USA > Iowa > Jackson County > The history of Jackson County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., biographical sketches of citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion history of the Northwest, history of Iowa miscellaneous matters, &c > Part 29
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52 3
55
28
9.
10
1
.....
1
28
23
2
2
17
....
699
961
45
2
7
7
Seventh Infantry ..
761
382
Eighth Infantry.
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
1
..
...
.
.
4 ...
27
Third Infantry.
..
17
1
...
228
18 246
4
1
8
402
.....
3
5
8
Seventh Cavalry.
24
3
27
9
91 ..
4
..
Eighth Cavalry.
3
1
...
11
+Company A, 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry ...
1
Second Veteran Infantry.
137
..
Total Casualties.
REGIMENT OR BATTERY.
Total.
Total.
2
3
..
47
22
24
Eleventh Infantry ... Twelfth Infantry ....
54| 1|
55
25| 148
11 174|| 121| 276
30| 151| 133 2571
220| 208
6| 226| 209 1
610| 768
59| 382
26| 19
11|
37
3
22
Thirteenth Infantry ..
65 1
66
34 182 ...
1
217
77
269 290
4 294
6
852
84
15
15
30 .
Fourteenth Infantry ..
27, 1
28
23|
122
145
53
190 162
..
162
1 526
249
13
10
23
Fourteenth Residuary Battalion
Fifteenth Infantry ..
52 ...
52
78| 194
2.
274
270
32
302
392
2 394
7
1029
78
13
14
27
57
..
57
32
217
249
160
49
209
289
1
290
14
819
242
21
6
27
Seventeenth Infantry.
43
..
43
18
97 ..
1
116
129
93
222
225
225
8
614
264
23
3
26
Eighteenth Infantry .
26 2
28
109 ..
31
119
222
6
228
73
1
74
449
63
5
5
10
53.
53
33
91
6
130
183
5
188
190
1
191
502
204
27
13
40
8.
8
5
130.
7
142
157
6
163
43
46
359
10
36
2
38
Twenty-first Infantry
37 1
38
29
157
2
188
139
14
153
147
3
2
531
20
49
5
54
Twenty-second Infantry
53
1
54
52
126
2
180
150
8
158
245
245
634
79
40
2
42
Twenty-third Infantry ..
58
1
59
53
197
253
200
4
204
240
3
243
2
761
72
48
6
54
39
...
39
22
199
219
120
18
138
162
2
164
4
564
17
16
8
69
40 2
42
29
204
3
236
140
1
141
140
3
143
562
24
69 .
..
7 .
7
14
162
4
180
134
68
202
132
3
135
G
530
32
40
5
45
52 ..
52
24
180| 1
1
206
166
16 182
242
4
246
10
696
89
33
10
43
Twenty-eighth Infantry ..
19 2
21
17
248
1
266
117
7
124
97
2
99
1
511
53
31
6
37
Thirtieth Infantry ....
1
40
24
233
257
129
13
142
202
3
205
2
6.16
19
46
1
47
72
Thirty-first Infantry.
11
11
16
261
277
137
38
175
77
....
...
56 ...
56
33
2031 ..
1
237
156
10
166
132
1
133
589
93
27
6
33
Thirty-second Infantry ..
25 !
26
37
166 ..
236
109
34
143
166
2
168
580
73
18
10
28
Thirty-third Infantry.
4
4
2
228 1
231
286
27
313
13
13
561
3
22
22
Thirty-fourth consolidated Battalion Infantry
3
4
10 ..
12
29
7
36
12
2
14
66
23
2
25
19
182 1
1
2031
172
17
189
93
93
510
15
51
14
65
Thirty-sixth Infantry ..
35
35
24
220
1
251
187
4
191
142
142
619
437
17
6
23
Thirty-seventh Infantry ..
3
3
141| ..
1
142|
326
30
356
2
2
503
..
..
....
1.19 .
1
141
89
34
123
105
3
108
406
203
12
3
15
Fortieth Infantry
5
5
10
179 ..
5
194
117
4
41
41
361
2
20
26
*Forty-first Infantry (battalion) ..
1
1
14
14
15
Forty-fifth Infantry ..
2
2
17
1
22
1
1
Forty-sixth Infantry.
2
2
23
24
21
25
3
Forty-seventh Infantry.
1
1
45
1
46
47
Forty-eighth Infantry ....
4
4
First African Infantry [60th U. S.].
1 1
5
1
331
5
337
40
40
1
1
383
1
1
* Before transferred to 7th Iowa Cavalry.
+ Partial returns. 1940 78,2017 ,1199 8695; 8 109 10011 8005 1982 9987 8180| 112 8282] 115| 30394 4489. 1264 281 1545
253
..
..
1
1
2
7
4
11
11
Sixteenth Infantry ..
..
..
...
:
39
30
196
2
228
171
6
177
123
3
126
570
3
41
1
42
Twenty-fourth Infantry ..
Twenty-fifth Infantry ...
69
Twenty-sixth Infantry ..
...
...
...
...
... ..
1
311
108
9
117
2
431
8
....
...
...
2 ..
2
15
17
..
..
..
...
..
. .
..
2 ......
12
Thirty-eighth Infantry.
1 ...
1
310
1
34
21
..
...
3
..
39
..
..
...
3
X
3
......
3
6
..
..
..
...
..
....
..
·2
.. ..
540
13
72
......
....
Thirty-fourth Infantry ..
Thirty-fourth [34th and 38th] Infantry consolidated
1
30
32 243 ...
124
192 137
..
..
..
..
..
...
....
Twenty-seventh Infantry ..
..
..
2
Thirty-ninth Infantry
121
..
Forty-fourth Infantry ..
..
..
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
4
30 ...
......
...
Nineteenth Infantry ...
Twentieth Infantry ..
150
39
Twenty-ninth Infantry ...
77
.
3
Thirty-fifth Infantry ...
33
1
254
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, TO JANUARY 1, 1865.
No. Regiment.
No. of men.
No. Regiment.
No. of men.
1st Iowa Infantry
959
39th lowa Infantry.
933
2d
1,247
40th «
900
3d
1,074
41st Battalion Iowa Infantry.
294
4th
1,184
44th Infantry (100-days men)
867
5th
66
1,037 45th
912
6th
1,013
46th
892
7th
4
1,138
47th
...
884
8th
..
1,027
48th Battalion
...
..
1,478
10th
11th
1,022
3d
66
60
1,360
12th
981
4th
66
1,227
13th
989
5th
66
1,245
14th
840
6th
1,125
15th
1,196
7th
16th
.€
919
8th
1,234
17th
66
956
9th
1,178
18th
.€
875
Sioux City Cavalry *...
93
19th
20th
925
1st Battery Artillery
149
21st
980
2d 66
22d
66
1,008
3d
961
4th
1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. St .. Dodge's Brigade Band ..
14
26th
919
Band of 2d Iowa Infantry
10
27th
94
Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1,
2,765
29th
1,005
1864, for the older Iowa regiments ..... Enlistments of lowa men in regiments of other States, over
2,500
31st
64
925
Total
61,653
33d
985
Re-enlisted Veterans for different Regi- ments.
7,202
35th
..
984 Additional enlistments.
6,664
36th
986
37th
914 Grand total as far as reported np to Jan.
38th
910 1, 1865
75,519
This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States.
* Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry.
+ Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State.
123
23d
24th
979
903
25th
995
28th
956
30th
978
977
32d
34th
985
Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry
87
1,027
2d
1,394
9th
1,090
Ist Iowa Cavalry.
346
562
142
152
953
255
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
POPULATION OF IOWA, BY COUNTIES.
AGGREGATE.
COUNTIES.
1875.
1870.
1860.
1850.
1840.
Voters.
Adair.
7045
3982
984
1616
Adams
7832
4614
1533
1727
Allamakee
19158
17868
12237
777
3653
Appanoose
17405
16456
11931
3131
3679
Audubon
2370
1212
454
527
Benton
28807
22454
8496
672
4778
Black Hawk
22913
21706
8244
135
4877
Boone
17251
14584
4232
735
3515
Bremer
13220
12528
4915
2656
Buchanan
17315
17034
7906
517
3890
Buena Vista
3561
1585
57
817
Buncombe*
Butler
11734
9951
3724
2598
Calhoun.
3185
1602
147
681
Carroll.
5760
2451
281
1197
Cass
10552
5464
1612
2422
Cedar.
17879
19731
12949
3941
1253
3934
Cerro Gordo
6685
4722
940
1526
Cherokee.
4249
1967
58
1001
Chickasaw
11400
10180
4336
2392
Clarke
10118
8735
5427
79
2213
Clay
3559
1523
52
868
Clayton
27184
27771
20728
3873
1101
5272
Clinton
34295
35357
18938
2822
821
5569
Crawford
6039
2530
383
Dallas.
14386
12019
5244
854
1244 . 3170
Davis.
15757
15565
13764
7264
3448
Decatur
13249
12018
8677
965
2882
Delaware.
16893
17432
11024
1759
168
3662
Des Moines
35415
27256
19611
12988
5577
6654
Dubuque.
43845
38969|
31164
10841
3059
394 8759 299
Fayette.
20515
16973
12073
825
4637
Floyd.
13100
10768
3744
2884
Franklin
6558
4738
1309
1374
Fremont.
13719
11173
5074
1244
2998
Greene.
7028
4627
1374
1622
Grundy
8134
6399
793
1525
Guthrie
9638
7061
3058
2339
Hamilton
7701
6055
1699
1455
Hancock
1482
999
179
303
Hardin
15029|
13684
5440
3215
Harrison.
11818
8931
3621
2658
Henry
21594
21463
18701
8707
3772
4641
Howard
7875
6282
3168
1712
Humboldt
3455
2596
332
695
Ida.
794
226
43
172
Iowa ..
17456
16644
8029
822
3576
Jackson
23061
22619
18493
7210
1411
4901
Jasper.
24128
22116
9883
1280
5239
Jefferson.
17127
17839
15038
9904
2773
3721
Johnson
24654
24898
17573
4472
1491
5225
Jones
19168
19731
13306
3007
471
4180
Dickinson
1748
1389
180
Emmett
1436
1392
105
* In 1862, name changed to Lyon.
256
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
POPULATION OF IOWA-CONCLUDED.
AGGREGATE.
COUNTIES.
1875.
1870.
1860.
1850.
1840.
Voters.
Keokuk
20488
19434
1327]
4822
4202
Kossuth
3765
3351
416
Lee
33913
38210
29232
18861
6093
7274
Linn
31815
28852
18947
5444
1373
7509
Louisa
12499
12877
10370
4939
1927
2899
Lucas.
11725
10388
5766
471
2464
Lyon*
1139
221
287
Madison
16030
13884
7339
1179
3632
Mahaska
23718
22508
14816
5989
5287
Marion.
24094
24436
16813
5482
4988
Marshall
19629
17576
6015
338
4445
Mills.
10555
8718
4481
2365
Mitchell.
11523
9582
3409
2338
Monona.
2267
3654
832
1292
Monroe
12811
12724
8612
2884
2743
Montgomery
10389
5931
1256
2485
Muscatine
21623
21688
16444
5731
1942
6588
O' Brien
2349
715
8
595
Osceola
1778
498
Page.
14274
9975
4419
551
3222
Palo Alto
2728
1336
132
556
Plymouth.
5282
2199
148
1136
Pocahontas
2249
1446
103
464
Polk
31558
27857
11625
4513
6842
Pottawattomie.
21665
16893
4968
7828
4392
Poweshiek
16482
15581
5668
615
3634
Ringgold
7546
5691
2923
1496
Sac ..
2873
1411
246
657
Scott.
39763
38599
25959
5986
2140
7109
Shelby
5664
254
818
1084
Sioux
3120
576
10
637
Story
13111
11651
4051
2574
Tama
18771
16131
5285
8
3911
Taylor
10418
6989
3590
204
2282
Union
8827
6986
2012
1924
Van Buren
16980
17672
17081
12270
6146
3893
Wapello
23865
22346
14518
8471
5346
Warren.
18541
17980
10281
961
4168
Washington.
19269
18952
14235
4957
1594
4168
Wayne
13978
11287
6409
340
2947
Webster.
13114
10484
2504
2747
Winnebago.
2986
1562
168
406
Winneshiek
24233
23570
13942
546
4117
Woodbury.
8568
6172
1119
1776
Worth
4908
2892
756
763
Wright.
3244
2392
653
694
Total
1353118 1191792
674913
192214
43112
284557
773
* Formerly Buncombe.
257
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES.
ILLINOIS.
Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 square miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the State are the Mississippi-dividing it from Iowa and Missouri-the Ohio (forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San- gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- . ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature standing at about 51º Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand- ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties ; the chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years; which numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Jacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for
(G6)
258
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES.
Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of $1,808,833 unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized property presented the following totals: assessed, $840,031,703 ; equal- ized $480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly the whole of the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements formed the nucleus was, in 1763, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818; and now sends 19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1870.
259
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES.
INDIANA.
The profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabashı, with their numerous affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses-most particularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with the other cereals in lesser yields ; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, hops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis (the capital), Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- ville, Columbus, Vincennes, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, $3,896,541 as against dis- bursements, $3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, who erected a fort at Vincennes ; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was by the latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, an Indian warefare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. In 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, canal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the time being, in a general collapse of public credit, and consequent bank- ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the public
260
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES.
works which had brought about that imbroglio - especially the great Wabash and Erie Canal - have been completed, to the great benefit of the State, whose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. Population, 1,680,637.
IOWA.
In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram; has a length, north to south, of about 300 miles, by a pretty even width of 208 miles, and embraces an area of 55,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the middle into an elevated plateau which forms the "divide" of the Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missouri, which form respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogically, Iowa is important as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, copper, zinc, and iron, are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, and esculent roots; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of $20,000,000. Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water- communication by means of its navigable rivers. The State is politically divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population : Des Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The State institutions of Iowa-religious, scholastic, and philanthropic - are on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana purchase in 1803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812,
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when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the Michigan organization, and, in 1836, under that of Wisconsin. Finally, after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913; in 1870, 1,191,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118.
MICHIGAN.
United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the Upper and smaller Peninsula -length, 316 miles ; breadth, fluctuating between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 50 to 300 miles wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939; unimproved woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value of land was $398,240,578; of farming implements and machinery, $13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of land to $266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro- vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and
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signifying "Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad- ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; in 1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059.
WISCONSIN.
It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generally diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the State in Lake Superior, and the great estnary of Green Bay, running far inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its waters and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three outlets - those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississippi, which latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers; Green Bay, the Menomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox; while into the Mississippi empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very warm Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological system represented by the State, embraces those rocks included between the primary and. the Devonian series, the former containing extensive deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum,
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and various clays. Mining, consequently, forms a prominent industry, and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number of 102,904 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364. Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933; of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, $45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,966. The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal estate aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, 8886,- 696 ; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983. Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari- table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders in 1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,064,985, of which 2,113 were of the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of tribal relations.
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