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CHAPTER XXXVI. ST. CLAIR COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
Celebration of One Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of St. Clair County-Interesting Exercises Held at Belleville May 17, 1890-The Program-Floats and Other Exhibits-List of Dis- tinguished Guests-Extracts from Hon. J. N. Perrin's Address -- Some Reminiscences by Gov. Koerner-A Letter of George Wash- ington-Speeches of Senator Trumbull and Gov. Oglesby-Fire Works Display Closed the Exercises. 950-957
CHAPTER XXXVII. SECRET AND SOCIAL ORDERS.
Fraternal Organizations, Church and Temperance Societies- Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen, Order of Elks, and Other Social Orders-Grand Army of the Republic-Woman's Relief Corps-Miscellaneous Associations- Catholic and Protestant Church Societies-Young Men's Chris- tian Association-Salvation Army 958-965
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXVIII.
BIOGRAPHICAL.
Citizens of St. Clair County-The Part of Biography in General History-Personal Sketches of Citizens of St. Clair County. (These sketches being arranged in alphabetic or encyclopedic order, no list of individual subjects is deemed necessary in this connection ) 966-1171
PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Abend, Edward. 656
Meek, Andrew J 904
Abt, Paul W.
662
Merck, Charles. 912
Ahring, Fred A. 670
Messick, Joseph B. 918
Bechtold, Herman T. 678
Morris, Daniel E. 926
Bechtold, Mrs. Herman T 686
Postel, Philip. 932
Borders, Michael W.
700
Powell, William H 940
Borders, Mrs. Rachel.
700
Reichert, George.
946
Boul, Nicholas ..
714
Reichert, Joseph.
954
Chamberlin, M. H. 720
752
St. Clair County Court House, Belleville .. 694
City Hall, East St. Louis.
728
Sexton, Henry D. 966
Doyle, Martin R.
742
Sikking, John B. 980
Eggman, Horace J
748
Southern Illinois National Bank, East St
Eimer, John.
758
Louis 821
Stack, John P 986
Stephens, Malbern M
994
Flannery, Patrick.
780
Stookey, John D. 1000
Forman, William S
794
Strauss, William 1014
Geissing, Fred
800
Taylor, Joseph. 1022
Goedde, Charles B.
814
Thoene, Herman C. 1036
Griffen, Charles.
834
Thomas, John E. 1042
Hamilton, John C.
834
Thompson, George W 1050
Hamilton, Mrs. Margaret.
842
Tweed, James R. 1056
Heiligenstein, Christian.
848
Weber, Herman G 1064
Herter, Charles. 856
862
West, Edward W. 1078
Hill, Christopher C.
870
West, Washington. 1086
Karr, Adam. 876
Whiteside, Thomas A 1092
Kneffner, William C. 884
Wies, John J. 1100
Lischer, George W.
890
Wilderman, Alonzo S. 649
Map of St. Clair County, Facing Title Page
Wolf, Philipp. 1106
McBride, William E. 898 Wombacher, George F 1112
Ropiequet, R. W. 960
Cragen, Edward L.
734
Sexton, Stephen D. 972
Faust, Nicholas
766
Fekete, Thomas L
772
Flach. Joseph.
786 . Stookey, Moses M 1008
Frankel, Albert B
SOS
Tegtmeier, Henry 1028
Heimberger, H. R.
Wehr, Solomon F. 1070
Hill, William H.
A. S. Wilderman
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
CHAPTER I.
PREHISTORIC RACES.
EVIDENCE OF THE PRESENCE OF TWO RACES BEFORE THE COMING OF THE INDIANS -TIIE MOUND BUILDERS AND THEIR MONUMENTS IN ST. CLAIR COUNTY-CAHOKIA, OR "MONKS' MOUND," IN THE AMERICAN BOTTOM-DESCRIPTION OF THESE PRE- IIISTORIC WORKS BY M'ADAMS, BRECKENRIDGE, SQUIER AND DAVIS-OTHER REMNANTS OF THIS FAMOUS GROUP-TIIEIR ESTIMATED NUMBER AND EXTENT-NATURE AS A MOUND BUILDER.
We find evidences that, even before the time of the Indians, two races probably inhabited this county. The Mound Builders left memo- rials of themselves in the form of mounds. The other race, perhaps their more civilized prede- cessors, have left ruins suggesting large tem- ples, palaces and pyramids, which may be re- mains of magnificent cities.
These last mentioned works, to judge from their form and structure, were erected by a peaceful people, and, to judge from their num- ber, indicate a dense population at the time of their construction. This is especially true of a part of the Amercan Bottom, in St. Clair Coun- ty, which contains a remarkable group. The principal one of this group is "Cahokia Mound." as it is sometimes called, owing to its near- ness to Cahokia Creek,-or "Monks' Mound," as it is generally called, because in early days
it was occupied by the Monks of La Trappe. This mound is supposed to belong to the class of "temple mounds," being judged by form and size.
We quote the following from William Mc- Adams's "Records of Ancient Races:"
"In the center of a great mass of mounds and earthworks, there stands a mighty pyra- mid whose base covers near sixteen acres of ground. It is not exactly square, being a par- allelogram a little longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side is an apron, or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which now grow forest trees. The top, which contains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet higher . than the southern. On the north, east and south, the structure still retains its straight side that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white men, but remains in appearance the same today as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rain- storms and the elements. From the second terrace, a well eighty feet deep penetrates the base of the structure, which is almost wholly composed of the black sticky soil of the sur- rounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound, but a pyramid with straight sides."
649
650
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
The mound is about ninety feet high. Squier1 and Davis2 estimated its contents at about 20,- 000,000 cubic feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound ten feet high, from which human remains and various relics were taken while the mound was being leveled for the site of a house.
Mr. Breckenridge, in 1811, estimated that the construction of this principal mound must have taken thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace was then used as a kitchen garden by the Trappists, and the apex bore wheat. Many flint and earthen vessels have been found there. According to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two large mounds within two miles of the principal mound, and the group, which extends to the mouth of the Cahokia, includes more than one hundred, most of them square and from twenty to fifty feet high, but a few oval or conical. Among these are many small lakes, evidently artificial. Ornaments and pottery specimens have been found there.
Not one of these mounds has been systemat- ically explored. Sugar Loaf, on the bluff near Falling Springs, is one of the highest of these mounds in the county. Standing on its sum- mit, one sees a panorama of rare beauty.
There were similar mounds on and near by the site of St. Louis, which probably belonged to the same system. It was thought that the great "Cahokia Mound" was the central struc- ture, and a suggestion has been offered that it might have been a place of sacrifice. Some years ago, Doctor J. W. Foster estimated the whole number of mounds discernible in the American Bottom at nearly two hundred.
With the same degree of awe with which we regard these seeming remains 'of a prehistoric civilization on the shores of the Mississippi, other men-ages hence, when our own period shall have, in its turn, become prehistoric- may look upon the ruins of St. Louis, wonder- ing by what race of men it was built.
Brink's History of St. Clair County (1881) has this to say concerning these mounds: "Many archæologists have claimed them as evi- dences of the existence of a prehistoric race ; others, as the work of aborigines-the progen- itors of the Indian race. Others still have as-
serted that the finding of crosses within these mounds attests the builders to have been de- scendants of European races, perhaps the Northmen who crossed the Arctic Ocean several centuries before Columbus made his discov- eries in the New World. To them the link be- tween the Christian religion and the cross is plain. Again, there are those who, in view of the irregularity of position of these mounds, believe them but the result of natural causes- drift, clay and loess, deposited by waters which have receded from them. The fact that human bones are found within them, instead of proving them to have been made for interment of the dead, only proves their having been selected for such purpose. That they were erected as fort- resses, or as homes, is scouted by many."
From all the facts before us, we can at pres- ent say little more than this: That the Valley of the Mississippi and the Atlantic Coast were once densely populated by a sedentary, agricul- tural and partially civilized race, quite different from the modern nomadic Indians, though pos- sibly the progenitors of some of the Indian tribes; and that, after many centuries of occu- pation, they disappeared from our country at least one thousand-perhaps many thousand- years before the advent of Europeans. No tab- lets or inscriptions yet discovered prove that the Mound Builders had a written language, and the inscriptions on rocks-so common in the country they occupied, and usually referred to them-are of such rude execution, mythical characters and doubtful parentage, that they throw little light on the history of that an- cient race.
NATURE AS A MOUND BUILDER .- Dr. Cyrus A. Peterson, President of the Missouri Historical Society, recently printed and circulated a map of the Cahokia Mound Group. The map bore the statement that the Great Cahokia Mound, oppo- site St. Louis, is the largest prehistoric tumu- lus in the United States.
Since the circulation of the map a number of exceptions have been taken to this statement by persons who profess to know of greater mounds. Among others, a mound at Mascou- tah, Ill., was nominated for first place. The local scientists had not known of any big mound near Mascoutah, and, being from Missouri, they had to be shown. Dr. Peterson organized an
1 "Memoir of the Ancient Monuments of the West."
2 "The Monuments of the Mississippi Valley."
651
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
expedition of investigation and the Mascoutah mound was sought out and properly listed. Professor W J McGee, Director of the St. Louis Public Museum, was a member of the expedi- tion, and in the best of humor, and with a skill which reveals this many-sided gentleman as a poet and humorist of unsuspected gifts, he penned the following:
MASCOUTAH HILL.
By the trail of old Mascoutah, Where the prairie gleams and glistens- "Looking-glass," the settlers style it, While the stranger looks and listens- There the Red Man' found a hillock Rising far above the greensward,
Crowned with oak and elm and maple Breaking through the prairie greensward.
Toward the east the Kas-kas-ke-yah, Filled with fish and flanked with forest; On the west a smaller river Bending toward the flanking forests- "Sugar Creek," the White Man terms it, From the vernal sap of maples,
Sap the natives taught to harvest, And to store with White Man's staples.
Here in ages long forgotten Came the ice-sheet, born in Northlands, Spilling grist of silt and boulders, Slushing loess from nearer Northlands, Shaping scraps and plains and valleys, Heaping hills with torrents blending- And the hillock of Mascoutah
Marks today the Ice Age ending.
Came the shaman and the warrior With the products of the prairie, With their flints and fictile treasures, With the products of the prairie, To this hillock of the Ice Age; Brought the wives and babes who loved them, Built them homes, and when life ended, Heaped the earth in mounds above them.
So the hillock on the prairie, By the trail of old Mascoutah, Came a sepulchre and tomb-mark Of the Red Man of Mascoutah; So, today, it towers grandly, Landmark for the lower places, And in mounds and graves and houses, Monument of passing races.
When the mounds were torn with ploughshares, Came in time a visionary By the trail of old Mascoutah, To the hillock on the prairie- Came with crass imagination And the habitude of wonder; Dreamed the Red Man built the hillock; Then proclaimed his arrant blunder.
Came at last the savants grizzled, Filled with lore of rocks and Red Man, One-time pioneers and settlers, Sympathetic with the Red Men- Came to search for flints and fictiles, Correlate the loess and gravel, And, through laws of Nature science, See the olden record ravel.
Thus the veil was lifted fairly From the plain of old Mascoutah; Art and Science joined in reading The Rosetta of Mascoutah;
Gone the glaciers, gone the Red Men, Yet their records scarcely vary, And the tumuli and paha Witness still Mascoutah prairie.
CHAPTER II.
INDIAN OCCUPANTS.
THE ALGONQUIN CONFEDERACY - LOCATION OF TRIBES IN THE LATTER PART OF THE SEVEN- TEENTII CENTURY-DESTRUCTIVE CAMPAIGNS OF THE IROQUOIS-ORIGIN OF THE VILLAGES OF CA- HOKIA AND KASKASKIA-FATE OF PONTIAC-THE STORY OF CHIEF DU QUOIN-TURKEY HILL AN INDIAN CAMPING GROUND - REMINISCENCES OF MRS. LA COMPT AND HER INFLUENCE ON THE INDIANS - WILLIAM BIGGS - GRAPHIC STORY OF HIS EXPERIENCE AS A PRISONER-THE WHITE- SIDES AND OTHER EARLY INDIAN FIGHTERS-AP- PEAL OF THE EARLY SETTLERS TO THE PRESI- DET FOR PROTECTION IN 1809 - CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR OF 1812-"THE RED MAN'S LAST ROLL CALL."
The Algonquins inhabited what may be des- ignated as the central section of the Mississippi Valley. The Illinois, one of the constituent tribes of the Algonquin Confederacy, had their abode along the river which bears their name. In 1680, the Iroquois Indians attacked the chief city of the Illinois, imprisoned and killed many of the Tammarais (called by a majority of his- torians Tamaroas), one group of the tribe, and drove other groups south. These latter groups settled where Peoria, Cahokia and Kaskaskia came into being, eventually to take their names. The Kahokias and the remnant of the Tamaroas settled on the site of Cahokia, and the Mitchigamies at Fort Chartres, beyond the present limits of St. Clair County. Reynolds says the villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia were results of efforts by the Jesuits, before 1720, to convert these Indians to Christianity.
Both before and after the admission of Illi- nois as a State, its growth in population was slow, being impeded by almost continuous con- flicts with the Indian tribes within its borders. The Illinois Indians formed a confederacy com- posed of tribesmen of the Algonquin stock, which formerly occupied Illinois and parts of Iowa, Missouri and Wisconsin. The principal tribes of the confederacy were the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, Tamarais and Mitchigamies. The Illinois were allies of the French, and for
652
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
that reason the Iroquois, in 1768, waged a long and destructive war against them. In 1769, Pontiac, an Ottawa, who was chief of the con- federacy, was assassinated near Cahokia, for a barrel of liquor, by a Kaskaskia Indian, or, as another version of the event has it, on the Des Plaines River, near Joliet, by the Illinois chief Kineboo. A war of extermination by lake tribes, including the Sacs, Foxes and Potta- watomies, followed. In 1800, the Kaskaskias and Peorias, the only surviving Illinois tribes, could boast but 150 warriors. Soon afterward, the remaining Indians, under their chief, Du Quoin, a half-breed, emigrated to the southwest and, in 1850, their survivors-eighty-four in number-were in Indian Territory. Du Quoin was a fitting chief to take charge of his nation in their condition then. His boast was that neither he nor his nation had ever shed white blood. However, he and his nation had always depended on the whites for support and pro- tection. He had visited President Washington at Philadelphia, and wore a gold medal pre- sented him by that first "Great Father." He had two sons, Louis and Jefferson du Quoin, who were drunken, worthless men. Roving bands of Kickapoos and Pottawatomies were often seen by early settlers in the county, but none of them ever visited either of the settle- ments after about 1808.
Turkey Hill was long, perhaps for many generations, an Indian camping ground. It rises to such a height that, from the east, it can be seen as far as forty miles. It must have been exceedingly difficult of approach by foemen of alert savages gathered upon its summit. Ac- cording to tradition the Tammarais (or "Tama- roas," as they were more frequently called) once had a large town there. To them, the Great Spirit is said to have sent a very wise and good old Indian, "all of the olden time," with seeds of good vegetables and instructions as to how they should be planted and culti- vated, and much sensible counsel as to the maintenance of peaceful relations with the rest of mankind. For a time, it is said, this advice was heeded and the Tamaroas enjoyed a splen- did "period of prosperity," but at length they are reported to have grown careless and bel- ligerent, and eventually to have suffered sadly in consequence. All of which brings to mind the distribution of seeds in these days, by the Department of Agriculture, familiar talk about
"prosperity," and the old saw to the effect that "there is nothing new under the sun." These Tamarais were wiped out by the Shawnees.
According to Governor Reynolds, Twelve Mile Prairie was once called "Prairie Tamma- rais." In these parts "the last hostile attack" by considerable numbers of Indians on people of their race, "was made by the Kickapoos in 1805 against the poor Kaskaskia Indian chil- dren. These children were gathering straw- berries in the prairie above Kaskaskia, and their relentless enemy captured and carried away a considerable number of them. The Kas- kaskaskia followed a long distance, but failed to overtake them." "It is impossible," continues Governor Reynolds, "to ascertain the precise dates of Indian migrations. There are no rec- ords kept of the movements of Indians. Not until after the first whites came to this coun- try in 1673, the Illinois Indians were started south by their enemies, and in 1720, the Mitchi- gamie band was located on the Mississippi near Fort Chartres. Before 1730, most of the Illi- nois Indians were forced south from the Illi- nois River. Kaskaskia was the last place of refuge for the whole of the Indian confeder- acy, united into 'Kaskaskia band,' and from this place the tribe migrated west. About the year 1800 the whole confederated tribes amounted to about one hundred fifty warriors."
Indians seldom molested early American set- tlements in St. Clair County, and for the most part lived on friendly terms with the Cahokia French. The red men committed numerous depredations in what is now Monroe County, but under General St. Clair's treaty with the Indians, in 1795, before American settlements were made in this county, those who located here were comparatively safe. There was peace until the events that merged into the War of 1812. Some exciting incidents of Indian war- fare occurred in what is now St. Clair County during the pioneer days, however.
Mrs. La Compt, a woman of strong moral character and a strong physical constitution, came to Cahokia in 1770 and died there in 1843, aged 109 years. She married and buried Thomas Brady, and when he died resumed her pre- ceding husband's name. Her first husband's name is not known. Her family name was La Flamme. She understood the languages of different tribes of Indians and wielded a great influence over the savages round about. While
653
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
early settlement was in progress in Monroe and Randolph counties (1771-95), she many times protected the pioneers. Indian friends came to her, often at night, and told her that Cahokia would be attacked, warning her to seek her own safety in flight. On such occa- sions she went boldly to meet the hostiles, knowing that her sex and her friendship for them would save her from violence. Sometimes she met them near the site of the French vil- lage, and she never failed to dissuade them from their murderous purpose. The men of Cahokia, armed and waiting to repel an attack, were more than once surprised to see her come into the village with Indian followers who had come intent on peace, to be the guests of the town until all danger of immediate hostilities was dispelled. They were feasted day after day, and at length went away in friendly humor.
EXPERIENCE OF WILLIAM BIGGS AS A PRIS- ONER .- On the morning of March 28, 1788, Wil- liam Biggs (afterward known as Judge Biggs), and John Vallis, en route from Bellefontaine to Cahokia, were attacked three miles south of Columbia, Monroe County, by sixteen Indians, most of whom were Kickapoos. Vallis, wound- ed, escaped and died of his wound six weeks later. Biggs's treatment by the Indians was remarkable in more ways than one.
Biggs was born in Maryland in 1755 and was thirty-three years old at the time of this adven- ture. In 1778 he had served as Lieutenant under George Rogers Clark in the conquest of Illinois. After that service, he had married and, in 1784, with James Moore, Shadrach Bond, Sr., Larken Rutherford and others, he and his two brothers had settled at Bellefon- taine, near the site of Waterloo. In 1790, two years after this adventure, Biggs was appoint- ed by Governor St. Clair, Sheriff of St. Clair County, as then organized. In December, 1802, he was defeated in an election held at Cahokia, in an ambition to represent St. Clair County in a convention that had been called by General Harrison, to meet at Vincennes, to petition Congress to abrogate or suspend the clause of the Ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery in the Northwestern Territory. He was elected in 1804 and re-elected in 1806, to represent St. Clair County in sessions of the Legislature of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois then formed a part. He was, in 1808, elected in St. Clair County
to the office of "Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas," and held the first terms of this court in a corn crib. In 1812, and again in 1814, he was elected to rep- resent St. Clair County in the legislative coun- cil (Senate) of Illinois Territory. In 1818 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of Sheriff of St. Clair County. In 1826 Con- gress granted him three sections of land. At that time he was making salt near Silver Creek, Madison County. He died in 1827 at the house of Col. Thomas Judy, in Madison County. He has been described as a handsome man, tall, erect, of soldierly bearing, florid, dark-eyed and dark-haired, of keen intelligence and affable disposition.
It is to be believed that his appearance and his manner had much to do with determining his treatment by his captors. They urged him to accept the daughter of a brave for a wife, and to become a member of their tribe. Several Indians pursued and made him captive. The fourth to reach him evidently wanted to kill him, but was prevented from doing so by his companions. They said to Biggs that they were Kickapoos; that they were very good Indians; that they would not hurt him; that he must not be afraid, etc. They told him that he was now a Kickapoo and must go with them to Ma- tocush, a French trading town on the Wabash River. Eight Indians hurried him away, bound and completely at their mercy. The other eight went by another way and none of them were seen for some time. Assuming that his captors, in hastening to their village on the Wabash- now the site of Lafayette, Indiana,-departed from a direct course only enough to avoid large streams, they must have passed through, or near the site of Belleville, there crossing Rich- land Creek, and camped the first night near Lebanon, perhaps on Silver Creek. Thence, they probably crossed the east branch of Shoal Creek, just north of Greenville, thence via the sites of Tower Hill, Sullivan, Tuscola and Dan- ville. Soon after his capture, the Indian of the party who had wanted to kill him was, after due deliberation by the whole band, shot by some of the others. He was a Pottawatomie of nineteen or twenty years. "They did not want him to go to war with them," wrote Biggs, in his narrative originally published in 1826. "They said that he was a great coward and would not go into danger until there was no
654
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
risk to run; then he would run forward and get the best of the plunder, and that he would not be commanded; he would do as he pleased, was very selfish and stubborn, and was deter- mined to kill me if he could get a chance." Biggs was not again in much danger of losing his life, but was painfully bound and carefully guarded every night.
On the ninth day, they arrived at an Indian hunting camp, where sugar had been made that spring. The Indians there fed them plentifully, and, after they had eaten, Biggs went with his captors into a large cabin, and immediately several of the latter's friends, bucks and squaws, came in to see them and to hear the news of the trail. It was customary for Kick- apoo squaws to demand presents of warriors returning from successful expeditions. The braves never refused anything that was de- manded. When all the warriors had yielded tribute to the women, one of the latter touched the blanket with which Biggs's captors had re- placed his coat, cast off before his capture. "I saw how the game was played," said Biggs in his narrative; "I just threw it off and gave it to her. Then there came up a young squaw, about eleven or twelve years old, and took hold of my shirt. I did not want to let that go, .
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