USA > Illinois > Cook County > Chicago > Historical review of Chicago and Cook county and selected biography, Volume I > Part 30
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Dr. Edward Lorenzo Holmes was a native of Massachusetts, born in Dedham, January 28, 1828, and was graduated from Harvard Col-
DR. EDWARD lege in 1849. He received his medical degree from
L. HOLMES. the same institution in 1852. After a year in gen-
eral hospital, in 1854-55, he visited Paris and Vi- enna. He had chosen diseases of the eye and ear as his specialty. He located in Chicago in 1856 and was the first to devote himself ex- clusively to that specialty. He became a prominent member of the Illinois State Medical Society and his annual contributions were al- ways valuable and well received. He was mainly instrumental in the founding of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1858, and was at the head of its medical and surgical staff for thirty- nine years. In 1871 the infirmary, which had hitherto been sus- tained by the contributions of benevolent citizens, was assumed by the state and became one of the most prominent institutions of its kind in this country, to which reference is elsewhere made. In 1867 he was appointed to a full professorship in Rush Medical College, and in 1890 became dean of the faculty. He was active in the devel- opment of the Presbyterian Hospital and from its opening until his death was an active member of the staff-a consultant and finally an emeritus. He commanded the profound respect of the entire pro- fession. His life was a generous contribution to the afflicted, and in
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his ethical relation he was above criticism. He died in his home sur- rounded by loving friends, February 12, 1900, aged seventy-two years.
Medical Colleges.
The medical colleges of Chicago have attained to such a degree of excellence as to be held in high repute by the profession at large. This is evident from the constantly increasing number of students that congregate here for medical instruction. Their importance and their intimate connection with the medical history of the city warrants a somewhat extended reference to their origin and development.
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE was the pioneer college in the northwest, the schools in Cincinnati and Louisville being in nearest proximity. Although a charter for its organization had been secured in 1837, such was the unparallelled depression following the panic of that year that the school was not formally opened until 1843. It occupied two rooms near the corner of Clark and Randolph streets. At the close of the session William Butterfield was the only graduate, the other mein- bers being first-year students. During the next season a lot was do- nated on the corner of Dearborn and Indiana streets and the second year's course of lectures was given in its own building on its own ground. The classes steadily increased until in 1854 the matriculates numbered 150, with 37 graduates. During the ten years the college had entirely outgrown its accommodations and a new building was erected on the same corner in 1855 at the cost of $15.000. In 1867 a still larger one was built, the former being utilized as an annex. This building, at a cost of $70,000, was entirely destroyed in the Chicago fire in 1871. Nothing daunted, the faculty secured ground in proxim- ity to the Cook County Hospital, then located at the corner of Eigh- teenth and Arnold streets, where temporary barracks were erected.
Recurring to its early history, the first course of lectures com- meneed December 4, 1843, and continued sixteen weeks. Dr. . 1. W. Davisson, who was then prosector for Dr. Brainard, once told the writer that when Dr. Brainard concluded his first lecture and re- turned to the ante-room he made a clean jump over a Windsor chair in token of his success. The faculty at that time was constituted as follows :
Daniel Brainard, M. D., professor of anatomy and surgery; Vol. I-20.
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James V. Z. Blaney, M. D., professor of chemistry and materia med- ica; John McLean, M. D., professor of theory and practice of medi- cine; J. M. Knapp, M. D., professor of obstetrics.
The introductory exercises were held in the new edifice Decem- ber II, 1844, and fully reported in the daily papers. Dr. Robert W. Paxton officiated as chaplain, Dr. Brainard delivered the inaugural address. The faculty had now been materially reinforced and was con- stituted as follows :
Daniel Brainard, M. D., professor of surgery; Austin Flint, M. D., professor of institutes and practice of medicine; G. N. Fitch, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; James V. Z. Blaney, M. D., professor of chemistry and pharmacy ; John McLean, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; Wm. B. Herrick, M. D., professor of anatomy; A. W. Davisson, M. D., prosector to the chair of anatomy.
During the succeeding years various changes occurred in the per- sonnel of the faculty. Dr. Flint resigned at the end of the second course, in 1848, and Dr. Thomas Spencer succeeded him. In 1849 Dr. Fitch resigned the chair of obstetrics and was succeeded by Dr. John Evans, who held that position until 1855, when he was followed by Dr. William H. Byford. In 1850 Dr. Thomas Spencer resigned from the chair of principles and practice of medicine and was suc- ceeded by Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, who, during the term of 1849 and 1850, had held the chair of physiology and pathology. In the meantime Dr. Hosmer Allen Johnson had been elected to the chair of physiology and microscopy. In 1855 Dr. Edmund Andrews was called to the professorship of comparative anatomy and demonstra- tor of anatomy. In 1859, Drs. Davis, Johnson, Byford and Andrews having resigned with the purpose of organizing a new college, the faculty was reorganized and was constituted as follows :
Daniel Brainard, M. D., professor of surgery; Jonathan Adams Allen, M. D., professor of principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medicine; James V. Z. Blaney, M. D., professor of chem- istry and pharmacy, followed by Dr. Walter S. Haines; DeLaskie Miller, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases of women; Eph- raim Ingalls, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; Joseph Freer, M. D., professor of physiology and pathology; Robert L. Rea, M. D., professor of anatomy.
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Since 1859 the college faculty has continually enlarged to meet the necessities incident to its rapid growth. Upon the death of Dr. Brainard in 1866, Dr. Moses Gunn was called to the chair of surg- ery. Drs. Henry M. Lyman, Norman Bridge, Frank Billings, Dan- iel Brower, John M. Dodson, James B. Herrick, Alfred C. Cotton, Henry B. Favill and Bertram Shippey now represent the single chair of medicine. The chair of surgery in the announcement of 1907 was represented by Professors Nicholas Senn (since deceased), Ar- thur Dean Bevan, John B. Murphy, Dr. D. W. Graham and thirty- nine associate professors, assistant professors, lecturers and clinical lecturers. Each of the professorships have been greatly expanded and have a correspondingly enlarged teaching force. Quoting from the announcement for 1907, the faculty numbers thirty-one professors and one hunded and forty-three associates, lecturers and assistants. The announcement for May, 1907, gives also the following summary : Freshmen and sophomores, including special students, 270; ju- niors, 78; seniors, 96, post-graduates and special students, 123; total, 567.
The affiliations of Rush Medical College have been as follows :
In 1887 it became the medical department of Lake Forest Uni- versity. By mutual consent this relation was terminated in 1898, and a little later the college became the medical department of the Chi- cago University, under whose auspices its announcements are now made.
LIND UNIVERSITY, CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE AND NORTH- WESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. These are the three names by which this institution has been known. Although the classes of stu- dents in Rush Medical College had been steadily increasing in num- bers and ample provision had been made for their accommodation and the relations in the faculty having been entirely cordial, yet, on the part of several of the members there had been growing a pronounced dissatisfaction with the methods of medical teaching then prevalent throughout the entire country. Up to this time it had been the cus- tom in all the schools to give courses of instruction extending usu- ally through a period of about four months. Students who had at- tended a first course were required to attend a second as a condition of graduation. This second course was simply a repetition of the lectures of the previous year, and the second-year students were on
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the same plane with those just matriculated. It seemed to a portion of the faculty that a graded course of instruction was as essential in the teaching of medicine and surgery as in other literary institutions, and that second-course students should not be compelled to fall back and retrace the ground with those of the first course.
They argued that a first course should embrace the primary branches and be taught by one corps of professors and that a second course taught by another corps of teachers should embrace the prac- tical applications of the teachings of the first year, embracing the practice of medicine and surgery and the chairs associated therewith. An opportunity was now offered for the organization of a second school in connection with Lind University in which a graded system of instruction should be inaugurated.
On the evening of March 12, 1859, Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson and Dr. Edmund Andrews met Dr. Ralph N. Isham and Dr. David Rut- ter at the office of the two latter gentlemen. At this preliminary meet- ing the matter was fully discussed and resulted in the adoption of a resolution to organize a school in which, for the first time in this country, a graded system of instruction should be incorporated as one of its features.
In the formation of the new faculty, Dr. Nathan S. Davis was tendered the chair of theory and practice of medicine and Dr. Wil- liam H. Byford the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and chil- dren. The faculty of Rush College, being unwilling to inaugurate the graded course, these gentlemen accepted those positions in the new school that they might carry out the views that they had long cher- ished, and strongly advocated. The faculty of the new school con- sisted of the following professors :
David Rutter, M. D., Emeritus, professor of obstetrics and dis- eases of women and children; Hosmer Allen Johnson, M. D., profes- sor of pathology and pathological anatomy and dean of the faculty; Edmund Andrews, M. D., professor of principles and practice of surgery; Nathan Smith Davis, M. D., professor of principles and practice of medicine; William H. Byford, M. D., professor of mid- wifery and diseases of women and children; John Hamilcar Hollister, professor of physiology and histology; F. Mahla, Ph. D., professor of chemistry; M. K. Taylor, M. D., professor of general pathology
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and public hygiene; Titus DeVille, M. D., professor of anatomy ; H. G. Spofford, Esq., professor of medical jurisprudence.
Rooms were fitted up in the upper stories of the Lind block, situ- ated on the corner of Market and Randolph streets. The opening exercises were conducted by Dr. H. A. Johnson, dean of the faculty, in the building thus arranged. On the evening of October 9, 1859, a popular lecture was delivered before a crowded audience by Dr. N. S. Davis. The first didactic lecture was delivered on the follow- ing morning by Dr. J. H. Hollister.
Like Rush College, it was to be developed from small beginnings. During the first course the class contained but thirty-three students, and at the close of the term there were nine graduates. After five years it seemed desirable to terminate the connection of the medical department with Lind University and to continue its work under an independent organization. By mutual consent the severance was made.
An act of incorporation was obtained from the state legislature giving full power for such organization for the purpose of medical teaching. By the act of incorporation the name became "The Chi- cago Medical College." The following were the corporate members of the board of trustees, with power to elect their successors: Hos- mer A. Johnson, Nathan Smith Davis, Edmund Andrews, William H. Byford, Ralph N. Isham, Henry Wing, John H. Hollister and James Stewart Jewell.
When duly organized Dr. Johnson was made president of the board of trustees and Dr. Davis was dean of the faculty. It was during this year that it entered new quarters in a building constructed for its use near the corner of State and Twenty-second streets. In its new location during the next six years its classes steadily grew and the efficiency of a graded course of instruction was indicated by the unusual number of students who, in competitive examination, secured positions in the various hospitals. It had now so far out- grown its home that another change became necessary, and in 1870, it became affiliated with the Northwestern University, and entered its new building constructed under its own supervision on the corner of Twenty-sixth street and Prairie avenue, at a cost of $25,000.
In 1868 this college had made a further advance in the way of more thorough education and instituted a three-years course of in-
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struction with separate groups of studies for each of the three years. It may be proper to remark that at the present time nearly every re- putable college in the United States has adopted the plan of graded instruction first proposed on the evening of March 12, 1859, by Drs. Johnson, Andrews, Isham and Rutter. Later the medical faculty conveyed its property interest to the Northwestern University and assumed the name of the Northwestern University Medical School, and, with liberal appropriation from that institution, it is now per- manently established with ample and commodious buildings on Dear- born street, near the corner of Twenty-fourth street, in close prox- imity to the Wesley and Charity Hospitals and the Post-graduate Medical School Hospital. Its faculty in 1907 numbered thirty-two professors, twelve associate professors, ten assistants and twenty-nine instructors.
WOMEN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE. NORTHWESTERN UNI- VERSITY WOMEN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL. Under the first name this insti- tution was organized in 1870. Its special promoters were Dr. William H. Byford, Dr. Godfrey Dyas, and Dr. Mary H. Thompson, in connec- tion with President E. O. Haven of the Northwestern University. The faculty of the college as first constituted was as follows:
William H. Byford, M. D., president, professor of clinical surgery of women; W. Godfrey Dyas, M. D., professor of theory and practice of medicine; R. G. Bogue, M. D., pro- fessor of surgery; T. D. Fitch, M. D., secretary, professor of diseases of women; E. Margueret, M. D., professor of obstetrics; Charles Gilman Smith, M. D., professor of diseases of children; Mary Harris Thompson, M. D., professor of obstetrics and hygiene; S. C. Blake, M. D., professor of mental and nervous dis- eases; G. C. Paoli, M. D., professor of materia medica and thera- peutics ; S. A. McWilliams, M. D., professor of anatomy ; C. W. Earle, M. D., professor of physiology ; Norman Bridge, M. D., professor of pathology; Addison H. Foster, M. D., professor of surgical anatomy and operations in surgery; M. De Lafontaine, M. D., professor of chemistry ; F. C. Holtz, M. D., professor of opthalmology and otol- ogy; P. S. McDonald, M. D., demonstrator of anatomy.
Its requirements for graduation were a satisfactory preliminary education, attendance upon three full courses of lectures of six months each in the graded system, and requisite attendance upon
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clinical lectures in the hospital. Previous to the Chicago fire the school was located in temporary rooms on the north side. Imme- diately after this disaster a location was secured on Adams street in the west division. Lectures were immediately resumed, the class of that session numbering eighteen. Here the college remained for six years. In 1878, a desirable lot was secured opposite Cook County Hospital. Here a commodious building was erected, capable of ac- commodating two hunderd students and was occupied in 1879. Dur- ing the succeeding twelve years the college steadily increased in the number of its students and in the efficiency of its work. Material changes occurred in the personnel of its faculty, but the efficiency of its teaching was fully maintained. The need for such an institu- tion is apparent from the fact that as early as 1891 the ladies in attendance numbered one hundred and twenty-five, and of these twenty-four were graduated at the close of that session. At that date, with its achievement of success as an independent organization fully assured, it yet seemed desirable that it should become an integral part of the Northwestern University, henceforth to be known as the Northwestern University Women's Medical School.
CHICAGO COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Chicago was fast approaching the two million mark in the number of its inhabi- tants. It had reached the point where it was soon to be the leading med- ical center in this country. It was evident to not a few that the time had come when another college with a high order of requirements was warranted, and the result has fully justified that view. Dr. A. Reeves Jackson and Dr. Charles Warrington Earle are credited with its inception. At the first meeting called to consider the ques- tion, Dr. Jackson acted as chairman, and Dr. D. A. K. Steele was sec- retary. It was decided to procure an act of incorporation. The sumn to be named in the certificate was $30,000, which was subscribed by those then present. A lot was purchased at the corner of Harrison and Honore streets, at a cost of $5,000, and a splendid spacious and well adapted building was erected directly opposite the main entrance of Cook County Hospital at a cost of $57,000. The first session of the college opened September 26, 1882. Its faculty was constituted as follows :
Dr. A. Reeves Jackson, president, professor of surgical diseases of women and clinical gynecology ; Dr. Samuel A. McWilliams, pro-
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fessor of clinical medicine and diseases of the chest; Dr. D. A. K. Steele, professor of orthopedic surgery; Dr. Leonard St. John, dem- onstrator of surgery, surgical appliances, and minor surgery ; Dr. Charles Warrington Earle, professor of obstetrics; Dr. Henry Palmer, professor of operative surgery, clinical surgery, and surgical pathology; Dr. R. L. Rea, professor of principles and practice of surgery, and clinical surgery; Dr. Frank E. Waxam, professor of diseases of children.
To the original faculty large additions were made, and enumer- ated in the successive announcements. The requirements on the part of the students were as follows: First, a good moral character ; second, twenty-one years of age; third, three years of study with a physician in regular standing; fourth, attendance upon two or more winter courses of lectures, one of these at this college; fifth, dissec- tion of each part of a cadaver; sixth, attendance upon two courses of clinical and hospital instruction ; seventh, satisfactory examination. The enrollment of students for the first year numbered one hundred and sixty-five. At the close of the session fifty-two of these were graduated. The faculty has been steadily enlarged to meet the increased requirements, and each year there has been a steady increase in the number of its students. In the announcement for 1907 the enrollment numbered five hundred and two. In 1897 the college became affiliated with the Illinois State University, the president of the university being president ex officio of this de- partment, Dr. D. A. K. Steele president of the board of trustees, and W. E. Quine dean of the faculty. The faculty for 1907 was repre- sented as follows: Forty-seven professors, thirty-eight associate pro- fessors, and fifty-nine instructors. The present class numbers five hundred and two students.
HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. Through the special efforts of Dr. D. S. Smith, ably seconded by those of Hon. Thomas Hoyne, a charter for the college was procured in 1855. Its board of incor- porators was constituted as follows, the same acting as a board of trustees : Dr. D. S. Smith, Thomas Hoyne, Orrington Lunt, George A. Gibbs, Joseph A. Daggett, George E. Shipman, John M. Willson, William H. Brown, Norman B. Judd and J. H. Dunham. In the organization of the board J. H. Dunham became president, Dr. D. S. Smith vice president, and Dr. George E. Shipman secretary and
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treasurer. The organization of the faculty was not completed until 1859, and was constituted as follows :
Dr. David S. Smith, president of the faculty and ex-officio presi- dent of the board of trustees; Dr. E. A. Small, professor of theory and practice of medicine; Dr. George E. Shipman, professor of ma- teria medica and therapeutics; Dr. H. K. W. Boardman, professor of surgery; Dr. J. L. Kellogg, professor of obstetrics; Dr. Reuben Ludlam, professor of physiology and pathology; Dr. N. E. Cook, professor of chemistry and toxicology; Dr. G. D. Beebe, professor of anatomy ; George Payson, Esq., lecturer in medical jurisprudence.
Dr. A. E. Small was elected dean and Dr. R. Ludlam secretary of the faculty. The college at first was located at 168 North Clark street. The length of the college term was twenty weeks. The first course of lectures opened October 15, 1860. Here, for eight years annual courses of lectures were given to steadily growing classes. For a brief period the location of the college was changed to 1237 State street. In 1870 the Hon. J. Y. Scammon presented to the col- lege a desirable lot on Cottage Grove avenue, between Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth streets, well suited for both college and hospital purposes, and here in a building amply constructed and well appoint- ed, the college and hospital are permanently located. Although all the original members of the faculty have been removed by death, it still maintains the ability and efficiency imparted by its founders.
At the date of the withdrawal of a portion of the faculty in 1876 for the organization of a new college, there remained of its permanent members, Drs. D. S. Smith, A. E. Small, A. G. Hall, T. S. Hoyne and Reuben Ludlam. The following became members of the fac- ulty at that time: Drs. C. H. Vilas, E. S. Bailey, S. Leavitt. H. P. Cole, H. B. Fellows and N. J. Hawkes. At the death of Dr. D. S. Smith, who had been president of the faculty since its organization, Dr Reuben Ludlam succeeded, and upon his death, Dr. G. F. Shears was his successor, and is now its president. Dr. H. R. Chislett is dean of the faculty. Among those who are members of the present staff and who prominently represent the institution the names of Drs. E. Stillman Bailey, N. B. Delamater, Clifford Mitchell, H. V. Halbert, W. M. Stearns, A. L. Blackwood and B. A. McBirney are worthy of special mention. By the union of the Hahnemann and Homeopathic colleges in 1904, an able faculty has been secured and
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renders the college one of the most prominent of the homeopathic colleges in this country. Its course. of study is in full accord with the requirements of the Illinois state board of health. Its faculty is represented by thirty-nine professors and twenty-six adjuncts and teachers.
CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. This college was incorporated under the general law of the state of Illinois in 1876, and its first session opened in September of that year. The location of the col- lege was on Van Buren street and Michigan avenue. With a view to permanency, for the enlargement of its quarters and for the ad- vantages of clinical teachings, a lot was secured on Wood street, in immediate proximity with the Cook County Hospital, and a fine building erected at a cost of $45,000 was opened for students in 1881. It was ample in its appointments and its amphitheater had a capacity for five hundred students. It was represented by a full corps of clin- ical teachers in Cook County Hospital. The following was the con- stitution of the first faculty :
Dr. George E. Shipman, Emeritus, professor of materia medica; Dr. A. C. Gatchell, professor of physiology and public hygiene; Dr. Rodney Welch, professor of chemistry and toxicology; Dr. Leonard Pratt, professor of special pathology and diagnosis; Dr. J. S. Mitch- ell, professor of clinical medicine and throat and chest diseases; Dr. S. P. Hedges, professor of institutes and practice of medicine ; Dr. A. G. Beebe and Dr. Chas. Adams, professors of practice of surgery and clinical surgery; Dr. Willis Danforth, professor of gynecology and surgery; Dr. John W. Streetor, professor of diseases of women and children; Dr. R. N. Foster, professor of obstetrics; Dr. W. H. Woodyat, professor of opthalmology and otology; Dr. A. M. Hale and Dr. A. W. Woodward, professors of materia medica and thera- peutics; Dr. E. H. Pratt, professor of anatomy; Dr. J. R. Kippax, professor of dermatology and medical jurisprudence; Dr. R. F. « Tooker, professor of physiology; Dr. Romeyn Hitchcock, professor of chemistry and toxicology; Dr. N. B. Delamater, professor of electro-therapeutics and proovings.
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