USA > Florida > Florida, 1513-1913, past and future; four hundred years of wars and peace and industrial development > Part 15
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FLORIDA
Melia Azedarach.
China Berry.
Called also "Lilaila." In the northern part of the State and along the Gulf Coast a variety of this tree, Umbraculiformis or "Umbrella China Tree, " or "Texas Umbrella Tree," is the favorite tree for shade and ornament. Although a native of Persia, is now naturalized by cultivation in the Southern United States.
Swietenia Mahagoni.
Mahogany.
Called also madeira, the latter word being simply the Spanish for "wood." Common on the Keys and parts of the southern mainland. The king of all woods. Something ought to be done to encourage the perpetuation of this, our choicest native hardwood, in the only part of the mainland of the United States where it can possibly grow.
Drypetes Lateriflora.
Florida Plum.
Also called "whitewood." South Florida and West Indies.
Drypetes Keyensis. Guiana Plum.
Also called "whitewood. " South Florida and West Indies.
Gymnanthes Lucida. Crabwood.
Southern Florida and West Indies. Some say this wood is poisonous. It is, however, a very pretty wood and is often used in the manufacture of canes, paper-knives and similar articles.
Hippomane Mancinella.
Manchineel.
Southern Florida and the West Indies. A tree to be shy of; fortunately not common on the mainland. Poisonous to the touch to many people, producing a distressing dermatitis worse than poison ivy. It is called "guao" in Cuba, and I have known persons who have handled it without knowing suffer agonies with face and hands a solid mass of large blisters. It has a small fruit of pleasant appearance which might be eaten by children with dire results.
Metopium Metopium.
Poison Wood.
Very common in Southern Florida. Poisonous, and when bruised exudes a gum which blackens the trunk of the tree. One of the first trees to come up after hammock land has been cut and burnt.
Gordonia Lasianthus.
Loblolly Bay.
Northern Florida. Blolly used for Pisonia longifolia may be a corruption of the common term "loblolly"; "loblolly" on shipboard is usually applied to a thick oatmeal gruel. It is also applied to a stock or "mess" of medicines. The old-field-pine is called loblolly or frankincense-pine. It is a sailor's word and is probably very loosely applied.
Gordonia Altamaha.
Franklinia.
Although not a native of Florida is at present only known in cultivation. It was found growing wild on the Altamaha River, Georgia, but has not been seen in the wild state since 1790.
Canella Winterana. Cinnamon Bark.
Keys. This yields the wild cinnamon bark of commerce, somewhat used as an aromatic stimulant and tonic.
Rhus Coppallina.
Sumac.
Northern Florida.
Cyrilla Racemiflora.
Ironwood.
Florida and West Indies.
Titi.
Cliftonia Monophylla. Northern Florida.
Ilex Opaca. Holly.
Northern Florida. Well known holly used for Christmas decoration.
Ilex Cassine. Dahoon.
Common in Western Florida, a tea bush to which also remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed by the country people.
Ilex Paraguensis.
Is the famous mate. The common tea drink of Uruguay and Paraguay.
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FLORIDA
Ilex Vomitoria.
Yaupon.
From the leaves of this was made the famous "black drink" of the Indians. It is said that Indians came to the coast every year to drink it. As its specific name indicates, it has emetic and purgative effects.
Ilex Decidua. Western Florida.
Deciduous Holly.
Gyminda Griesbachii.
False Boxwood.
Called by Small, False Boxwood. Keys.
Schaefferia Frutescens.
Yellow Wood or Boxwood.
Sometimes used as a substitute for boxwood; a common use for boxwood is in the manu- facture of mechanics' rules. Keys and southward.
Acer Floridanum. Western Florida.
Sugar Maple.
Acer Saccharinum. Western Florida.
Soft Maple.
Acer Rubrum.
Red Maple.
Throughout Florida.
Box Elder.
Sapindus Saponaria. Southern Florida.
Soapberry.
Sapindus Marginatus. Northern Florida.
Wild China.
Exothea Paniculata.
Inkwood.
Southern Florida and West Indies.
Hypelate Trifoliata. Keys and West Indies.
White Ironwood.
Reynosia Latifolia. Southern Florida.
Darling Plum.
Krugiodendron Ferreum. Southern Florida. Rhamnus Caroliniana. Northern Florida.
Indian Cherry.
Colubrina Reclinata. Keys and West Indies.
Naked Wood.
Carica Papaya.
Pawpaw.
I am not certain whether this should be called a tree or not, and although it is not indigenous it has become naturalized in Southern Florida. It yields fine melon-like fruits in great profusion and because of a ferment which it contains is considered a great aid to digestion. Tilia Floridana. Florida Linden. Jackson County, Fla.
Tilia Pubescens.
Basswood.
Probably extends into Northern Florida.
Wahoo.
Tilia Pubescens. Northern Florida.
White Bass Wood.
Tilia Heterophylla.
Western and Central Florida.
Rhizophora Mangle. Red Mangrove.
South Florida and the West Indies. A wonderful tree, grows in salt water and of great value in consolidating muddy shores; it has been called the "Land Former." Deserves to be protected because of the protection it affords to exposed shores in times of storm. Planta-
Black Ironwood.
Rulac Negundo. Northern Florida.
PALMS AT LAKE HARNEY
SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, PALM IN BLOOM
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FLORIDA
tions on the Keys in the shelter of mangroves suffered little damage in the great storm of the fall of 1906, while those exposed to the fury of the waves bearing floating wreckage were ruined. Seeds of this tree have been sent to the Hawaiian Islands to be planted for this purpose, and when the mangrove takes hold along the line of the railroad to Key West it will safely protect it against the severest storms.
Eugenia Buxifolia.
Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.
South Florida and West Indies. Eugenia Monticola.
Stopper. White Stopper.
Southern Florida.
Eugenia Garberi.
South Florida and West Indies.
Garber Stopper.
Eugenia Procera. Keys.
Red Stopper.
Eugenia Jambos. Rose Apple.
A common introduced species; although a native of India it is naturalized in the West Indies. Eugenia Micheli is the much-prized Surinam Cherry in Dade County.
Anamomis Dichotoma. Naked Stopper.
South Florida.
Chytraculia Chytraculia. South Florida and West Indies.
Stopper.
Psidium Guajava. Common Guava.
Probably the greatest of all jelly producing fruits. Common throughout Florida.
Conocarpus Erecta. Buttonwood.
Southern Florida. Chiefly along salt shores. Highly prized for fuel.
Bucida Buceras.
Black Olive Tree.
Keys and West Indies.
Laguncularia Racemosa.
White Mangrove or Buttonwood.
South Florida and West Indies. Muddy shores, common.
Aralia Spinosa. Angelica Tree.
Probably extends southward into Northern Florida.
Nyssa Sylvatica. Northern Florida.
Black Gum.
Nyssa Ogeche.
Ogeechee Lime.
Northern Florida. Ogeechee is the name of a river in Greene County, Georgia.
Nyssa Aquatica. Northern Florida.
Cotton Gum.
Cornus Florida. Northern Florida. Oxydendrum Arboreum.
Sour Wood. Sorrell Tree.
Western Florida.
Xolisma Ferruginea. West Coast. Vaccinium Arboreum.
Andromeda.
Northern Florida.
Icacorea Paniculata.
Southern Florida.
Flowering Dogwood.
Farkle Berry or Sparkle Berry.
Marlberry or Cherry.
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Jacquinia Keyensis.
Joewood.
Keys. It would be interesting to know how a tree ever got such a strange name as "joewood." These Keys were originally inhabited by English people coming via the Bahamas and no doubt they gave to the trees around them, in which they were interested and with which they are still surprisingly familiar, old English names. Joe was applied in England to a stale joke, to a four-penny piece, to a master or superior in the north of England, to a sweetheart in Scotland, to a Portuguese coin, and on Cape Cod to an undersized lobster. There is a weed called joe-pye weed, the meaning of which would be hard to guess. Sideroxylum Mastichodendron. Mastic.
Valuable forest tree of Southern Florida. Grows to be large and is quite common, shed- ding an abundance of yellow fruits which are edible in case one likes the flavor. Mastic would probably make a satisfactory shade tree.
Dipholis Salicifolia.
Bustic or Cassada.
Southern Florida and West Indies.
Bumelia Tenax.
Ironwood.
Northern Florida.
Chittam Wood.
Bumelia Lanuginosa. Northern Florida.
Ironwood.
Buckthorn.
Northern Florida.
Ant's Wood.
Bumelia Angustifolia.
Saffron Plum.
Downward Plum.
Northern Florida.
Chrysophyllum Oliviforme. Satin Leaf.
Southern Florida. Highly prized as an ornamental tree because of the bright golden color on the under side of its leaves. To this same genus belongs the beautiful "Cainito" or Star-apple, a fruit relished by peoples of the West Indies.
Mimusops Sieberi. Keys.
Wild Dilly.
Sapota Zapotillo. Sapodillo.
Naturalized on the Keys, where it is a common fruit. Planted also on the mainland. A tree hard to start, but hardy when started, yields an everlasting wood and a gum called Chicle.
Diospyros Virginiana.
Persimmon.
Throughout Florida. There is a curious mix-up in names in connection with the persim- mon and the sapodillo just mentioned above. The black persimmon of Texas and Northern Mexico is called "Chapote" which is a slight modification of the name Sapota. The Spanish for sapodillo is Nispero, the name of the European Medlar. From Nispero comes the term Naseberry, a name frequently applied to the sapodillo in the British West Indies. Both words Persimmon and Sapota are probably of Indian origin, the one North American and the other South American.
Symplocus Tinctoria.
Sweet Leaf. Horse Sugar.
Probably extends southward into Northern Florida. The leaves are devoured by horses and cattle and the plant yields a yellow dye and the roots are used as a tonic.
Mohrodendron Carolinum. Northern Florida.
Silver Bell Tree.
Mohrodendron Dipterum. Snowdrop Tree.
Northern Florida. This genus was named for Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Ala., a learned, painstaking and unassuming botanist.
Bumelia Lycioides.
A GLIMPSE OF FLORIDA'S VIRGIN FOREST
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FLORIDA
Fraxinus Caroliniana.
Water Ash. Swamp Ash.
Northern Florida. Also found in Cuba, according to Sargent. Fraxinus Floridana. Northern Florida. Fraxinus Americana. Probably also extends into Florida.
Water Ash.
White Ash.
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. Probably extends into Northern Florida.
Red Ash.
Fraxinus Profunda. Western Florida.
Pumpkin Ash.
Fraxinus Lanceolata. Northern Florida. Chionanthus Virginica.
Fringe Tree.
Old Man's Beard.
Northern Florida.
Osmanthes Americanus. Northern Florida.
Devil Wood.
Cordia Sebastena. Geiger Tree.
Common ornamental tree in Southern Florida with orange or flame-colored flowers appearing throughout the year, probably introduced from the West Indies.
Bourreria Havanensis. Strong Back.
Southern Florida and West Indies.
Citharexylum Villosum. Fiddlewood.
South Florida. One must not assume from both the scientific and common names that this wood is good for fiddles, quite otherwise, because the wood is heavy and exceedingly hard. Both names are supposed to be mistakes, or rather the common name is a corruption of the French "fidele, " meaning true or strong, and the scientific name is merely a translation of the common name. On the other hand one softer and lighter wooded member of this genus might have been used for this purpose. Bello gives the common name "palo de guitara" to C. quadrangulare in Porto Rico and Cook says the natives make their guitars of this wood.
Avicenna Nitida.
Black Mangrove.
Very valuable tree like the red mangrove for consolidating muddy shores. Catalpa Catalpa.
Indian Bean.
Catalpa is an Indian name. Western Florida.
Catalpa Speciosa. Western Catalpa.
The one usually planted for timber.
Crescentia Cucurbitina. Black Calabash Tree.
Southern Florida and West Indies.
Pickneya Pubens. Georgia Bark.
Northern Florida. Used as a medicine for malarial fevers.
Exostema Caribaeum. Prince Wood.
Keys. Highly prized as a tonic.
Guettarda Elliptica. Nakedwood Southern Florida and West Indies. Called Velvet Seed in the Bahamas.
Viburnum Rufidulum.
Black Haw.
Northern Florida.
Naturalized Trees
Florida possesses a larger number and greater variety of trees than any state in the Union; in fact, Florida is the only state in which
Green Ash.
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FLORIDA
the trees of the north meet the trees of the Tropics, but furthermore, in having a tropical region in the south, she is able to accommodate a much larger variety of introduced species. Many trees have been introduced and of these some have become naturalized, but there is room for many more introductions. If other parts of the world have trees of value, we should have them also, the sooner the better. This great variety of introduced species which we may hope to have some day, will ultimately add, not only to the beauty of the country, but to the resources of the state. No man can do a greater service to any state than to introduce within it a useful or beautiful tree which has not grown there before. He does a work for all time. When the Everglades are drained there will be a new field for tree-planting. In the following I have endeavored to list some of the more important introduced trees of Florida not mentioned above. Many of these have taken firm hold and are as familiar to many people (if not more so) than many of our native species.
The United States contains about 500 indigenous trees; over 200 of these may be found in the state of Florida, not including many well-known introductions, some of which are as follows:
Albizzia Lebbek.
Siris Tree of Egypt.
Common shade tree in Nassau, where it has been dubbed Woman's Tongue because of the constant whispering noise made by its pods rubbing together in the wind. May be seen growing here and there in Southern Florida.
Terminalia Cattappa.
West Indian Almond.
Common shade tree.
Bamboo, ssp.
Several species and more could be introduced to advantage.
Bauhinia, ssp.
Several species, beautiful, ornamental small trees.
Cajan Cajan.
Pigeon Pea.
Makes a small but useful tree. Poultry are fond of its seeds and its leaves enrich the soil.
Cassia Fistula. Shower of Gold.
A highly ornamental and useful tree from Asia.
Cedrela Odorata. Cigar Box Cedar.
West Indies; several growing in Southern Florida.
Cedrela Sinensis.
An elegant Chinese tree. Will grow no doubt throughout the State.
Ceiba Pentandra. Silk Cotton Tree. Several growing in Dade County.
Cinnamomum Camphora. Camphor Tree.
Grows well throughout the State. Well established plantations of this tree in the proper locations would probably in time bring large returns.
Citrus.
Under this head are included limes, lemons, oranges, tangerines, grapefruits and kumquats in almost endless variety.
A FLORIDA CYPRESS SWAMP
Vol. 1-18
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FLORIDA
Coffea Arabica. Coffee.
Is grown in one or two places in Dade County and has fruited there. With care it can be raised in this climate at sea level on sandy soil. The Manatee region, according to Reasoner, raised the first berries ever produced on the mainland of the United States.
Dalbergia Sissoo. Sissoo Tree of India.
Makes a quick growing shade tree for Southern Florida.
Eriobotrya Japonica. Common fruit tree.
Japanese Loquat.
Hura Crepitans. Sand Box Tree.
A few planted in Southern Florida. Common in Nassau.
Lucuma Mammosa. Mammee Sapota. A few have been planted in Dade and other southern counties of the State.
Mammea Americana. Mammee Apple.
A few planted in the southern counties.
Mangifera Indica. Mango.
Extensively planted in the southern counties, producing an abundance of choice fruits, some of the recent imported and improved varieties ranking with the choicest of our fruits. At the same time a valuable shade and ornamental tree.
Melicocca Bijuga. Genip.
Handsome tree for shade. A few on mainland and Keys of Southern Florida.
Moringo Moringo. Horse Radish Tree.
Southern Florida.
Orleander or Adelfa.
Nerium Oleander. Common, ornamental.
Olea Europaea. Olive.
Grows well and has been extensively planted in Florida, but does not fruit.
Paritium Tiliaceum. Mahoe.
A small but pretty and valuable tree.
Phoenix Dactylifera. Date.
Grows and fruits in Southern Florida.
Pithecolobium Saman. Saman or Rain Tree.
Quick growing shade tree. A tree which is said to grow in wet saline soil.
Pithecolobium Dulce.
From Mexico. One of the quickest growing trees in Southern Florida. A tree eight years old at the Subtropical Gardens has reached a height of forty feet.
Poinciana Regia.
Poinciana or Flame Tree.
Common in Southern Florida. A native of Madagascar, but named for the first Governor of the Island of Cuba, in which country it lines the country roads and when in bloom is a wonderful sight.
Punica Granatum.
Pomegranate.
Spondias Dulcis.
A fruit tree from the Pacific Islands.
Hog Plum.
Spondias Lutea. West Indies.
Tamarindus Indica. India and Southern Florida.
Tamarind.
Thespesia Populnea. A beautiful shade tree for marshy places and elsewhere.
Ceratonia Siliqua.
St. John's Bread.
A very valuable tree for Southern Florida.
Aleurites Triloba.
Candlenut Tree.
Grows well and fruits in Southern Florida.
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FLORIDA
Sausage Tree.
Kigelia Pinata.
Africa. Flowers and fruits at Coconut Grove.
Casuarina Equisetifolia.
A tree of the East Indies and Australia, but now common throughout the tropics. Grows close to the sea, and has been used in the fixation of moving dunes along the seashore. It is usually called Australian Pine, but a patch of them on Biscayne Bay is known as the "cedars."' The tree has become naturalized in South Florida and young trees of this species are growing here and there on the shore, the seeds of which have no doubt been washed ashore. It is a valuable addition to the silva of the State of Florida.
Cinnamomum Cassia.
Chinese Cinnamon.
A magnificent shelter tree, very dense and of quick growth. Will grow throughout the State.
Grevillea Robusta.
Australian Oak.
Excellent shade tree for Southern Florida.
Casimiroa Edulis. White Sapota.
Of Mexico. Has fruited at Cocoanut Grove.
Cicca Disticha. Gooseberry Tree.
Common in Dade County. A very prolific bearer of white acid fruits.
Albizzia Julibrissin. Acacia.
A fine ornamental tree, a native of Asia, and a great favorite in Southern Europe. Now being extensively cultivated for ornament throughout the Southeastern States.
Anacardium Occidentale. Cashew Apple or Cashew Nut.
Grows well and is frequently planted in Southern Florida.
Bixa Orellana.
Annatta.
A small tree yielding an orange-colored dye for butter color.
Caesalpinia Sappan. Sappan Tree.
India. Can be cut back for hedges. Caesalpinia Echinata yields the famous Pernambuc or Brazil wood of commerce.
Ficus Altissima. East Indian Rubber.
Makes excellent growth in Southern Florida.
Ficus Glomerata. Cluster Fig.
Of India. Grows well and bears well in Southern Florida.
Melaleuca Leucadendron. Cajaput Tree.
Of Australia and India. Two trees at Cocoanut Grove. Will grow on brackish land. The seed of this is as fine as grains of powdered pepper.
Eucalyptus, ssp.
Several species of this genus are growing in Southern Florida and do well wherever they can get good, deep rootage. There are over 100 species of this genus; some of these species yield excellent timber and some will grow in wet soil and aid in drainage.
Plumieria Alba.
Frangipani.
Lucuma Rivicoa, var Angustifolia. Ti-es or Egg Fruit.
A Cuban tree yielding a fruit which is relished by many people. It has almost become naturalized in a few places on the Keys, fruiting in the bush surrounded by other trees and dense vines.
Araucaria Excelsa. Norfolk Island Pine.
A beautiful evergreen ornamental tree.
Cedrus Deodara. Deodar Cedar.
Of India. Grows well in parts of Florida.
Laurus Nobilis. Apollo's Laurel.
A small tree sometimes planted for ornament. Yields bay leaves.
Schinus Molle. Pepper Tree.
Common in Southern California. A few growing in Southern Florida,
SMALL COCOANUT PALM
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FLORIDA
Ricinus Communis. Castor Oil Tree.
Attains the size of a small tree in South Florida. Valuable plant. Oil is very useful, seed pumice is a valuable fertilizer and the plant is not exhaustive to the soil.
Haematoxylon Campechianum. Logwood.
A native of Yucatan. Naturalized in the Bahamas, and although I have never seen it in Florida, it probably has been introduced and will no doubt grow well here. It yields the famous Logwood dye of commerce.
Alnus Rugosa. North Florida.
Alder.
Ulmus Floridana. North Florida.
Water Elm.
Genipa Clusiaefolia. Seven-year Apple.
Seashores of South Florida.
Paulownia Imperialis. Introduced from Japan.
Paulownia.
Ficus Nitida. Spanish Laurel. A beautiful shade tree in Nassau and Key West. Also common in Cuba.
Ficus Religiosa. Sacred Bo of India.
Growing in favor as a shade tree in Tropical Florida. Very common avenue shade tree in Cuba.
CHAPTER XII FLORIDA'S WEALTH OF BIRD LIFE BY CHARLES WILLIS WARD
ONE of the first English explorers who traversed the shores of Long Island mentioned the great wealth of bird life that swarmed upon the marshes, meadows and beaches. He noted enormous floeks of herons and egrets, deseribed the roseate spoonbill and even the great searlet flamingo which abounded in pro- fusion. The shallow bays and inlets were frequented by enormous numbers of dueks, geese and brant, while the wealth of shore birds and waders defied deseription. The wooded shores supported an abun- danee of wild turkeys and grouse, while the passenger pigeon was spoken of as the most numerous of all the birds. No doubt, at that time all the water birds and waders, so rarely seen at the present day, ranged mueh further northwards on their annual migrations than during the past one hundred years. Many of the herons nested as far north as Chesapeake Bay, and probably bird life along the savannas of North and South Carolina and Virginia was as profuse in those days as any of us have ever seen during its palmiest days in Florida.
But as the white man preempted the rich farming lands of the Atlantic coast, the rarer and more striking birds were destroyed or driven southwards, until finally the only reminders of note now re- maining of all that early wealth of bird life has been driven southwards and eoneentrated in the southern end of Florida.
In 1878, when the writer made his first journey along the upper reaches of the St. Johns river, the banks of that beautiful stream teemed with such rare and beautiful birds as the American egret, the snowy heron and many other varieties of herons, while great swarms of white ibis could be seen wending their way from feeding grounds to roosting places through all that portion of Florida south of Palatka.
The writer spent the winter of 1879 exploring Estero Bay, Char- lotte Harbor and the Caloosahatehee river as far up as Lake Hie- poehee, and during this period he gave his entire time to the study of bird life.
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FLORIDA
Again in 1880, he journeyed in a small boat down the entire length of the Kissimmee river, from Tohopkaliga lake to Okeechobee, thence around its western shore to Observation island, where he camped two weeks spending the time observing the birds on the island and explor- ing the rookeries along the southwest shore of the great lake. From Observation island he journeyed down the Caloosahatchee river to Charlotte Harbor where he spent the rest of the winter.
The roseate spoonbill was not an uncommon bird on the upper St. Johns and was fairly abundant along the entire course of the Kis- simmee river, around the border of Lake Okeechobee and throughout the length of the Caloosahatchce river, as well as at many points along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The glossy ibis nested in goodly numbers along the headwaters of the Caloosahatchee; the Carolina parakeet was still abundant in the Cypress Glades along the lower Kissimmee and upper Caloosahatchee and in the Big Cypress, border- ing the Everglades. The purple gallinule was a common inhabitant of all the savanna lands bordering the Kissimmee, Lake Okeechobee, throughout the Everglades and along the upper Caloosahatchee river. The great ivory billed cock of the woods still existed in goodly num- bers in the Cypress Glades and in the live oak hammocks south of the Okalawhaha.
ENORMOUS NUMBERS OF BIRDS
The visitor to the Florida of today would scarcely accept as truth- ful the descriptions of the abundance of bird life then existing in every part of the state through which I traveled. Various species of herons, many varieties of ibis, the roseate spoonbill, the gallinules, limpkins, egrets and many varieties of ducks literally colored the land- scape with their enormous flights.
Some fifty nesting rookeries were visited, some of them contain- ing upwards of one hundred thousand nests. The sand bars and mud flats were whitened with vast congregations of egrets, snowy herons and tipped ibis, profusely variegated with colorings of blue herons, Louisiana herons and reddish egrets. Great flights of roseate spoon- bills tinted the sky in the early morning and at eventide, their delicate plumage flashing in the sunbeams as they wended their way to the feed- ing grounds, and great flocks of flamingoes added the richness of their intense scarlet plumage to Nature's ever changing color scheme. The graceful forms of numerous swallow-tailed and Everglade kites glided aloft among the clouds.
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