USA > Georgia > Statistics of the state of Georgia : including an account of its natural, civil, and ecclesiastical history ; together with a particular description of each county, notices of the manners and customs of its aboriginal tribes, and a correct map of the state > Part 13
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Mr. Cass was a candidate for the Presidency in 1849, but was defeated by Gen. Taylor. He is now a senator in Con- gress from the State of Michigan.
CHATHAM.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT .- This county forms the South- east corner of the State, and is bounded Northeast by South Carolina, Southeast by the Atlantic, South and West by Bryan, and North by Effingham. Medium length, 28 miles; medium breadth, 15 miles, containing 420 square miles, equal to 268,800 acres.
RIVERS, CREEKS .- The chief streams are the Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee. The smaller are St. Augustine's
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CHATHAM COUNTY.
or Wilmington, Vernon river, Pipemaker's and Hainer's creeks, &c.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION .- In 1840 the popu- lation was 18,801; in 1845, 20,046. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $24,715 14 cents. Sends a senator and two repre- sentatives to the Legislature.
ISLANDS .- Tybee island, at the mouth of Savannah river, five miles long, three broad, upon which there are two light- houses. Wilmington island, eight miles southeast of Savan- nah, six miles long, four broad. Whitemarsh island, two miles long and two miles broad. Isle of Hope, Skidaway, Liberty island, Green, Oakland, Great and Little Warsaw, Elba, Bear, Burnsides, Little Tybee, &c. The soil generally on the sea islands is sandy, and produces cotton, corn, sweet potatoes in great perfection, and oranges, figs, melons, &c. The trees are, the oak, pine, gum, magnolia, cedar, wild cherry, wahoo, &c. The islanders are noted for their hospitality. Oysters, fish of every description, and wild ducks abound. The islands are generally healthy, and afford pleasant retreats for the citi- zens of Savannah during the summer months.
ROADS AND BRIDGES .- The roads are unsurpassed by any in Georgia, and the bridges are kept in fine order.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL .- The face of the country is flat, interspersed with many swamps. The county has a large portion of fertile land. On the Savannah river the rice lands have long been celebrated for their fertility. The lands on the Ogeechee are very rich, and are mostly culti- vated in rice. The inland swamp lands are productive, as well as the oak and hickory lands. The pine lands are poor, but will yield very well if manure is applied. In addition to rice and cotton, the soil produces corn, peas, besides almost every variety of fruits and vegetables.
TOWNS .- Savannah is the seat of justice, and the largest city in Georgia. It is situated on the southeast bank of the Savannah river, on a high bluff 40 feet above low water mark, 12 miles in a direct line from the ocean, and 18 miles by the course of the river.
It is in north latitude 32 degrees, 4 minutes, 56 seconds ; west longitude 81 degrees, 8 minutes, 18 seconds, from Green-
156
CHATHAM COUNTY.
wich ; and 4 degrees, 6 minutes, 54 seconds, west longitude from Washington City ; 158 miles ESE. from the capital of the State, Milledgeville ; 120 SSE. from Augusta; 190 ESE. from Macon ; 90 WSW. from Charleston, and 662 from Wash- ington.
GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY .- The government of the city consists of a Mayor and 12 Aldermen, who together are de- nominated the City Council. They are chosen annually, on the 1st Monday in December, from the people at large.
The Police consists, besides the above, of one marshal, 5 constables, and the city watch, composed of 64 members, with a captain and other officers.
A Board of Health, composed of two persons from each ward and district, is appointed by the Mayor in May, every year.
All subordinate officers are chosen by the City Council.
BANKS .- Bank of the State of Georgia-capital, $1,500,- 000-appropriated to Savannah, $800,000.
Planters' Bank-capital paid in $535,400.
Marine and Fire Insurance Bank-capital $400,000-priv- ileged to increase the same to $800,000. 1
Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia-cap- ital, $2,549,165, all of which has been paid in-appropriated for banking purposes, $205,000.
Savannah Institution for Savings-instituted in 1844.
INSURANCE OFFICES .- There are several Agencies where Marine, Fire, and Life Insurances can be effected.
Foreign Consuls resident in Savannah, 10.
VESSEL PACKET LINES .-- There are always regular lines of packets from Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and other ports.
STEAMBOAT COMPANIES .- Daily United States Mail Steam- packet line between Savannah and Charleston.
Semi-weekly United States Mail Steam-packet line, be- tween Savannah and Palatka, Florida.
Semi-weekly Steam-packet line between Savannah and Augusta.
Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Savan- nah and Augusta, capital $100,000. The Company has three steamers, and 14 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of
157
CHATHAM COUNTY.
carrying 750 bales of cotton each. Upwards of 100 persons are employed during the working season.
Iron Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Sa- vannah and Augusta. Capital, $100,000. Has three steamers, with 15 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of carrying 750 bales of cotton each. The company has a boat yard and engine shop in Savannah, and employs 100 persons.
There are five or six steamers employed, not belonging to any regular line.
The steamer Isabel, of 1100 tons burthen, touches at Sa- vannah on the 1st and 15th of every month, for Key West and Havana; returning, touches at Savannah about the 12th and 26th of every month.
Under an arrangement of the Government, steamers will touch at Savannah, with the United States mail, on their way to California and Oregon, via Havana, New Orleans, Chagres, and Panama.
STEAMSHIP LINE BETWEEN SAVANNAH AND NEW-YORK .- In this line there are two new superior ocean steamers, the Chero- kee and one building, each upwards of 1200 tons burthen, unsur- passed in strength, beauty of model, and solidity of machinery, and with all the latest improvements in them which experience has suggested.
WASHINGTON AND NEW ORLEANS MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY .- Communicates with the following places: Augusta, Macon, Columbus, Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans, Washing- ton, New-York, Boston.
SAVANNAH FIRE COMPANY .- Formed in 1824, consisting of 35 members, and existing under the auspices of the City Coun- cil. It has under its control seven suction receiving and dis- charging engines, two receiving and discharging engines, and two suction and discharging engines, each with its complement of hose; two hose carts with 2,000 feet of hose ; hook, axe, and ladder company, and bucket company.
SAVANNAH AND OGEECHEE CANAL COMPANY .- Capital, $160,000 in shares of $50 each. This company was formerly the Savannah, Ogeechee, and Alatamaha Canal .Company-ca- pital, $199,225. It expended #246,693 on the work, and suf- fered it to go down. In January, 1846, the present company 1 l
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CHATHAM COUNTY.
purchased the concern, and have since that time put the canal in thorough repair, built a new lock near the city, in Stiles's field, and one near the Ogeechee river, and constructed a wasteway at the Little Ogeechee river, to vent off the surplus water. Amount of expenditures of the new company on the work, about $16,000.
STEAM MILLS, MILLS, &c .-- Shippers' cotton press, capital $25,000; hydraulic cotton press, cost $25,000; Savannah " Tyler" cotton press, cost $15,000; Steamboat Company of Georgia cotton press, cost $20,000; Upper steam rice-mills, Blake & Habersham's ; Savannah steam rice-mill; Savannah steam saw-mill; steam saw-mill; Oglethorpe steam saw-mill ; New Eagle steam saw-mill, capital $12,000; Vale Royal steam saw and planing-mill, capital $70,000; Col. Starke's steam saw-mill, capital $8,000 ; steam works for planing, &c .; C. Van Horn's steam works; E. Jenck's steam mill, capital $20,000; iron foundry of Millar & Currie ; iron foundry of R. and J. Lachlison.
In addition to the above, there are seven rice-mills and four saw-mills in the county. About three miles from the city, on the plantation of H. McCalpin, Esq., there is a brick yard at which there have been made more than 60,000,000 of bricks-an amount greater, it is believed, than has been made in any one establishment in the southern country ; on the same plantation are a steam saw-mill, a rice barrel manufactory, and a planing and grooving machine.
POPULATION .-
White Males,
3,729
66 Females,
3,521
Coloured Males, Slaves,
2,316
Females, "
3,370
Males, Free,
241
Females, " 396
Grand Total, City, . 13,573
HEALTH .- The statistics of the health of Savannah will compare favourably with those of any city in the United States. The most sickly part of the year is during the winter months.
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CHATHAM COUNTY.
Exports from Savannah, of COTTON, RICE, and LUMBER, for ten years.
Years.
Total bags Cotton.
Total lbs. Cotton.
Total Tres. Rice.
Total feet of Lumber
1825
137,695
49,570,200
7,231
1826
190,578
68,608,080
11,455
1839
199,176
71,703,360
21,332
1840
284,249
102,329,640
24,392
1841
147,280
53,020,800
23,587
14,295,200
1842
222,254
81,011,444
22,064
8,390,400
1843
280,826
101,097,360
26,281
7,518,750
1844
244,575
90,492,750
28,543
5,933,251
1845
304,544
115,726,720
29,217
8,270,582
1846
186,306
74,522,400
32,147
18,585,644
1847
234,151
98,343,420
31,739
10,083,449
1848
243,233
104,590,190
30,136
16,449,558
Receipts of Cotton at Savannah, per year, for ten years.
From Sept. 1, 1837, to Sept. 1, 1838, 206,048 bales.
66
1, 1838, to
1, 1839, 196,618 66
66
66 1, 1839, to
1, 1840, 295,156 66
66
1, 1840, to 66 1, 1841, 146,273 66
1, 1842, 228,396
66
66
66 1, 1843, to
1, 1844, 243,420
66
66
66
1, 1844, to
1, 1845, 305,742
66
66
1, 1845, to
1, 1846, 189,076
66
66
1, 1846, to
1, 1847, 236,029
-
66
66
1, 1848, to
1, 1849, 391,372 "
Value of Real Estate in Savannah, as taxed by the City Au- thorities since 1843.
1843
value
$2,853,900
1844
3,245,827
1845
3,279,988
1846
3,306,734
1847
66
3,462,073
1848
3,600,000
66 1, 1841, to
1, 1842, to
1, 1843, 299,173
66
160
CHATHAM COUNTY.
CHURCHES .-- Christ Church, Episcopal ; Lutheran Church, Independent Presbyterian Church, cost $120,000 ; First Bap- tist Church, Methodist Church, Roman Catholic Church, First Presbyterian Church, St. John's Church, Episcopal; Second Baptist Church, Penfield's Mariner's Church, Second Metho- dist Church, Hebrew Synagogue, Methodist Church for col- oured persons, First African (Baptist) Church, Second African (Baptist) Church, Third African (Baptist) Church.
CHARITABLE SOCIETIES .- The city is remarkably distin- guished for the number of its charitable societies.
Union Society; object, support and education of male orphans.
Savannah Female Asylum ; thirty orphans under its care.
Savannah Free School, Savannah Poor House and Hos- pital, Georgia Infirmary, Widows' Society, Clothing and Fuel Association, Hibernian Society, Irish Union Society, St. An- drew's Society, German Friendly Society, Mechanics' Benev- olent Society, Seamen's Port Society, The Female Seamen's Friend Society, The Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mercy. In addition to these, there are about 20 societies con- nected with the different churches.
There are five Masonic Lodges, four Odd Fellows' Lodges, and two Divisions of the Sons of Temperance.
OTHER SOCIETIES .- Georgia Historical Society, Georgia Medical Society, Savannah Library Society.
.
SCHOOLS .- Chatham Academy, eight schools for instruc- tion in the higher branches, Savannah Free School, Savannah Female Asylum, Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mer- cy, and fourteen primary schools.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN ADDITION TO THOSE ALREADY NAMED. -Exchange, Artillery Armory, State Arsenal, Guard House, Market House, Oglethorpe Hall, Lyceum, Hall of the Georgia Historical Society, Odd Fellows' Hall, Solomon's Lodge Hall, Court House, Jail, Theatre, Gymnasium, Powder Magazine.
Many of the private dwellings are beautiful, and the num- ber is constantly increasing.
.
UNITED STATES FORTIFICATIONS IN SAVANNAH RIVER .-- Fort Pulaski, named after Brigadier Count Pulaski, is situated upon Cockspur Island, 14 miles from the city. The site was selected by Maj. Babcock, of the U. S. Engineer Corps, about
-
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CHATIIAM COUNTY.
20 years ago, but it was not until 1831 that the work was commenced in earnest. In that year, Captain Mansfield (now Col. Mansfield, of the U. S. Engineer Corps,) took charge of its erection. It is a massive structure of brick, of which about 13,000,000 were consumed. The entire cost of the work has been near a million of dollars, and was nearly 16 years in con- struction. It has been pronounced by competent judges to be one of the strongest and most perfect of the kind on the con- tinent.
Fort Pulaski is situated on the exterior or first line of de- fence, and calls for an armament of 140 guns, mostly long 32 pounders, and requires a garrison of one company in time of peace, two in time of war, and six in time of siege. The num- ber of guns already mounted is 20, though every thing is in readiness, and the works could be manned, the guns mounted, and the whole place made impregnable, in a very short time.
Fort Jackson, named after Governor James Jackson, is sit- uated on the south side of the river, about three miles from the city. It was projected some forty years ago, and a fortifi- cation of moderate pretensions constructed which remained through the war of 1812. Since that period several appropri- ations for the work have been made by Congress, and the structure has been much improved, still it is an unfinished for- tress. Congress at its last session appropriated $20,000 to- wards its completion, and the work on it will soon be resumed .- Fort Jackson is situated at an important point for the defence of Savannah; and there is no doubt but that it will receive a further and adequate appropriation from Government.
GREENE AND PULASKI MONUMENTS .-- In March, 1825, the citizens of Savannah, conceiving that the visit of Gen. La- fayette to the city would afford a very favourable opportunity for paying a tribute of gratitude which had been too long with- held, determined to avail themselves of the occasion to lay the corner stones of two monuments to be hereafter erected, the one to the memory of General Nathaniel Greene, and the other to the memory of Brigadier Count Pulaski. A committee was appointed, and under their arrangements the corner stone of a monument to " Greene" was laid in Johnson Square, and one to " Pulaski" in Chippewa Square, on the 21st day of March, 1825, by General Lafayette and the Masonic Lodges.
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CHATHAM COUNTY.
Subsequently, donations were received from the citizens and others, by the committee, for their erection, and in Novem- ber, 1826, a lottery was granted by the Legislature, for the purpose of raising the sum of $35,000, to be appropriated to the object. After a few years, the funds not having reached an amount adequate for the erection of both, it was determined to erect one only for the present; that was placed in Johnson's Square in 1829, and is called the "Greene and Pulaski Monu- ment."
The lottery is still in operation, and has produced, since the payment for the first monument, the sum of about $12,000.
NEW CUSTOM HOUSE ON THE CORNER OF BULL AND BAY STREETS .-- This building is going forward in its erection as rapidly as a due regard to the stability and permanence of the structure will admit. The basement is nearly finished. It is in length 110 feet, depth 52 feet, and in height, from the pave- ment to the ridge of the roof, 52 feet.
The basement story will be devoted to the use of the Post Office and the Appraiser's department.
The first or principal floor for custom house purposes.
The third, or upper story, for United States court rooms.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS .- We could give a long list of the ori- ginal settlers, but space will not allow. Among the earliest, were General Oglethorpe, Captain Horton, Henry Parker, John Fallowfield, Colonel William Stephens, Patrick Tailfer, Thomas Jones, Thomas Chriestie, Richard Turner, Paul Ama- tis, James Burnsides, Peter Morel, Hugh Anderson, Anthony Camuse, P. Delegal, Walter Fox, Peter Gordon, James Hous- toun, Samuel Lacy, John Pye, Joseph Wardrope, Thomas Young, the Messrs. Sheftalls, D'Lyons, Noble Jones, James Habersham, John Milledge, Dr. Nunis.
EDUCATION, LITERATURE .- This subject has always com- manded due attention. The Chatham Academy is well en- dowed, and many of the most distinguished men in Georgia were once pupils in this institution. Private schools are nu- merous, and ample provision is made for the education of the poor. The Savannah Library has between 5 and 6000 vo- lumes. The Georgia Historical Society is an institution that does honour to the State. It has already succeeded in collect-
163
CHATHAM COUNTY.
ing a large number of books, manuscripts, pamphlets, &c., con- nected with the history of Georgia, and has published two vo- lumes of Collections. There are libraries connected with some of the churches and Odd Fellows' Lodges. There are two reading-rooms and three newspapers. A taste for reading is extending itself. The autographs belonging to J. K. Tefft, Esq., and the library of A. A. Smets, Esq., are deserving of notice.
EMINENT MEN .- The list of Chatham's eminent men is a lengthy one. Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun, General James Jackson, Dr. N. W. Jones, Jonathan Bryan, and many others, who distinguished themselves in the revolutionary con- flict ; and in later times, Dr. George Jones, James Jones, and others now living, who are well known to possess talents of a high order, and invincible attachment to the interests of Georgia. Hon. James M. Wayne, Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, is a native of Savannah.
Savannah has produced a number of authors. Major Hugh McCall published the first History of Georgia; and, not- withstanding its imperfections, we will venture to say that without it, the people of Georgia would have been ignorant of much of the history of their State. Considering the circum- stances under which Major McCall wrote his history, we are free to confess that few could have done so well ; and in our judgment he is deserving great praise.
In 1802, Dr. Holcombe, of Savannah, commenced a peri- odical entitled " The Georgia Analytical Repository." In 1808, Judge Charlton, father of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, pub- lished the Life of General James Jackson. In 1825, Dr. Da- niell published a valuable work, entitled " Observations upon the Autumnal Fevers of Savannah." Rev. Henry Kollock's Sermons were published not long after his decease. Many smaller works have been written by residents of Chatham. The poetry of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, and Henry R. Jack- son, Esq., have earned for these gentlemen a high reputation. Dr. Caruthers was an able writer. The Hon. Mr. Berrian, Judge Law, Mr. McIntosh, Dr. Arnold, and others, have done much to advance the literary character of Chatham county.
COL. JOHN WHITE .- During the siege of Savannah, one of
164
CHATHAM COUNTY.
the most extraordinary captures took place, that the annals of warfare ever recorded. When Gen. Prevost called in his de- tachments, he ordered the commandant at Sunbury, on the Georgia coast, upon evacuating that post to put the invalids on board of the small armed vessels, and to send them by the inland navigation to Savannah under the care of Capt. Trench, of the British Regulars. In consequence of head winds, Capt. Trench and his command were detained until some of D'Es- taing's fleet were in possession of the pass, and he was induced to sail up the Ogeechee river until he reached a point about 25 miles from the city of Savannah. Having arrived here, he learned that the passage over land was also blocked up by the allied force, and he therefore made a descent upon the shore, and finally took post with his party about 15 or 20 miles from Savannah. Col. John White, of the Georgia line, having as- certained that Capt. Trench's force consisted of 111 soldiers possessing 130 stand of arms, and that he also had under his charge, in the river Ogeechee adjacent to his camp, five ves- sels, four of them fully armed, and one of them mounting 14 guns, and manned by 40 seamen, formed the resolution of cap- turing the detachment. He disclosed his plan to those who were with him. McCall, in his History of Georgia, says that the party consisted of Col. White, Capts. Geo. Melvin and A. E. Elholm, a sergeant and three privates, seven in all. Other historians make no mention of Capt. Melvin, or of a sergeant, but give the whole praise to White, Elholm, and three soldiers, reducing the number to five. White built many watch-fires around the camp, placing them in such a position, and at such intervals as to induce Capt. Trench and his soldiers to believe that he was absolutely surrounded by a large force. The de- ception was kept up through the night by White and his com- panions, marching from fire to fire with the measured tread and the loud challenge of sentinels, now hailing from the east of the British camp, and then shifting rapidly their position and challenging from the extreme west. Nor was this the only stratagem ; each mounted a horse and rode with haste in di- vers directions, imitating the manner of the staff, and giving orders with a loud voice. The delusion was complete. Capt. Trench suffered himself to be completely trapped. White car-
165
CHATHAM COUNTY.
ried his daring plan forward by dashing boldly and alone to the camp of the British, and demanding a conference with Trench. "I am the commander, sir," he said, " of the Amer- ican soldiers in your vicinity. If you will surrender at once to my force, I will see to it that no injury is done to you or your command. If you decline to do this, I must candidly inform you that the feelings of my troops are highly incensed against you, and I can by no means be responsible for any con- sequences that may ensue." Trench thanked him for his hu- manity, and said, despondingly, that it was useless to contend with fate or with the large force that he saw was around him, and announced his willingness to surrender his vessels, his arms, his men and himself to Col. White. At this instant Capt. Elholm came suddenly dashing up at full speed, and saluting White, inquired of him where he should place the artillery. " Keep them back, keep them back, sir," answered White, " the British have surrendered. Move your men off, and send me three guides to conduct them to the American post at Sun- bury." The three guides arrived. The five vessels were burned, and the British, urged by White to keep clear of his men, and to hasten their departure from the enraged and formidable Americans, pushed on with great celerity, whilst White re- tired with one or two of his associates, stating that he would go to his troops in the rear and restrain them. He now em- ployed himself in collecting the neighbourhood militia, with which he overtook his guides, and conducted them in safety to the Sunbury post. This took place on the 1st of October, 1779. Lee, in his memoirs, winds up his narration with the following sentence. " The extraordinary address of White was con- trasted by the extraordinary folly of Trench, and both were necessary to produce this wonderful issue. The affair ap- proaches too near the marvellous to have been admitted into these memoirs, had it not been uniformly asserted, as uniform- ly accredited, and never contradicted. Capt. Elholm was an officer of Pulaski's Legion. Capt. Melvin, it is believed, lived and died in Savannah."
Col. White was an Englishman by birth, of Irish parentage, and was at one time a surgeon in the British navy. On leaving the naval service, he embarked with his family for America, and purchased a suitable residence near Philadelphia. When
166
CHATHAM COUNTY.
the Revolution commenced, and all aliens were ordered to quit the country or to take the oath of allegiance, he preferred the latter, saying "that he had fought for the King as long as he ate his bread, but that now America was his home, and for Amer- ica he would now fight." He entered the American army as a captain, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. His regi- ment (4th Georgia Battalion) was ordered to Savannah. His exposure and fatigue brought on a pulmonary disease, of which he died in Virginia .*
RELIGIOUS SECTS .- It is probable that the Baptists are the most numerous. Besides these there, are Episcopalians, Me- thodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Catholics, Unitarians, Pro- testant Methodists, Jews, Disciples of Christ, Anti-Missionary Baptists, Swedenborgians. Including those in the city there are about 30 churches in the county. The coloured people are mostly Baptists. Some of the planters on the Savannah river and other places, encourage preaching to their slaves, and have erected suitable buildings for their accommodation.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE .-- For intelligence, hospitality and benevolence, the citizens of Chatham are not to be sur- passed by any people in the United States; but upon this sub- ject we prefer to use the language of another. "The records of the Legislature bear testimony," says Dr. Church, the able President of our University, " to the liberal and patriotic views which the representatives of your city and county have ever entertained upon this important subject. In all the conflicts of political parties, the representatives of Chatham have known no party feelings upon the subject of education. They have ever rallied to the rescue, when any of the institutions of learning needed their aid ; and it has long since become an axiom with the friends of the State University, when inquiring to whom that institution might look for support, that the re- presentatives of Chatham need not be doubted. And often, in the hour of need, has that seminary been indebted, in no small degree, to your representatives for, if not its existence, at least for much of that assistance which it has received from the Legislature, and by means of which it has been enabled to accomplish much of what it has thus far effected.
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