An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day, Part 87

Author: Lewis Publishing Company
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: Chicago, Ill. : The Lewis Publishing Company
Number of Pages: 1038


USA > California > Los Angeles County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 87
USA > California > San Diego County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 87
USA > California > Orange County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 87
USA > California > San Bernardino County > An illustrated history of Southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of Lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time; together with glimpses of their prospects; also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day > Part 87


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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He had eight children: Olive, now Mrs. Amasa Mariam; Serena E., now Mrs. Laey Stilson; Heber John, who married Sarah Mccrary; La Fayette, married Sophronia Parker; Mariette, wife of Harley Swarthont; Charles Loran, Ly- man Melvin and Orissa. Mr. Lytle died in 1870, and his widow resides at the old home on Third street near the Santa Fé depot, in San Bernardino.


BNER MCCRARY is a native of Union County, Illinois, born in 1835. His par- ents, John and Mary (Kellar) MeCrary, natives of North Carolina and South Carolina respectively, moved to Hancock County in 1844. Next they moved to Washville, Iowa, and in 1846 to Council Bluffs, where they remained five


years. In 1851 he moved to Utah, where he remained two years, and June 5, 1854, came to California, and bought forty acres of land three miles northeast of San Bernardino, where he now lives. Mr. McCrary has dealt some in buying and selling land, and has to-day a fine farm devoted to general farm products, fruit and vegetables. He is one of the pio- neers who have borne the burden and heat of the day. He walked every step of the way from Utah to this county, not shirking a single duty on the way, and he has carried out these principles every day of his life since; he is an earnest worker and an honest citizen. In 1859 he married Miss Emma Lane, of Bowling Green, Kentucky, daughter of David and Lu- einda Lane, both born in 1805. Mr. Lane died in Indiana, and Mrs. Lane still lives, at a ripe old age. She is well preserved, physically and mentally. Mr. and Mrs. McCrary have reared five children: Emeline, now Mrs. B. J. Rob- ertson; Laura, wife of J. M. Jones; Mary L., wife of E. M. Cooley; Abner, who married Miss Catherine Van Lennen, and Martha, now Mrs. John Burrows.


OHN COOLEY was born in Utah, in March, 1857, while his parents were on their way to California. His father, George Cooley, is widely and favorably known throughout this county. He arrived in this valley May 11, 1857, and kept a night school for a long time. The subject of this sketch is an entirely self-made man, his education being sneh as he could piek up, as it were, on the way; but by personal ob- servation and extensive reading he has surpassed many who have had the best educational ad- vantages. As a business man he has been em- inently successful. He was engaged in the dairy buisness for eleven years and then sold out to Governor Waterman. He had leased 500 acres, and carried everything that there was any profit in. Four years ago he retired from the dairy business, having made in the time he


A, Harris


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HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.


followed it more clear money perhaps than any other man in the county. During the whole period of eleven years he lost only sev- enty days. After his retirement he took a pleasure trip to the Sandwich Islands, where he remained three months. His popularity and ability as a citizen is shown by the fact that he was deputy sheriff under John A. Cole in 1887-'88. He belongs to the Democratic party. In March, 1882, he bonght ninety-five acres of land between Third and Sixth streets, just east of the city of San Bernardino, and has recently sold thirty acres of it, at $450 per acre. On the part retained he has built a fine residence, where he, with his family, is extracting as much pleasure from life, perhaps, as any man living.


November 3, 1877, he was married to Miss Julia Miller, of San Bernardino. Her father, Joshua Miller, was a native of Tennessee and came to California in 1861. Her mother, Eliz- abeth (Anderson) Miller, was a native of Indi- ana. Mr. and Mrs. Cooley have an interesting family of five children, viz .: Edna, Georgia, John A., Marcus and Albert M.


ILLIAM A. HARRIS, attorney-at-law and a member of the firm of Harris & Gregg, was born in 1854, in Tennessee. He was educated in the schools of that State; studied law in Memphis with Colonel George Gautt and W. W. McDowell, both distinguished members of the Tennessee bar, and was admitted to practice at the remarkably early age of nine- teen. On attaining his majority, after two years of practice in his own State, he came to Califor- nia, and located in San Bernardino in 1875, and has practiced his profession here ever since, ex- cepting two years spent in Leadville, Colorado, where he combined mining and law practice. In 1877 he was elected District Attorney of San Bernardino County and served with distinc- tion. Soon after coming here he formed a law partnership with Hon. John W. Satterwhite, which continned some years; afterward he was


associated with C. W. Allen several years, and in 1886 the present partnership was formed with Hon. F. W. Gregg, who had recently been on the bench in Arizona.


The firm of Harris & Gregg is one of the strongest in legal attainments and ability in Southern California; and their law practice, among the largest and most lucrative in San Bernardino County, is steadily growing. Mr. Harris is noted among his brethren at the bar for his forensic eloquence, and as a successful trial lawyer before a jury. He has been profes- sionally connected with some of the most cele- brated cases tried in this part of the State. Of this class was the Marlette case,-the People versus Mattie Pennman,-the defendant having killed Alfred Sullivan, a dancing teacher, in San Bernardino. The homicide and the trial created great interest and excitement in the community, and was widely published and dis- cussed by the newspapers. Mr. Harris was the attorney for the defense. The woman was acquitted by an exceptionally intelligent jnry against a strong public sentiment. Harris and Gregg were also attorneys for defense in a noted mining case-Doe versus Oro Grande Mining Company-tried in the winter of 1888-'89, forty-six days being consumed in the trial. The amount involved was $330,000, claimed by the plaintiff; the verdict was for $25,000. On appeal the case was reversed by the Supreme Conrt, and a complete victory gained by defend- ants. The firm of Harris & Gregg was retained, in 1889, by the San Bernardino Board of Trade in the case brought by that organization before the Inter- State Commerce Commission charging the Transcontinental Railroad Association with unlawful discrimination against San Bernardino. A number of the most eminent lawyers of the East were retained by the association as oppos- ing counsel. This case is of national import- ance, as establishing a precedent. In 1886 Mr. Harris was presented by the United States Gov- ernment, under authority of an act of Con- gress, with an elegant gold medal, elaborately embellished and appropriately inscribed, as a


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HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.


reward for life-saving from the Pacific ocean during that year. The medal bears the date of Angust 2, 1886. It is highly prized by its owner as a memento.


Mr. Harris has taken an active and efficient part in local politics, and is one of the most elo- quent Democratic stump speakers in Southern California. In spite of the pressure of profes- sional labor, he has given considerable thought to the importance of the fruit productions of San Bernardino County, and has delivered pub- lic addresses on that subject on several occasions. He married an Ohio lady, Miss Nettie Allen, in San Bernardino. He is a member of the State and County Bar Associations.


EUBEN J. ANDERSON was born in Smithfield, Madison County, New York; he passed his youth and early manhood like most boys, and in the spring of 1853 came by water to California. He landed at San Fran- cisco May 5, 1853, and followed mining for three years. He subsequently purchased 160 acres of land five miles from San José, and here farmed for two years. He then sold out and bought a place a mile west of Haywards, and remained on it until 1856, when he removed to San Bernardino Connty. He bought land near town, on which he kept stock. In the winter of 1862 he lost heavily by the high waters which flooded the district. In 1870 he bought seventy-eight acres where he now lives, two and one-half miles east of San Bernardino. After being washed out, however, in 1862, he followed teaming in Arizona, Utalı, Montana and Idaho, for a period of ten years. He lived for several years in San Bernardino, where he owned several lots and was a partner in a large saw-mill, which was destroyed by fire in 1872. In March, 1861, he married Miss Louisa Button, daughter of M. E. Button, one of the pioneers of this county, by whom he had one child: Mariette. His wife died in 1868, and Mr. Anderson was again married October 4, 1869, to Miss Lizzie Ma-


this, a native of Iowa. She died Angust 4, 1871, and on May 2, 1872, Mr. Anderson mar- ried her sister, Elvira Mathis, who was born at Payson, Utalı, a danghter of John and Sarah Ann (Dawdle) Mathis, natives of Lawrence Connty, Alabarna. By this latter marriage he has six children, four boys and two girls: Fran- cis Marion, Annie Louise, William Wesley, Clarence James. Ernest Ingersoll and Lizzie.


OSEPH THORN, deceased, was a pioneer of 1854. He was born in New York State, December, 22, 1811. His parents were Richard and Mary Ann (Armstrong) Thorn, the former a native of New York, the latter of England. Mr. Thorn was a blacksmith by trade. He was married at Niles, New York, June 19, 1836, to Lorana Camp, danghter of Jonah and Barbara (Keith) Camp, from near New Haven, Connecticut. Abont seven years after his marriage he moved with his wife and four children to Hancock Connty, Illinois, where he lived five years. He then moved to Council Bluffs and staid one year, when he joined the Mormons and went to Salt Lake. He soon got sick of them, however, and went back to Iowa where he remained six years. He then moved to California, starting from Iowa in 1853. He spent one winter in Salt Lake, and in June, 1854, arrived in San Bernardino. In February he went to Stockton with stock, came back the same year, and bonght fifty acres of land where the Santa Fé Railroad tracks are now located, which was nearly all wild and unimproved. He bought land also on Warm creek, and dealt considerably in stock and engaged in farming. He was an energetic and enterprising man and gave each of his children a good farmn. He liad served as Super- visor and was a Mason in good standing. He died May 20, 1887, leaving a widow and four children, viz .: Joseph Camp, Helen Loran, wife of Michael Mulvaney; Orissa A., wife of John Osborn; Susan, wife of Hardin Patterson. His


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HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.


widow, Mrs. Lorana Thorn, is still living, at the advanced age of seventy-five years, well pre- served mentally and physically. Her recol- lections of the journey from New York State to California are vivid still. She has endured with patience the hardships of pioneer life and worked to make a home, and has lived to see all her children well settled in life. She resides comfortably in her neat residence on Third street, San Bernardino.


OSHUA S. BEAM, a native of North Car- olina, was born in 1826, the seventh of a family of twelve children. His parents, Peter and Ann (Long) Beam, were both born, reared, lived and died in North Carolina. John T. Beam, a weaver by trade, one of the ances- tors, came from Germany and worked seven years for a man who paid his passage to America. The subject of this sketch went to Arkansas in the spring of 1850 with his brother-in-law. In April, 1852, he started to cross the plains with an ox teain, and arrived in California in Sep- tember of the same year. After his arrival on the coast he worked in the inines and quartz- mills for two years. He spent five years in Mariposa County. In 1857 he moved to Mon- terey County and remained five or six years. In the fall of 1863 he came to San Bernardino County and purchased twenty-five acres where he now lives. He has made several additions to his original purchase, and now owns a fine farm just east of the city, on which he has erected a very commodious two-story house, containing some fifteen or twenty rooms. He


raised alfalfa, etc., for fifteen years, but has recently turned his attention to the dairy bnsi- ness. While in Monterey County, in 1859, lie was married to Miss Ellen R. Craw, born in Pennsylvania, the danghter of Edward Craw, one of the pioneers of this county. Mr. and Mrs. Beam have nine children: Peter E, George A., Martha A., wife of Robert Sparks; Joshua F., Jane, Ida May, Rufus and Lee, twins,


and Carrie. Mr. Beam takes a lively interest in educational matters, and has been officially connected with the school interests of his district for several years. He is also a member of the official board of the Methodist Epiocopal Church South.


OSEPH CAMP THORN, residing four miles east of San Bernardino on the Base Line, is one of the pioneers of this county. He was born in New York, January 2, 1839, the son of Joseph and Lorana (Camp) Thorn. When the subject of this sketeh was three years of age his father moved to Nauvoo, Illi- nois. The next year he removed to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and the following year he moved to Salt Lake. Our subject was then eight years old and he drove an ox team all the way from Council Bluffs to Salt Lake. Mr. Thorn lived at Salt Lake for ten days and, disgusted with the Mormon religion, went back to Iowa; then came on, in 1854, to California. The subject of this sketch, then a lad of fourteen, drove his ox team from Salt Lake to San Bernardino. While on the journey he stood a regular herd and guard tower with the men. After his arrival here he worked at various occupations, and in 1858 was married to Miss Mary H. Dickson, born in Iowa. Her parents, David and Nancy (Stevens) Dickson, natives of Canada, crossed the plains in 1853, losing a man and nearly all their stock by Indians, and located at San Bernardino. At one time Mr. Dickson owned the block where the Stewart Hotel now stands, and other valuable property. He died in April, 1886, while on a visit East. Mrs. Dickson died in 1880. They had reared a family of eight children, four of whom are still living. Mr. and Mrs. Thorn have nine children, viz .: Mary L., Nancy L., Joseph Camp, Hiram A., Helen Meneta, Walter W., John A., Hattie L. and Henrietta L. Socially Mr. Thorn is an I. O. O. F., subordinate lodge No. 282, River- side; Morse Encampment, No. 54; San Ber-


564


HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.


nardino Canton, No. 17; Magnolia Lodge (Rebekah), No. 94. Mrs. Thorn and her dangh- ter, Minnie, also belong to the last namned lodge. As a business man Mr. Thorn has been very successful, and as a citizen he enjoys the con- fidence and respect of his neighbors.


AMES MONROE WEST, living two and one-half miles east of San Bernardino, on Third street, is a pioneer of 1856. His native State is Alabama. He was born in Dal- las County, October 23, 1825, and is the son of Simon and Nancy (Thompson) West, natives re- spectively of Tennessee and North Carolina. The father was born August 19, 1797, and the mother April 3, 1799. Simon West moved with his family to Mississippi in 1839, and died there in January, 1884. The mother is still living in Itawamba County, Mississippi. They had ten children, of whom the subject of this sketch is the second. He was married in Mississippi, December 30, 1847, to Miss Adaline Weeks, who was born and reared in Marion County, Alabama, a daughter of Jephtha Weeks, a farm- er and mechanic. He started to make the trip across the plains in 1856, and died in August of that year in Utah, of sınall-pox. Besides our subject and his family there were fonr other families that started at the same time. They left their homes in Mississippi on February 21, 1856, and arrived in Salt Lake on July 19 of the same year. Before reaching Salt Lake Mr. West's oldest son, a boy of seven years, fell out of a wagon and was run over by his uncle's wagon and almost killed. His uncle found a large blue bead in the road near where the acci- dent occurred, and it was put on a string and given the boy as a plaything. He had not played with it many days, however, until lie took the small-pox, supposed to have been con- veyed to him by the blue bead, and all of the party had it in a light form except Mr. Weeks, who died, as before stated.


September 8, 1856, they set out for Califor-


nia, and November 8, of the same year, they reached San Bernardino. They were delayed just ten days by a man purposely misdirecting them, having heard that it was a party that had the small-pox, and lie afterward made a boast of it. After his arrival here Mr. West bonght the land where he now lives, in partnership with his old neighbor, Mr. G. W. Sparkes. Mr. and Mrs. West have reared a family of nine chil- dren: Samuel M., Simon J., Sarah Jane, now Mrs. W. H. Mee; Martha Allen, who died at the age of seventeen years, five months and two days; James Monroe, Nancy Abigail, now Mrs. Charles A. Moore; Mary Elizabeth, wife of Frank Yager; Thomas Jefferson, now on the police force of San Bernardino, and George Washington.


Politically Mr. West affiliates with the Dem- ocratic party. He was nominated by his party for the office of superintendent of schools some years ago, which fact is mentioned to show the higli regard his brethren had for him by bring- ing him forward for such a responsible position. In his vocation he has met with good success. He owns a farm well improved and productive. He is practically retired from active labor, and with the wife of his youth is enjoying the bless- ings which come only to those who have led in- dustrious and temperate lives.


AMUEL E. FITZHUGH is a native of New Madrid County, Missouri, born Feb- rnary 7, 1822, a son of Samuel E. and Margaret (Ruddle) Fitzhugh, natives respect- ively of Maryland and Missouri, and of Irish origin. John Ruddle was a soldier in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch is the third in a family of nine children. His father moved from Missouri to Kentucky in 1833, where the family grew up. Mr. Fitzhugh was married in St. Louis, in 1845, to Caroline Mc- Kee, a native of Pennsylvania, but reared in Kentucky. She is the danghter of David and Eliza (Dehaven) McKee, both born in Pennsyl-


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HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.


vania, of Irish parentage. Subsequent to his marriage Mr. Fitzhughi moved to Texas, where he lived for five years. When the war came on he enlisted in the Eighteenth Texas Volunteer Cavalry, Company C, Colonel Darnell's regi- ment, and served in the Confederate army for a period of four years. After the war he joined his family in Texas and soon set out for Ari- zona, where he tarried two years, and then came to California. They arrived here in March, 1866, and he at once bought twenty acres, where he has since lived, three miles east of Sau Ber- nardino, for which he paid $15 per acre. It is now highly improved and worth at least $300 per acre. He hauled the lumber in his house from the mountains, a distance of twelve miles. For eighteen ycars he followed teaming on the mountains. He was the father of eight children, five of whom are still living, viz .: Charles E., the oldest, is engaged in the cattle business in Arizona; Caroline. now Mrs. Fred Rable, of Santa Ana; A. J., wife of John Pop- pet, of San Bernardino; Mary A., wife of Will- iam Morton, and Allen J. Mr. Fitzhugh and wife are both members of the Christian Church, of San Bernardino. Politically he is an intelli- gent supporter of the Democratic party.


JON. JOHN M. JAMES, a native of Can- non County, Tennessee, born in 1816. His father, William James, was a native of North Carolina, and died May 20, 1840. His mother, Clara (Smith) James, was born in Suffolk, Virginia. His great-grandfather was one of Lord Baltimore's colonists in Maryland, and his grandfather emigrated to Nortlı Caro- lina. Our subject is the next to the youngest of a family of seven children. He was married March 14, 1837, to Elizabeth LeMay, of Nortlı Carolina. She was of French origin. Two years after his marriage he moved to Arkansas, where in 1842 his wife died. February 8, 1846, he married Miss M. H. Johnson, of Mis- sonri, and by her had eight children. She died


in 1883, and in 1885 he again entered the mar- riage relation, choosing this time Mrs. Disa A. Francis, who comes from a prominent family in Virginia. On April 17, 1852, Mr. James left Arkansas for California, and after a slow and tedions journey of seven months his ox teams brought him in safety to Los Angeles County, where he lived until 1857, near El Monte. He worked there as a millwright and carpenter, then moved to San Bernardino, and was for several years engaged in lumbering from the mountains. He hauled lumber to Los An- geles, a distance of seventy miles, and sold it for $42.50 per thousand feet. He paid $15 per thousand fect for hauling it from the mountains. In 1867 he was elected to the Legislature on the Democratic ticket, and represented the county in that body during the term of 1867-'68; he is now retired from active service and lives qui- etly in his new home one and one-half miles northeast of San Bernardino city.


AMES B. SUMMONS, JR., is one of the early pioneers of Riverside, having located in the colony in 1870. He is a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, born in 1845. His grand- father, Captain John B. Summons, was a prom- inent and well-known citizen of Cincinnati, an owner of river steamners carrying the mail, and commander of same. He was a member of the city council of that city for more than twenty- five years. He was a Kentuckian by birth, who in his early manhood settled in Cincinnati. Mr. Summons was reared and educated in Cin- cinnati until 1861, receiving his education in the public schools and in Professor Herron's Seminary. He was then sent to New York, and entered upon a course of study in commer- cial college. In 1862, although but seventeen years of age, his patriotic and ambitious spirit impelled him to respond to the call of his country, for defense, and he enlisted in Com- pany C, One Hundred and Thirty second New York Volunteer Infantry, in New York city,


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HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.


September 9, 1862. To do this he ran away from school and assumed the name J. B. Lovell, so as to avoid the pursuit of his guardian. His manly qualities and soldierly bearing soon gained him promotion, and he rose to a position on the non-commissioned staff as R. G. G. and Sergeant-Major of the regi- ment, and later, in 1864, as acting aid-de-camp on the staff of acting Brigadier-General P. J. Classen, commanding in the district of Norfolk and Suffolk. Mr. Summons' service was mostly in North Carolina. He belonged to the Twenty- third Army Corps, and was with General Sher- man's arıny in southeastern Virginia. He par- ticipated in the battles of Blackwater, and in many of the engagements; also at Newbern, and later at Goldsboro, Kingston, Raleigh, Little Washington and Batchelor's Creek. The latter is memorable as one of the hottest and most obstinately fought engagements le ever parti- cipated in. There were less than 600 Union troops against nearly 15,000 Confederates. Despite the iminense odds the Union troops held their position for nearly six hours, and cut their way through the Confederate forces and made good their retreat. Their losses were severe, and but a remnant of the brave band escaped.


Mr. Summons was mustered out of service at the close of the war, in Salisbury, North Carolina. He then returned to New York and soon after went to Falls Village, Connecticut, and there engaged in agricultural pursuits, and also in the market business. In 1867 he lo- cated at Glens Falls, New York, and engaged in auction and commission business under the firm name of Staples & Summons, In the latter part of 1869 lie established himself in mercantile pursuits, in Fredericksburg, Vir ginia. This proved a disastrous undertaking. The feeling at that time in the South was strong and bitter against Northern men, or " Yankees," as they were styled, and Mr. Summons' strong Union sentiments, which he did not palliate or deny, coupled with his being a veteran of the late war, made him a special mark for persecu-


tion. Their enmity was so persistent and pro- nounced that he was compelled, in order to save himself from violence and possible death, to seek safety in the North. He was compelled to abandon his stock of goods, and was financially ruined. He then proceeded to Washington and besought the aid of the general Government in redressing his wrongs. Failing in that, he came, November 30, 1870, to California, with J. W. North and family, aud located in Riverside. At that time there were scarcely a dozen persons in the colony, and the contemplated improvements had not been inaugurated. Withont means for the purchase of colony lands, had he so desired, Mr. Summons sought land upon the Govern- ment tract, and took up 120 acres abont three miles south of Riverside. This proved to be railroad land, and at a later date he purchased from the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, at $30 per acre. He erected a cabin on his tract and sought the means of support for his family, and was engaged in such labor as he could secure in Riverside, and later engaged as a clerk in stores. During this time he was en- gaged in horticultural pursuits upon his land to the extent of his limited time and means. In 1879 he established the well-known Arling- ton nurseries upon his land, and was conduct- ing them until 1889. In 1882 he sold eighty acres of lis land to O. T. Dyar and Dr. Gill, receiving $15,000, less $500 taken out by O. T. Dyar, for commision, as the purchase price. This enabled him to carry forward his im- provements upon the balance in a much more rapid and substantial manner. He how has thirty-six acres located on Palm avenue, between Central and Salıara avenues, all under cultiva- tion and productive in yield. Many of liis trees are young and not in full bearing, but his older trees, which are seedlings, produce a wonderful crop. As an illustration of what he is doing in orange-growing, it is worthy of note that in 1888 lie gathered from eighty-four seedling trees, ten years old, from the planting, 25,000 pounds of fruit, which sold for two cents per pound, bringing him the sum of




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