USA > Illinois > White County > History of White County Illinois > Part 4
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number of collections have been made. We notice some of the most prominent.
Collection of W. M. Locke, Deceased .- This man, in his day & resident of Wabash Station, made a magnificent collection of Indian antiquities, most of which have been since disposed of to a resident of Ohio, and some to other parties. There yet remain in the pos- session of his widow a fair representation of arrow-heads, stone hatchets, beads, amulets, etc.
Of the first mentioned are specimens ranging from the plainest and largest size, say about half a foot in length (digging imple- ments ?) to those weighing not more than a quarter of an ounce. The flint of which they are made is of various colors, and their shapes vary from the common arrow-form to simple spear- heads or lance points. There are also several specimens of un- finished work. Some of the points are delicately notched, so as to admit of withe being tied around them to hold them permanently in place.
Of skinning hatchets and stone axes, there are all sizes, from those of six or eight pounds weight to those of but few ounces. They are of lime or sandstone, but none of greenstone, porphyry, or boulder granite, as are common in the Lake region. Some of these are furrowed around near the head, to admit of a handle, and some are not. The handle was probably a stick split at the further end, and the two prongs thus made tied around the hatchet head with thongs. Some were plain and smooth, to be used by the hands without handles.
Flint blades for digging, weighing from one to two pounds, in all stages of completion, are in this collection, found at various points in this vicinity.
Of amulets, beads and pipe-stems there is a great profusion. The latter are possibly made ot burnt clay and painted, mostly red; some are blue and some greenish. Some of the beads are elon- gated and cylindrical, like segments of pipe-stems, and some were globular, or nearly so. There are several specimens of a kind of bead about the size of a large cherry, oblate (flattened one way like a turnip or onion), with four stripes running down the sides from one flat surface to the other. The bead is of a dull red color, and the stripes are white, about a twelfth of an inch wide, with a dark blue middle.
Perforated teeth of bears and other animals, and bone orna- ments with perforations or indentations cut around, tips of deer
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and elk horns. a tomahawk so cut that it could be used as a pipe, and many trinkets of minor importance are still to be found in Mr. Locke's cabinet. Also specimens of pottery from Indian mounds along the Wabash, and bones from " Bone Bank," on the Indiana shore.
Dr. V. H. Parker's Cabinet, at Hawthorne Station, contains some fine specimens of Indian antiquities, among them a mortar, a large flint implement for digging, plowing or hoeing, bone han- dles, rolling-pins, plummets, a dagger, a knife, a drill, a dart, beads, etc. The beads are made of bones of some fowl, and were found in a mound in this county, around the neck of a skeleton. There is also a well-preserved Indian skull in this collection. The Doctor has also a small image of a human foot, found in this county. It is often called a "child's foot," as it is only four inches in length and some of the outlines of a child's foot; but the great toe is pushed over upon the second toe, thus betraying its origin in "civil- ization,"-Heaven save the mark! It appears to be made of chalky limestone, white, but coated over with black material, prob- ably from surrounding earth, debris, or much handling.
Dr. F. J. Foster, of Carmi, has an interesting collection of stone axes, skinning hatchets, digging implements, arrow-heads, Indian ornaments, etc. The stone axes are generally made of boulder granite. One was found on Seven-Mile Creek. One long-polled specimen seems to be made of hard limestone. The digging blades were plowed up in a field near Marshall's Ferry, by James Euston, in 1867. One flint spade was picked up at Clear Lake. In this collection is a paint-pot, one and a half inches in diameter, dished equally above and below, being about a fourth of an inch in thickness in the center and two-thirds at the circumference. It is made of very hard stone, and seems to have been used as a paint mortar, a stone ball being used as a pestle. The Doctor has also a piece of soft stone, like soap-stone, with a beautiful wood grain throughout as if it were petrifaction, and a nicely polished hole bored longitudinally through it as if for a pipe. The piece is of various beautiful shades of slate, and weighs probably about half a pound. There is also in this collection a beautiful fossil of. a fern, found somewhere in this county.
Dr. Daniel Berry has a piece of boulder granite weighing a couple of pounds, in one end of which an aboriginal inhabitant bored a hole about two-thirds of an inch deep by twirling the end of a cane in it. In the center is a protuberance which the central
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portion or pith of the cane was too soft to grind off. It is difficult to conjecture the purpose for which this task was undertaken; some think a kind of smoking pipe was in contemplation. This speci- men was plowed up on a farm in this county.
Dr. E. L. Stewart has a piece of pottery made by the aborig- ines, which is a half-gallon jug, dug up east of the Little Wa. bash, about half a mile below Carmi.
At Grayville, J. E. O. Clarke, at the Independent office, Capt. T. J. Matthews, Dr. J. M. G. Carter, and othershave interesting col- lections, archaeological relics, along with many geological speci- mens.
Many other parties in this part of Illinois have White County specimens of archaeological remains, some of which are interesting and curious, and some very puzzling to the antiquarian.
METEOROLOGY.
Climatically, White County is situated on the southern border of a zone of disagreeable changes of the weather, extending as far north as Milwaukee, Wis. The most unpleasant feature of this climate is the heavy, cold air which accompanies that degree of temperature during the winter season which partially freezes the mud during the night, and wholly or partially thaws it out during the day. Next to this are the disagreeable winds of March and April, and the sultriness of July and August. Otherwise the cli- mate of White County is as good as need be, and even in the above respects it is not so harsh as the sections north of it, or even as the prairie countries in the same latitude. The aptitude of the lower Wabash Valley for raising fine fruits of all kinds demon- strates the excellence of its climate.
Field crops of all kinds have nearly always turned out well, the most notable exceptions being the corn crop of 1854, which, on ac- count of drouth the latter part of the season, was a partial failure, and a total failure of the corn crop, and a half failure of the wheat in 1881. Frost very seldom lingers as late as May or comes as early as September. The greatest extremes recorded within the last six years are twenty-four and a half degrees below zero one night in January, 1879, and 104 degrees above zero in the shade one day in 1881. Within this period the thermometer rose to 102 degrees on two or three days, and fell to twenty-two below zero about as many times. The coldest periods remembered occurred
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in the winters of 1851-'52, Jau. 1, 1864 and 1880-'81. During the last period mentioned the mercury ranged about eighteen below zero for several days.
Of hail storms there have been but one or two which have in. jured crops to any extent.
Of snow there is comparatively a very small quantity in this lati- tude. Some winters there has been a little sleighing, but ordina- rily there is none. Some entire winter seasons pass also with no more cold than produces ice an inch in thickness.
Of hurricanes there have been several small ones in this county. One in 1818, when there was but little property to be destroyed. One occurred in 1873 at Round Point, or Sacramento, in the south- western part of the county, which destroyed considerable timber, unroofed houses, etc. June 26, 1881, a wind storm blew down a house or two near the western limits of Carmi.
Earthquake shocks have several times been perceived in White County, as the dying waves of a distant convulsion of mother carth. The most notable was that of 1811, an account of which is here given.
EARTHQUAKE.
In the winter of 1811-'2 occurred the great earthquake that sunk New Madrid, Mo., six feet and made many new lakes and ponds and upheavals to the south and west of this region. Here the shocks were distinctly felt. On the southeast side of the Big Prairie a crevice was formed in the earth a quarter of a mile long and of unfathomable depth. The level of the earth was also changed. Sand was blown out of thousands of crawfish holes in the " meadows " or wet prairies southeast of Mr. Land's, in quan- tities from a bushel to a large wagon-load.
A shock of this kind was noticed in the winter of 1857-'8, and one in the fall of 1882. Doubtless other earthquake waves have been perceived by individuals, and often an uncertain sensation is experienced by persons partially asleep during the night, though conscious and their eyes wide open, which is thought to be pro- duced by earthquake waves, but really is not so produced.
As to meteoric stones, we find none that have been picked up or discovered in this county; but the meteoric shower of Nov. 13, 1833, was fearfully witnessed by many in this region, when super- stition caused many to resort to extraordinary prayers to their God.
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WEATHER RECORD.
There is no regular " meteorological station " kept within the limits of White County, except one near Grayville; but Dr. Dan- iel Berry, of Carmi, one of the most scientific men in this section, has been keeping a record of the most conspicuous weather phe- nomena since Jan. 1, 1876, from which we compile the following tabulated results. A record, faithfully kept in actual black and white, as hisis, serves to explode many a notion about " ground-hog" days, about first days of the year or of a month controlling or indexing the weather, and about doing things in the light or dark of the moon. etc., etc. This, at least, is one great utility in keeping a.record of this kind. Our plan in making up the following summary is to count all days on which there was rain as days of rain, although a portion of the day may have been clear. Days counted as cloudy only had no rain.
1876.
June .- Clear, 16; rain, 11; mixed (or partly cloudy), 3.
July .- Clear, 16; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 11; rain, 3.
August .- Clear, 17; partly cloudy, 11; rain, 3.
September .- Clear, 17; partly cloudy, 6; rain, 3; clondy, 4.
October .- Clear, 21; cloudy, 2: very windy, 2; partly cloudy, 3; rain. 4.
November .- Clear, 13; partly cloudy, 5; cloudy, 3; rain, 5; snow, 4.
December .- Clear, 22; cloudy, 1; rain, 1; wind, 1; snow, 5.
1877.
January .- Clear, 17; snow, 3; rain, 4; cloudy, 4; partly cloudy,
3. Thermometer 18 deg. below zero on the 9th.
February .- Clear, 17; mixed, 4; rain, 3; snow, 1; cloudy, 1.
March .- Clear, 11; rain, 10; snow, 2; cloudy, 4; partly cloudy or mixed, 2.
April .- Clear, 18: rain, 7; cloudy, 3; wind, 1; partly cloudy, 2. May .- Clear, 17; rain, 6; cloudy, 3; partly cloudy, 6.
June .- Clear, 14; rain, 12; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, +; wind, 3. July .- Clear, 20; rain, 4; partly cloudy, 5; cloudy, 2.
August .- Clear, 20; rain, 6; clondy, 2; partly cloudy, 3.
September .- Clear, 20; rain, 6; cloudy, 3.
October .- Clear, 20; rain, 8; cloudy, 2; wind, 1.
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November .- Clear, 11; rain, 11; cloudy, 8.
December .- Clear, 16; cloudy, 7; rain, 12; snow, 1.
1878.
January .- Clear, 15; cloudy, 9; snow, 3; rain, 5.
February .- Clear, 16; cloudy, 5; rain, 7; snow, 3; partly cloudy, 1.
March .- Clear, 22; cloudy, 8; partly cloudy, 2; rain, 4.
April .- Clear, 16; cloudy, 3; partly cloudy, 8; rain, 7.
May .- Clear, 22; rain, 7; wind, 1; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 3.
June .- Clear, 21, rain, 7; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 2.
July .- Clear, 21; rain, 5; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 4. Ther- mometer at 102 deg. on the 17th.
August .- Clear, 23; rain, 5; wind, 2; partly cloudy, 2.
September .- Clear, 24; rain, 6.
October .- Clear, 25; rain, 2; cloudy, 4; partly cloudy, 2.
November .- Clear, 18; cloudy, 3; rain, 8; snow, 1; partly cloudy, 1.
December .- Rain, 5; clear, 16; windy, 4; snow, 7.
1879.
January .- Clear, 20; rain, 3; snow, 4; cloudy, 3; partly cloudy. 1. One day during this month the thermometer stood at 21 deg. below zero, and at one day 24} deg. below; fifteen inches of snow fell one day.
February .- Clear, 12; rain, 5; cloudy, 7; snow, 3.
March .- Clear, 20; rain, 3; cloudy, 5; snow, 1; partly cloudy, 2.
April .- Clear, 19; rain, 6; partly cloudy, 3; cloudy, 2.
May .- Clear, 23; rain, 5; cloudy, 2; partly cloudy, 4.
June .- Clear, 18; rain, 6; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 2.
July .- Clear, 20; cloudy, 3; partly cloudy, 2; rain, 4.
August .- Clear, 25; rain, 5; cloudy, 1.
September .- Rain, 7; clear, 22; cloudy, 1.
October .- Clear, 26; rain, 2; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 1.
November .- Clear, 23; rain, 5; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 2; very high wind, 1.
December .- Clear, 14; rain, 10; cloudy, 5; partly cloudy, 1; snow, 1; sleet.
1880.
January .- Rain, 5 ; snow, 2; clear, 20; clondy, 2; mixed 2. February .- Clear, 20; rain, 7; cloudy, 1; snow, 2.
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March .- Clear, 17; rain, 8; cloudy, 1; snow, 3; sleet 1; high wind, 1.
April .- Clear, 24; rain, 2; cloudy, 2; partly cloudy, 3; high wind, 1.
May .- Clear, 24; rain, 7; cloudy, 1.
June .- Clear, 18; rain, 7; cloudy, 4; partly cloudy, 1.
July .- Clear, 23; rain, 4; cloudy, 2.
August .- Clear 25; rain, 4; partly cloudy, 2.
September -Clear, 19; rain, 7; cloudy, 2; partly cloudy, 3; frost on the 13th.
October .- Clear, 23; rain, 5; partly cloudy, 3.
November .- Clear, 16; cloudy, 6; rain, 2 ; partly cloudy, 1; snow, 3.
December .- Rain, 3; clear, 14; cloudy, 8; snow, 4.
1881.
January .- Clear, 15; cloudy, 4; partly cloudy, 2; rain, 1; snow 5; sleet, 2.
February .- Clear 12; rain, 7; cloudy, 3; partly cloudy, 1; snow, 4.
March .- Clear, 13; rain, 8; cloudy, 5; snow, 5.
April .- Clear, 15; cloudy, 2 ; snow, 4; rain, 7; partly cloudy, 1; hail on the 28th, large as pigeons' eggs.
May .- Clear, 18; rain, 11; partly cloudy, 1.
June .- Clear, 16; rain, 11; cloudy, 1; partly cloudy, 2; hail, 1.
July .- Clear, 27; rain, 1; cloudy, 1; theremometer at 102 deg. on the 9th and 10th.
August .- Clear, 23; rain, 4; cloudy, 1 ; partly cloudy, 1; ther- mometer 104 deg. August 12.
September .- Clear 22; rain, 7.,
October .- Clear, 21; rain, 7; cloudy, 2.
November .- Clear, 16; rain, 7; cloudy, 4, snow 1; partly cloudy, 2.
December .- Clear, 19; rain, 4; cloudy, 5; snow, 2; heavy fog the 24th.
1882.
January .- Clear, 17; rain, 3; cloudy, 7; sleet, 3; snow fell 10 inches on the 30th.
February .- Clear, 19; rain, 6 ; cloudy, 2.
March .- Clear, 22; rain, 7; cloudy, 2.
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April .- Clear 26; rain, 5; hail, 2; tornado on the 22d.
May. - Clear, 17; rain, 11; cloudy, 2; partly cloudy, 2,
June .-- Clear, 18 ; rain, 9; clondy, 2 ; partly cloudy, 5; hurricane the 16th.
July .- Clear, 23; rain, 7; partly cloudy, 3.
August .- Clear, 20; rain, 11; partly cloudy, 1.
September .- Clear, 24; rain, 5.
In Southern Illinois there are six meteorological stations, one being at Grayville, this county, kept by J. L. Rhinchart. At these stations observations are registered for each day throughout the year, at 7 A. M., and 2 and 9 r. M. From these reports we compile the following table, for Southern Illinois :
TEMPERATURE, 1880.
MONTHS.
HIGHEST.
'LOWEST.
MEAN.
January
69
23
48
February
67
10
41
March
71
21
43
April
85
30
57
May
89
47
70
June
94
58
78
July
96
59
77
August
99
57
76
September
91
43
66
October
81
30
54
November
67
-4
33
December
60
-12
29
The average of the highest temperature for the year 1880 was 81 º; average of the lowest, 30; and the mean of both 56º. For 1879 the figures were: 82°, 29º and 55°, and for 1878, 80°, 35 ° and 57º. The average for the whole State of Illi- nois in 1880 was 780, 27° and 529.
Rainfall .- The average of rainfall in Southern Illinois in 1880, was a little over three and a half inches per month; in 1879, a lit- tle less, and in 1878, slightly less still.
Cloudiness .- The number of days in 1880 on which cloudiness was four fifths or more averaged twelve days per month; in 1879, eleven days per month, and in 1878, twelve.
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CHAPTER Il.
EARLY SETTLEMENT.
It is not known with certainty who was the first white man to settle within the present limits of White County; but the earliest date of settlement we can trace is 1806, when George Bain's father is said to have come here with his family.
YEARBY LAND
s the oldest living resident of this county, being a member of the family who settled in the present Emma Township in the year 1809. He was then seven years of age. At that time there were six other families in the county.
OTHER EARLY SETTLERS.
In 1808 Peter Knykendall, from Kentucky, settled on the east side of the " Big Prairie" and raised a crop of "sod corn " the next year, on the farm where S. B. Slocumb has since resided. About the year 1816 Mr. K. sold to Aaron Williams and moved to Missonri. A Mr. Randolph (father of Thomas Randolph) also came to this prairie the same year.
In 1809 Thomas Miller, from Georgia, was living near the Great Wabash, where John Marshall now resides. Thomas Hayes brought the family over the Wabash in a large canoe; and as they passed up to the lake they saw there Mr. Whitnut and his wife gathering cat-tail flag to make a bed. Mr. Miller subsequently moved to the Saline Lick, thence to Shawneetown, and finally to what is now Posey County, Ind., on Big Creek, where he died.
In the same year Daniel McHenry settled on the farm that Mr. G. McHenry has since owned, and lived there until the war of 1812 was over; and about 1820 he moved to the south end of the prairie, where he resided until his death, about 1845. He was a Methodist local preacher, of a fiery disposition, and could not look upon any dark deed with the least degree of allowance.
In 1810 Captain William McHenry, brother of the preceding,
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settled on the place now known as William's Ferry, on the Great Wabash River, and in 1811 he removed to what is now known as the Reuben Tanquary farm. In the sum- mer of this year, with the help of the neighbors, he built a horse-mill, where all the settlers ground their corn. Captain Mc- Henry served through the war of 1812 as a " Ranger." He was a member of the Convention of 1818 which framed the first Consti- tution for the State of Illinois, and was several times elected to the Legislature. He died at Vandalia, while in attendance as a member.
Wm. McHenry was in the wilds of the river bend above Carmi one day with gun in hand, when he espied a bear. Aiming at him, his gun missed fire, and to protect himself against the probable furious onslaught of the enraged beast, he attacked him with a knife, and killed him, without serious injury to himself! A son of Mr. McHenry was killed by the Indians.
Henry Jones and James Garrison, natives of South Carolina, settled in White County in October, 1809, the former on the pond east of Daniel McHenry's, where he lived until his death, and the latter west of the Little Wabash River, opposite the place known as David Burrell's Mill. On the breaking out of the war of 1812, he removed into the "fork " and purchased Bradbury's improve- ment, now known as Elam, and lived there until his death.
Before proceeding to name other early settlers, we should give here a more extended notice of Mr. Y. Land. This gentleman is still a resident of Carmi, where he has made it his home for many years. He was born in Pendleton District, now Anderson County, S. C., Aug. 15, 1809, the son of Robert and Lucy (Fike) Land. In the spring of 1809 the family emigrated to Ken- tucky, where they raised a farm crop. In August Mr. R. Land and John Reed came to what is now White County, to see the country, and selected places for a home. In September Mr. Land returned and found that Thomas Gray, a native of Virginia, had selected the same place that he had, namely, what was afterward surveyed as the southwest quarter of section 33, township 6 south, range 10 east, now Emma Township. This is about five miles below Carmi, between the Wabash rivers, and two miles south of the present Hawthorne Station. The two went into part- nership and built a log cabin, which was immediately occupied by Mr. Gray, and in October Mr. Land with his family moved to this place and commenced to make a home in this howling wilderness.
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HISTORY OF WHITE COUNTY.
After about ten months' partnership with Mr. Land, Mr. Gray sold out to him and moved to what is now known as the Benpas Ferry, where he entered the business of raising hogs. He raised a sufficient number of these to load a small flat-boat, which he ran to New Orleans, the first boat of the kind ever taken down the Wabash. About 1816 Mr. Gray sold his possessions here and went to Kentucky, bought a farm and three negro men, and three years afterward he sold both the land and the negroes for $12,000, returned to Bonpas, where he resided four years, then returned to Kentucky again, and died at or near Louisville. He was a brother of James Gray, of Grayville, who laid out and sold the first lands in that town. The latter settled in Carmi in 1817, where he sold goods three or four years, and then bought a farm of Robert Mc- Marlen, lived there several years, and lastly, in company with his brother-in-law, Robert Walden, he went to Grayville.
One of the principal objects which Robert Land had in view in coming to Illinois was to get rid of the direct influences of slavery; and to this day his son is a well-known anti-slavery man. He has voted at every presidential election since and including 1824, with one exception (1828), when he was a resident but not a voter in an adjoining county. As a Free-soiler in an early day he felt very lonesome in this county, but in the course of time he found com- pany in his views, who indeed were heartily welcomed. That company has so increased as to carry the nation for the last twenty- two years.
With the exception of about five years, between 1825 and 1833, Mr. Land has been a resident of White County, and a farmer up to 1850.
In January, 1850, he commenced the dry-goods business in Car- mi, which he carried on till the war of the Rebellion in 1861. In partnership with him were his four sons, at various times and places-David R., George W., John and Robert. George W. died in the army; the other three are now in the hardware business in Carmi. Mr. Land's first wife's maiden name was Catharine Ru- pert, and for his second wife he married Mrs. Caroline (Bozeman) Hodge. By his first wife, besides the four sons mentioned, Mr. Land had two daughters, who grew up to years of maturity. By his second wife his children are-Thomas F., Lucy and Lily, all at home and going to school.
Robert Land's children, on his arrival in Illinois, numbered four: Yearby, the eldest. Rebecca, who married John Metcalf, in this
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county, and died many years ago, a resident here. Mr. Metcalf moved to Logan County, Ill., and died at Lincoln, where his chil- dren are now living. Lemuel, who went to California in the spring of 1850 and died on his way home, in the latter part of 1851. His remains were brought home to this county and buried here. Some of his children are now residents of White County. Charlotte, who married Thomas Pumroy and died many years ago, has one daugh- ter living in this county. After Mr. Robert Land's settlement in Illinois, one daughter was born, Susan, in March, 1811, who mar- ried George McHenry, and is now living on Rock River, in White- side Connty, Ill.
Lemuel Land, the second son of Robert Land, was born in Pen- dleton District, now Anderson County, S. C., in 1806, and was brought by his parents in immigration to this county in 1809. He was reared on the farm, and married Polly Dockery, of Lawrence County, but previously of White County, and after his marriage he settled on the old farm. Religiously, he was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and politically a Whig. He died about 1852, at Lake Providence, on the Mississippi River, in Lou- isiana, and his remains were brought home and buried on the old farm. and have been since removed to the graveyard at the church near .by. Of his four children, two are living; one, Benjamin, a Methodist minister, has recently gone to Texas, temporarily, for his health.
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