USA > Florida > Florida, 1513-1913, past and future; four hundred years of wars and peace and industrial development > Part 8
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111
FLORIDA
in peninsular Florida. His reports cover the two sections into which that part of the state is divided for convenience of observation. The line of demarcation between the two sections lies along the twenty- ninth degree of latitude, which crosses the state close to the southern boundary of Marion county.
NORTHERN FLORIDA
"The district comprises that section of Florida north of the twenty- ninth parallel and east of the eighty-fifth meridian, aggregating some- thing less than nineteen thousand square miles, with a population of about three hundred thousand, or fifteen to the square mile. The land rises gradually from the coast, culminating in elevations of one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet in some counties west of the Suwanee river; in fact, most of the interior portion of the district remote from the coast, is about seventy-five to one hundred feet above sea level; small streams and shallow lakes are numerous over most of the section.
"The normal annual isothermal line of sixty-eight degrees begins at Jacksonville, in the northeastern part of the state, moving thence southwest with a slight dip in the interior of the section, to Pensacola. The difference of four degrees in latitude southward to Miami gives about seven degrees change in temperature. Average temperature, however, is not the factor with which the fruit and vegetable growers have to do. The nature of some products grown and their suscepti- bility to damage by cold are involved in the degree to which the temperature may fall during extreme conditions.
"The seasonal temperatures, based on long records of well selected stations are: Summer, eighty degrees; autumn, seventy-two degrees; winter, fifty-six degrees; and spring, seventy degrees, indicating that the contrast in seasons is not marked. Notwithstanding the uniformity of temperature, however, past records show that it is susceptible to decided ranges. While uniform temperatures are the rule, yet radical departures from normal conditions have occurred, chiefly in February and December. There have been marked cold waves, particularly in December, 1894, and in February, 1895 and 1899. During the last named month-February, 1899-the lowest temperature ever re- corded in the state-two degrees below zero-occurred at Tallahassee, in Leon county, and on the same date, February 13th, the section com- prised a zone whose minimum temperatures ranged from two degrees
112
FLORIDA
below zero, to ten and fourteen degrees above that point. This was the coldest weather of which there is authentic record in Florida.
LONG SUMMERS
"As indicated by the latitude, the temperature of the section averages high, but the discomfort is less than that usually accredited to sections located in the semitropics. In fact, the discomfort gen- erally arises from the long continuation of summer weather rather than from the extreme heat thereof, which rarely reaches one hundred degrees on the coast. July and August are the warmest months with an average of eighty-one degrees; thereafter there is a rapid decline to fifty-six degrees in December and January, which are the coldest months. There are only about two degrees difference in the average temperatures of spring and autumn, the latter being the warmer. The summers are warmer in the interior of the state than on the coast, and conversely, cooler in the winter. Days of extreme heat are usually followed by convectional thunder showers, temperature change of twenty degrees or more within a few hours being a feature of summer weather.
"Frost may occur over the northern portion of the section during the first decade in November and at intervals light frost may be expected during the last of October. It is rarely damaging, however, before the second decade of November, or the early part of December, and occasionally the lower counties of the section experience none of any severity during the entire winter. The last of February, on an average, marks the passing of dangerous frost, although the vagaries of the climate are indicated in the possibility of frost occurring as late as the first week of 'April. Fortunately, however, such incidents are so rare as not to merit serious reflection.
"March frosts have damaged fruit bloom over some of the north- ern counties, but such is possible, as a rule, only when the preceding February has been abnormally warm and wet thereby stimulating premature growth. This condition when followed by midwinter temperatures in March, is necessarily damaging to bloom and tender buds.
PRECIPITATION
"As a rule, the rainfall is uniform and scasonable, the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean and the gulf being such as to render a severe drought an unexpected contingency. Abnormal distribution of atmos-
113
FLORIDA
pherie pressure oeeasionally results in dry spells and the impor- tance of irrigation, even in this land of heavy precipitation, is a matter of much consequenee. The faet that droughty conditions sometimes oceur during the autumn and spring militates against a maximum realization of the husbandman's efforts, and to offset which much interest is taken in sub and surface irrigation.
"The availability of ample water supply is obvious, and many progressive fruit and vegetable growers have provided for artesian wells, thereby anticipating the ill effects of anti-periodic dry spells. The artesian water supply, usually alkali, is abundant at a depth of from one hundred to five hundred feet, and it is used to sueeor eitrus fruits, melons, vegetables, strawberries and other products of winter and spring growth.
"The state is of such longitudinal configuration that it may expe- rienee a drought over one portion, while precipitation may be well distributed and heavy over other portions. The seasonal precipitation for the seetion is: Winter, 10.81 inches; spring, 9.61; summer, 20.83; autumn, 12.47; and annual, 53.72 inches. The distribution of rain- fall varies with the geographical location of the section considered, as well as for the month of the year. During the summer months fully three-quarters of the precipitation oceurs in the day time, usually in the afternoon as thunder showers. These showers rarely continue into the night, at the beginning of which the elouds disappear and a nocturnal temperature of sixty-eight to seventy degrees follows. As winter advanees the night and day rains are more evenly distributed, the preponderance, however, is always during the day.
RAINY SEASONS
"About fifty per cent of the annual rainfall oeeurs from June to September and, as a rule, there is a progressive increase from May to September. There are two well defined rainy periods. The major maximum oeeurs generally in September, exeept in the northwest por- tion of the section, where it takes place in July and August. A less marked secondary period sets in with Deeember and terminates usually in Mareh. The first rainy period is due to the convectional activities of summer, together with the approach of tropical dis- turbanees from low latitudes. The second rainy period is in eon- sequence of the south and west sweep of continental disturbances as they move across the country. April and November are the driest months. Dividing the year, however, into two seasons-wet and Vol. 1-8
114
FLORIDA
dry-the former embraees the months from May to September inelu- sive, and the latter from October to April.
"Although the annual precipitation is large, the porosity of the soil over most of the section is such that seepage is greatly facilitated, which, in conjunction with evaporation, results in the rapid loss of moisture. Very little moisture is stored in the soil, excepting in the northwestern interior counties, where the subsoil is of a clay texture, but the loss is largely offset by a high percentage of rainy days. Snow in measurable quantities occurs over the extreme northern portion of the section during long intervals of years.
WIND MOVEMENT
"High winds may be expected, particularly on the coast, during the late summer and autumn, as tropieal disturbanees move north- ward, but storms of severity arc of a restricted area and by no means of yearly oeeurrenee.
"From autumn to spring the prevailing winds are from the north- northeast, becoming southwest to west during the rest of the year. The average hourly velocity is greatest, as a rule, from January to April.
"The pereentage of relative humidity is highest in September and lowest in April; in fact, beginning with October and continu- ing until late spring, the asceptic properties of the air are favorable. The late autumn, winter and spring months constitute the dry season in Florida, which considered in connection with moderate tempera- tures, make possible an out-door life-a prieeless boon to thousands upon whom may have fallen the bane of physical ills.
SOUTHERN FLORIDA
"The territory embraced in the section of Southern Florida, com- prises that portion of the peninsula lying south of the twenty-ninth parallel. It ineludes about twenty-eight thousand square miles, with a population of about six to the square mile. The upper portion may be regarded as the beginning of the semitropieal seetion of the state. The physical features of the district present no radical contrasts, as the elevated portions barely reach the dignity of hills. In this distriet may be found nearly every variety of soil, from the sandy pinelands of the coastal region, to those of darker hue and great fertility in portions of the interior. Interspersed throughout the
115
FLORIDA
district are numerous fresh water lakes and sluggish streams. The soil is adapted to the growth of all agricultural products indigeneous to the state, and in addition as a consequence of latitude and eleva- tion, many varieties of fruits not to be found elsewhere in the United States, save possibly in sections of California, have been successfully introduced. Probably four-fifths of the citrus crops and all the pineapples of the state are grown in the district.
"The temperature is the most important element entering into the climate of the district, because a large percentage of the products grown are subject to serious damage by low temperatures. It should not be overlooked that the stations near the coast or in the vicinity of large bodies of water, have more equable temperatures, that is, they are somewhat warmer in winter and cooler in summer. As might be expected from the altitude and latitude, the range of temperature is unimportant, and though the summers arc long, the extreme heat even at stations in the southern portion of the district, is rarely one hundred degrees. During the warmest part of the day atmos- pheric circulation is most active, the winds sweeping across the penin- sula from the ocean or gulf and thereby mitigating, in great nieasure, the disagreeable sequences of warm days and high humidity. The warmest weather occurs during July and August, when maxinium temperatures of one hundred degrees, or slightly more, may be record- ed at stations in the interior. The mean summer temperatures range from about eighty to eighty-two degrees, continuing about eighty degrees during September in the southern portion. The October average is from six to eight degrees cooler than September. The mean temperature continues well up in the sixties during November, but in December and January the average is sixty or slightly below in the northern portion.
"The lowest temperature ever recorded in the district was fourteen degrees at Inverness, in February, 1899. Years of wide-spread disaster to fruits and vegetables were January, 1886, December, 1894, and February, 1895 and 1899, which comprehend the extreme conditions that have prevailed since 1871. Authentic data, however, antedating 1871, show that severe cold waves occurred in 1835 and 1857.
FROST LINE
"Frost may be expected over the upper and central portions of the district from the latter part of November to March, inclusive. rarely severe, however, before December and January, and it is
116
FLORIDA
not infrequent that winters pass without damaging frost; and such is the rule over the southern portion of the district. It may be well to add that the 'Frost Line' probably extends to the southern limit of the Florida mainland under extreme conditions. The only por- tions of the section exempt from frost are the Florida keys-the islands jutting into the ocean and gulf from the southern borders of Dade and Monroe counties.
RAINFALL
"Although the distribution and frequency of rainfall are gen- erally quite uniform, the records show wide ranges in the daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual amounts. The annual precipitation is greatest on the southeast coast, that portion of the peninsula being in or near the most frequent track of tropical disturbance.
"While the scasonal contrast of rainfall is not so pronounced as it is in some sections of the western part of the country, it indi- cates relatively dry and wet seasons. The period of greatest rainfall begins over most of the district in June and terminates with Sep- tember, except on the southeast coast where owing to the frequency of tropical disturbances, the period of heavy rainfall extends into October. The dry season, when the monthly rainfall ranges from one to slightly more than two inches, sets in over most of the district in October and with little variation continues till May.
"During the wet months the amounts range from six inches to more than ten inches. The rainy days become more frequent as summer advances, culminating in a monthly average of from fifteen to eighteen days during the rainy period.
"During the summer and spring months the winds on the east and southeast coasts are from the cast and southeast. During the autumn they are more northeasterly becoming northwesterly on the upper coast during a portion of the winter months. On the west coast they are northcasterly during most of the year.
"Severe storms of the West Indian type are likely to occur occa- sionally; in fact, moderately high winds may be expected every year, as disturbances move northward from the tropics-mainly from Au- gust to October. Thereafter, however, the weather is ideal and storms of any consequence are the exceptions."
January normally is the coldest month of the year over the entire state, although the annual minimum temperature has occurred most frequently in December and the lowest temperatures ever recorded
117
FLORIDA
have come in February. The daily minimum temperatures through- out the year occur almost invariably about sunrise; the daily maxi- mum in winter comes about 2 P. M .; in spring and late autumn, at 1 P. M., and in August and September very near to the noon hour.
EXTREME TEMPERATURES
In eighteen different months since 1829, has a temperature of one hundred degrees or higher, been recorded at Jacksonville. The highest readings-one hundred and four degrees-were made in July of 1872 and of 1878. The lowest temperature, according to the records of the local weather station, was eight degrees above zero, which was reached in February, 1835. During the same month in 1899, the ther- mometer at this station recorded ten degrees, and in December, 1894, and February, 1895, the low mark of fourteen degrees was reached.
The earliest light frost of autumn occurred October 17, 1901, but the average date of the first light frost is November 8. The earliest killing frost occurred November 12, 1892, and on the same date in 1894, but the average date of the event is December 4. The average date of the last killing frost in spring is February 14, but it came as late as April 6 in 1891. Light frosts, doing little or no damage, have been known as late as April 28.
AVERAGE AND EXTREME TEMPERATURES
For the purposes of comparison and to give the mean monthly temperatures for different sections of the state, and also to show the extremes that have been recorded, the following tabulations have been prepared. The figures given in degrees and decimals, are based upon the observations of the United States Weather Bureau and cover a sufficient number of years to establish accurate normals.
Northeast Coastal Group, including observation stations at Jack- sonville, St. Augustine and New Smyrna on the coast, and Hunting- ton in the southeastern part of Putnam county:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug.
Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. An'l
Average .. . . 56.5 58.4
64.3
68.7 74.7 79.3 81.0 80.6 78.5
71.7 63.9 57.6 69.6
Highest . . 89.
90.
95. 98. 102. 101. 104. 102. 34. 54. 62. 61. 49.
99. 98. 87. 89.
Lowest 15.
8.
26.
45.
Northern Interior Group, including observation stations at Mac- clenny in Baker county; Lake City, Columbia county; Gainesville, Alachua county, and Ocala, Marion county :
Jan.
Feb.
Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug.
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'l
Average
55.6
57.1
64.7 68.5 75.6 80.0 81.4 81.4 78.6
70.7 62.7 56.4 69.4
Highest
89.
87.
97.
98. 101. 104. 52. 40.
60.
47.
98. 36.
91. 90.
Lowest 15.
6. 24.
31.
20. 17.
104. 104. 101.
57. Sep.
32. 25. 14.
-
118
FLORIDA
Northwest Coastal Group, including stations at Cedar Key, Steph- ensville, Taylor county; Newport, Wakulla county, and Carabelle, Franklin county :
Jan.
Average
53.8
56.5
62.4
67.4
74.7
.Jul. 81.4
Aug.
Sep. 78.2
70.4
61.2 55.2
68.5
Ilighest 85.
85.
90.
98.
97.
98. 103.
98.
98.
98.
91. 85.
Lowest 13.
7.
25.
34.
39.
54. 57.
60.
48.
30.
25.
15.
Northwest Interior Group, including stations at Madison, Madi- son county; Tallahassee, Leon county; Monticello, Jefferson county ; and Marianna, Jackson county :
Jan. Feb.
Mar.
Apr. May Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'l
Average
53.0
54.3
63.6 66.4 74.5 79.4 80.6 80.6 77.8
68.1
60.0
53.2 67.8
Highest
81.
84.
95.
99.
90. 89.
Lowest 15.
-2.
22.
97. 101. 100. 104. 33. 42. 52.
57.
60.
50. 35.
23. 12.
West Coastal Group, including observation stations at Brooks- ville, Hernando county; Tampa, Manatee and Fort Myers:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar. Apr.
May
Jun. .Jul.
Aug.
Sep. 79.4
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'l
Average
59.6
61.8
67.1
70.8 76.5 79.7 80.7 80.8
73.6 67.0 61.2 71.5
Ilighest
88.
80.
95.
98. 100. 100. 102. 101.
86.
Lowest
18.
16.
30.
38.
47.
58.
61.
64.
98. 50.
96. 38.
91. 24. 17.
Interior Southern Group, including observation stations at Or- lando, Orange county; Bartow, Polk county: Avon Park, De Soto county; and Arcadia, De Soto county :
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May 77.1
80.7 82.1
82.1
Sep. 80.5
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'I
Average 60.6
62.4
G8.6
71.1
100. 46.
100. 58.
63.
60.
52.
38.
28. 18.
East Coast Group, including observation stations at Merrit, Bre- vard county; Malabar, Brevard county; Fort Pierce, St. Lucie county; and Jupiter, Palm Beach county:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr. 72.1
May
.Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'l
Average
62.6
64.3
68.9
76.6
79.7 81.3 81.7
80.5
76.0
69.4 64.3 73.1
Highest
85.
SS.
93.
98.
97. 50.
59.
97. 100. 100. 61. 64.
56.
47.
32. 92.
South Coast Group, including stations at Marco, Lce county; Miami, Dade county; Flamingo, Monroe county, and Key West.
.Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul. 82.7
Ang.
Sep.
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'l
Average
66.4
68.2
72.1
73.4
78.3
81.3 100. 61.
100. 67.
60.
97. 60.
96.
91. 91.
Lowest
29.
29.
39.
94. 46.
96. 50.
100.
82.9
82.1
78.0
72.9 68.0 75.5
Highest
90.
88.
98.
39.
36. 29.
89.
90.
97.
101. 101.
98.
98. 92. 92.
Lowest 18.
19.
31.
Lowest 21.
92.
33.
39.
RAINY DAYS
The average number of rainy days in each month-the days in which the rainfall was one one-hundredth of an inch or more-for
96.
97.
89. 88.
74.5 67.2 61.3 72.3
Highest
99. 32.
.Jun. Jul. Aug.
103.
102.
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'1
Feb. Mar. Apr. May .Jun. 79.7
81.1
119
FLORIDA
some of the principal stations in widely scattered parts of the state are the following:
An'l
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct. 10
Nov. 8
8 5 Dec. Total 126 87
St. Augustine
€
6
4
7
10
9
11
8
5
Lake City
6
S
6
6
7
15
13
10
5
1
7 97
Cedar Key
10
7
6
5
12
14
14
9
7
6
7 104 115
Tallahassee 6
8
6
6
15 18
14 19
9 16
4
4 5
7
Fort Myers 5
5
3
7 8
15 12 15 13
16 15 13
17 14
13 15 15 18
15
10
10
136
Miami
4
3
9
3
74
Key West
1
7
13
7
110
FLORIDA'S ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
The normal and annual amounts of rainfall for the various sec- tions named, located in every part of peninsular Florida are given in the table following, the results being noted in inches and decimals :
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.
Jul.
Aug. 6.60
Sep. 8.16
Oct. Nov. Dec. An'l 4.60 2.21 2.86 52.53
St. Augustine
2.72 3.00 2.94 2.75 3.58
4.96
5.50 6.55 5.05 7.89 7.63 7.48
5.82
6.81
5.08 2.25 2.64 48.03
Huntington
2.59
3.59
2.62 2.15 3.62 6.07
7.31
7.61
3.66 1.69 2.53 49.99
New Smyrna
3.20
3.05 2.82 2.23 3.50 5.51
5.65
8.32
6.12 2.80 2.59 50.84 2.77 1.52 3.20 51.63
Macclenny
2.84
4.41 3.89
4.45
2.91
3.20
6.70
Gainesville
3.28
3.28
3.44
2.36 3.79
7.44
7.69
1.80 6.17
2.33 3.12 51.53
Stephensville
3.11
4.41
3.30
2.11
2.57 4.85
2.55
8.44
4.96
5.94
7.01
7.75 7.90 7.13 5.94 9.58
6.70 6.28 7.03 7.54 9.43 10.78 9.97 8.04 9.96 6.97 7.40 7.34 5.49
7.40 6.20 6.45 5.13 7.52 6.64
3.20 2.73 3.22
2.54
1.95
2.46
4.00 53.27
Brooksville
3.12
3.49 2.48 2.34 3.33
9.33
7.40
2.51 2.41
1.71 2.29 51.49
Manatee
2.78
3.01
2.71 1.91 2.92
7.80
9.36 10.84 8.26
7.57 7.87
3.03
4.44
1.44 2.16 51.28
Bartow
2.37 2.84 2.19 1.91 3.82
4.60
7.44
9.10 9.60
7.50
2.86
1.56 2.43 53.89
Merritt
3.05
2.70 2.52
2.87
3.76
6.92
5.42
7.94
5.72 2.30 2.52 51.22
Malabar
2.57 2.62 2.09 2.04 4.35
5.34 -2.41 1.95 48.89
Fort Pierce
3.20
3.28
3.05 2.39
3.92
4.86
2.93
7.38
7.87
7.49
2.11 0.88 2.04 49.17
Miami
3.27
2.49 2.82 3.07
5.91
7.94
7.22
7.32
9.88 6.24
9.17 2.43 2.23 63.75
Flamingo
2.15
0.69
1.19
1.80
3.12
7.85
5.31
9.37
3.57 1.56 2.72 45.57
Key West
2.02 1.58 1.63 1.20 3.06
4.65
3.56
4.89
6.49
5.11 2.13 1.94 38.26
5
5
4
8
6
4
4 103
Jupiter
10
9
7
10 6 8
9 10 10 9 15 9 12 13
14
14
9
6
7
10 7 93 121
Tampa
8
8
G
7
16
14
15
9
6
7
96 113
Orlando
7
7
4 G 5 1 5 8
7 4 4 7
10
15
15
14
Jacksonville
9
9
3.53
3.84
3.18
4.19
3.61
4.21
3.44
2.88
5.03
4.82
Tallahassee
3.71
4.59
5.02 3.00
3.66
6.37
1.75 4.03 53.68 4.58 57.12 6.26 55.88
Monticello
3.67
4.13
4.16
5.34 5.49 2.16 4.50
Tampa
2.56
2.88 2.76 1.87 2.73
6.32
2.71
1.62 2.37 55.40 1.29 1.77 51.98
Orlando
2.54
2.78 2.34 2.04 3.81
7.46
6.77 7.00 7.82
8.14 8.85
3.22
1.75 2.35 51.84
Avon Park
6.96
6.62
4.06
1.91 2.29 52.29
Arcadia
2.42
2.84 3.90
1.58 2.66
5.55 8.52 6.90 8.82
5.50 4.98 5.57 5.29
4.SS 6.00 5.69
7.76 9.36
5.76 3.63 2.23 55.31
Jupiter
3.50
2.79 3.01 2.40
10.00 3.19 2.83 59.82
Marco
2.08 2.42 2.78 2.37
2.84 3.044 4.47
5.92
4.61
8.45
7.58
9.03
9.02 9.16 7.97 7.36 7.64
5.39 5.49 5.86 7.35 5.22 5.98 4.99
2.69 2.80
1.61
1.41
4.15 53.40 4.95 65.93
Newport
5.48 3.77 2.94 2.04 5.44 52.69
Carabelle
4.18 3.85
2.10
2.56
4.31
5.83
3.85 5.10 65.49
Lake City
4.07
4.26
2.75 2.83
3.62 54.19
Ocala
2.73
3.19
2.89
2.01
3.38
1.61 2.37 51.64
Cedar Key
3.64
3.03
3.37
1.98
6.28
6.00
DeFuniak Springs
7.04 6.28 2.52
Madison
1.61
2.48
1.59 2.35 55.97
Fort Myers
2.29
2.31 2.14 2.28 3.74
7.90 8.64
8.19 S.64 11.12 6.13
Jacksonville
2.82 3.25 3.39 2.70 3.93 5.64
6.37
13
13
11 16
4 8
4
5
t-
Pensacola
11 11
10
6 5 5
7 6
4
Arcadia
8
9
10.11
2.45
2.98 2.17 1.79
2.80 4.59 3.63
2.54 2.10 2.74 51.34
Marianna
The average annual rainfall for peninsular Florida, as shown by the figures of this tabulation, is 53.25 inches.
CHAPTER IV HEALTH
HE widely prevailing idea that the healthfulness of any loeality, north or south, has an intimate rela- T tion to the climatie conditions has had, outside of Florida, an influenee more or less prejudicial to its industrial development. The principle has been formulated by medieal authorities substantially in these words: Climate and health have no connection beyond deter- mining, in some measure, the elasses of diseases which in any given loeality most seriously affeet the general healthfulness of that loeality.
Continental United States is divided, as to elimate, into two general seetions, the north and the south. It is impossible to define the exaet line that separates the two, nor is it necessary that any geographieal demareation be made. These seetions, while having many conditions in common, are distinguished mainly by variations and extremes of temperatures, which in the north are greater and more trying than in the south. The physical ills most serious and which result in a larger percentage of deaths in this seetion, are the infectious diseases of tubereulosis, pneumonia, searlet fever, measles, diphtheria, small-pox, puerperal fever, and influenza.
While these diseases are by no means negligible in the south, they affeet somewhat less its general health, ineluding that of Florida. The diseases prevailing most widely and most seriously in the southern seetion are those that are traeeable to the animal para- sites, like hookworm, malaria, tapeworm, and the round, or stomach worm. The conditions attending typhoid fever are much the same in all parts of the country.
The general conclusions to be drawn from this variable prevalenee of the graver diseases, are that the death rate in the south is no greater than that of the north, probably it is somewhat lower, but that the general efficiency of labor in the south is more affected by the elasses of diseases that prevail there.
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