fifty feet and terminating with seventy-five feet at the twenty-six-foot water line. It will accommodate eight of the largest vessels afloat. It was built at a cost of over $90,000. The coal bunkers on the wharf have a capacity of 15,000 gross tons. They are 650 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 30 feet in depth. The machinery is of the most modern and best improved type, and in point of efficiency second to none in America. The warehouse is 150 by 100 feet, but this will soon be increased to double its present size. The wharf is situated at the foot of G street. A track is being built to connect with the Santa Fé, so that cars can be loaded directly from ships.
The Santa Fé wharf, situated at the junction of H and Atlantic streets, has two spurs, one 2,500 feet long, the other 800 feet in length. In breadth this wharf varies from twenty-five feet to seventy-five feet, and can accommodate eight deep-sea vessels and six coasters. The estimated cost of this wharf is $80,000. The track of the California Southern extends upon this wharf, and vessels are unloaded directly into the cars.
The Pacific Coast Steamship Company's wharf is at the foot of Fifth street. It was one of the first wharves built in San Diego,
but has been entirely rebuilt, at a cost of some- thing over $30,000. It is 2,000 feet long and has accommodation for four deep-sea vessels and fonr coasters. There is also a railway track on this wharf, which greatly facilitates the transhipment of freight from vessels to cars.
The Pacific Dock Company's wharf (generally known as Jorres' wharf) was this year rebuilt, at a cost of $35,000. It is 2,216 feet long, has a twenty-four-foot driveway and an eight-foot walk. It can accommodate four deep-sea ves- sels and has room for eight coasters at its twenty- foot water line. The wharf is situated at the foot of F street.
The Russ Lumber and Mill Company's wharf is situated at the foot of I street, and is 600 feet long; that of the San Diego Lumber Com- pany, foot of Sixth street, 1,200 feet long, with a "T" fifty fect by seventy- five feet. The two wliarves are intended for coasters only, and were built at an aggregate cost of $36,000.
The Carlson & Higgins (Commercial) wharf is situated at the foot of H street, is 940 feet long, 35 feet wide, with a 580-foot T. It will furnish accommodations for six deep-water ves- sels and six coasters. The estimated cost is $40,000.
The San Diego Wharf and Storage Company's wharf, at the foot of Twenty-eighth street, is 1,400 feet long, from 76 to 140 feet wide, and cost $20,000.
In addition to these there are two excellent wharves at Coronado and two at Roseville. The San Diego & Eastern Terminal Railway Com- pany and Crippin & Jennings have wharves now in course of construction at Roseville. The projected wharf of the San Diego Land and Town Company, at the foot of Twenty-sixth street, will be one of the most complete in the city. It is to be 950 feet long, 660 feet wide, and will extend the entire block to Twenty- seventh street. It is to have three slips at the end and will furnish dockage room for nine deep-sea vessels, besides accommodation for a large number of coasters. There will be a track for the California Southern, and also one for the
.
72
HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
National City & Otay road, built thereon. The estimated cost is put at $60,000. The railroad company also has a fine wharf at National City.
The depth for all these wharves ennmerated above for deep-sea vessels are at the twenty-six- foot water line, mean low tide.
There is a projected wharf also at the foot of Ninth street, for which a franchise was granted to William A. Bailey. It will be 2,795 feet long and seventy-five feet wide.
MUNICIPAL -CHARACTERISTICS AND INSTITUTIONS.
Most of the streets of San Diego are upon an inclined plane. The slope is not great enough to fatigue a walker, but yet it is sufficient to lend a pleasing variety and perspective to the vision, and to throw the city in elevation to the eye of him who sees it from the ocean or the bay. The nomenclature of the streets is pleas- ing, practical and convenient. From the water front back to the outskirts they are called numerically, First street, Second, etc .; starting from a given point the southward streets are named alphabetically, A, B, C, etc. Their con- tinuations to the northward of the point stated have arboreal names, as Ash, Beech, Cedar, etc., each one of which begins with the letter as- signed to its complementary portion. Thus the geography of the streets is readily learned, and intelligent movement through them is greatly facilitated. While a great deal has been done in the matter of putting down suitable pave- ments, there is, naturally, much to be yet com- pleted in this respect. The lack of adequate pavements is, however, partially compensated by the quick-drying porosity of the soil, already cited. No doubt the year 1890 will witness a great advance in the direction of proper gutter- ing and paving.
The sewer system which was adopted some two years since is that known as the Waring system, in use in Memphis and varions other large eastern cities. For the purpose of its con- struction, the city contracted a bonded indebted- ness of $400,000, the bonds bearing interest at five per cent., payable annually. They may
run till 1907, or they may be redeemed sooner, at the option of the city. The bonds were negotiated withont difficulty, during the most enthusiastic period of San Diego's late phenom- enal prosperity, and great anticipations existed as to the successful and satisfactory operation of the system. It appears, however, that it has not proved altogether satisfactory. But the engineer, Colonel George E. Waring, Jr., who contracted for its construction, avers that the defects are incidental, not constitutional, so to speak, and due to causes which may readily he removed, when, he declares, the present sewer system will be found complete, good, effective, and satisfactory to the citizens.
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