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Gc 977.201 V68e v.2 1169634
M. L.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
7 ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02472 7122
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FIRST STATE HOUSE, CORYDON, SAID TO HAVE BEEN ERECTED 1N 1811-12. NOW OWNED BY THE STATE
1
HISTORY OF INDIANA
HISTORY of INDIANA
FROM ITS EXPLORATION TO 1922 BY LOGAN ESAREY, Ph. D.
Associate Professor of Western History in Indiana University
ALSO AN ACCOUNT OF VIGO COUNTY FROM ITS ORGANIZATION EDITED BY WILLIAM F. CRONIN
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. II
·
DAYTON, OHIO DAYTON HISTORICAL PUBLISHING CO. 1922
Copyright, 1918. BY LOGAN ESAREY
CONTENTS 1169634
CHAPTER XXII INDIANA IN THE FIFTIES
97 THE CHURCHES 573
98 HOME LIFE 575
99 WEALTH 585
100 DRESS
586
101
SOCIETY
587
102 MORALS 589
103 PUBLIO HEALTH 591
104 SOCIAL GATHERING 592
105 TRAVEL 596
106 MENTAL TRAITS 600
107 ILLITERACY AND POPULATION 604
CHAPTER XXIII CIVIL WAR POLITICS
108 SLAVERY 610
109 TEMPERANCE 613
110 KNOW NOTHINGS 619
111 SWAMP LANDS 621
112 UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 623
113 IMMIGRATION 629
114 WOMAN'S RIGHTS 632
115 ELECTION OF 1854. 634
116 REPUBLICAN PARTY 639
117 CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 642
118 ELECTION OF 1860. 650
119 PARTISANSHIP AND PATRIOTISM 665
120 COERCION OR SECESSION. 667
121 BREAKDOWN OF STATE GOVERNMENT 676
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viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXIV THE COMMON SCHOOLS
122 EARLY CONDITIONS 679
123 £ CREATING SCHOOL SENTIMENT 682
124
THE DISTRICT SCHOOL.
693
125
THE SCHOOLS AND THE COURTS
700
CHAPTER XXV BUILDING THE RAILROADS
126
GENERAL CONDITIONS
714
127 PIONEER RAILROADS 717
128 THE BUILDERS 733
CHAPTER XXVI THE CIVIL WAR
129
RESPONSE TO FORT SUMTER
738
130 ORGANIZING THE ARMY 739
131 BOUNTIES AND DRAFTS 760
132
THE INDIANA LEGION
765
133 BORDER RAIDS. 767
134 MORGAN'S RAID 771
135 OPPOSITION TO THE WAR. 776
136
THE GOLDEN CIRCLE
778
137
SOLDIERS' RELIEF
793
CHAPTER XXVII RECONSTRUCTION
138 ELECTION OF 1864 798
139 REORGANIZATION 803
140 CARE OF DEPENDENTS 809
141 REFORM SCHOOLS 811
142 FEEBLE-MINDED 815
143 TAX SYSTEM. 817
144 RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES 819
CHAPTER XXVIII AGRICULTURAL DE- VELOPMENT
145 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 822
146 CARE OF THE SOIL. 826
147
FARM STOCK
828
148
CROPS
832
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
149
ROAD BUILDING
839
150 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION 841
151
THE STATE FAIR
844
CHAPTER XXIX GREENBACKERS AND GRANGERS
152
ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
849
153 GRANGERS 852
154
LIBERAL REPUBLICANS
856
155
GREENBACKERS
859
156
GREENBACK CAMPAIGNS
873
CHAPTER XXX
MINING
157
SALT
882
158
GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS.
886
159 IRON MINES AND FOUNDRIES 896
160
COAL
900
161 CLAYS 904
162 OOLITIO LIMESTONE 907
163
NATURAL GAS
911
164
PETROLEUM
913
CHAPTER XXXI STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM
165
GENERAL FEATURES
916
166 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 917
167
ADMINISTRATION
918
168
SUPERVISION
921
169 PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION 928
170 THE CURRICULUM 941
171
STATE SYSTEM
950
CHAPTER XXXII THE TARIFF QUESTION
172 INDIANA AND THE TARIFF
953
173 AN INDIANA PRESIDENT
960
CHAPTER XXXIII INDIANA CITIES
174 EARLY CONDITIONS
966
175 COMMUNITIES
972
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
176 RISE OF THE CITIES 974
177 DEVELOPMENT 982
CHAPTER XXXIV THE COLLEGES
178 EARLY ATTENDANCE 988
179 SECTARIANISM. 989
180 CLASSICAL EDUCATION. 994
181
SOCIETY AND POLITICS.
996
182 THE CHANGING CURRICULUM 1001
183 RELIGION AT THE COLLÈGES 1011
184 COEDUCATION 1012
185 LAW 1014
186 MEDICINE 1015
187 GRADUATE SCHOOLS 1017
188
COLLEGE UNITY
1017
CHAPTER XXXV COMMERCIAL DEVELOP- MENT
189 THE CHANGE 1021
190
INDUSTRIAL PARTIES
1034
191
LABOR LEGISLATION
1035
192
PROTECTION OF WOMEN
1039
193
HEALTH AND SANITATION
1041
194
TRANSPORTATION
1044
CHAPTER XXXVI POPULISTS, SOCIALISTS AND PROGRESSIVES
195
POPULISTS
1047
196 SOCIALISTS 1058
197
PROGRESSIVES
1060
198
POLITICAL PROGRESS
1067
CHAPTER XXXVII MILITARY HISTORY SINCE THE CIVIL WAR
199
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR.
1070
200
MILITIA AND STRIKERS
1072
201
THE NEW LEGION
1076
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
202 THE NATIONAL GUARD. 1077
203 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 1078
204
ON THE MEXICAN BORDER
1084
205
WAR WITH GERMANY
1090
CHAPTER XXXVIII LITERARY HISTORY
206 NEWSPAPERS 1098
207 ORATORY 1109
208
PROSE
1114
209
POETRY
1136
MAPS
1 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF 1854. 636
2 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF 1856. 646
3 VOTE ON FREE SCHOOLS, 1848 685
4 VOTE ON FREE SCHOOL LAW, 1849 689
5 PIONEER RAILROADS OF INDIANA 722
6 POPULATION (1860), DRAFTED MEN, VOLUN- TEERS 765
7 FARM AND FOREST LAND IN INDIANA, 1860. .. 825
8 DEMOCRATS, REPUBLICANS, GREENBACKERS, 1876 877
9 MINERALS OF INDIANA 884
10 ELECTION OF 1892 1053
11 ELECTION OF 1904 1057
12 ELECTION OF 1912 1063
1
CHAPTER XXII
INDIANA IN THE FIFTIES
§ 97 THE CHURCHES
THE new political constitution of Indiana made in 1850 was only an index of the deeper changes tak- ing place in society. The glorious outburst of evan- gelism following the great campmeetings was suc- ceeded by a period reaching approximately from 1825 to 1850 in which the various church societies gave their chief attention to the study of their creeds. The interdenominational campmeeting gave way to conventions, associations, yearly, quarterly and pro- tracted meetings and synods in which members of one society exercised complete control. Even this denominational harmony soon passed. The disor- ganizing tendency once started seemed to find no- where to stop. It was a great period for searching the Bible. Every preacher and thousands of laymen studied the Book with the utmost attention in order the more narrowly to examine the foundations of their faith and creeds. Instead of the campmeeting call to a free and universal salvation, there were doctrinal sermons, based on numerous quoted texts, arranged with more or less logic to prove a contro- verted point. Laymen and ministers transferred their membership from one denomination to another with great freedom. More enthusiasm was displayed than the feeble machinery of the new churches could stand and consequently each of the Protestant or- ganizations became more or less disorganized. The
574
HISTORY OF INDIANA
charity of the early circuit riders and missionaries gradually gave way to denominational bigotry. Joint debates between opposing ministers took place from the pulpits and between the laymen at their various places of meeting, usually, fortunately, with candor and without personal unfriendliness.
The natural result followed this emphasis on the differences between the denominations. Contention arose in each denomination and in each individual society. The Methodist Protestant church separated from the Methodist Episcopal between 1824 and 1830 on account of the government of the church by the bishops ; the Wesleyan Methodists in 1843 divided on account of the slavery question; the Free Metho- dists, demanding a more rigid austerity, organized separately between 1850 and 1860. Psalm-singing Covenanters, Reformed and Cumberland, Old-side and New-side, Reformed and Associate Reformed, Dutch, German, and Scotch Presbyterians, came to exist in the same county.1 They were divided on the government of the church and the government of the State, on questions of communion and original sin, until it seemed in the fifties that the achievements of the missionaries in Indiana would be lost. The Bap- tists divided on missionary work and foot-washing, on Calvinism and Arminianism, free-will and pre- destination, on the separation of church and state and regeneration, on church government and bap- tism; Regular, Separate, United, General, Particu- lar, Primitive, Freewill, Means and Anti-means, Seventh Day, and German or Dunkard Baptist churches existed in close proximity.2 Even the Quakers divided on the nature of the trinity, the Unitarians becoming known as Hicksites.
1 James A. Woodburn, "The Scotch-Irish Covenanters In Mon- roe County," Indiana Historical Society Pub., IV, 435.
2 William T. Stott, Indiana Baptist History, 31.
575
HOME LIFE
A great many members of these churches, includ- ing the preachers, disgusted with endless bickerings over minor and doctrinal questions, went over to the Universalist church, which gained great power in Indiana during the period. Its doctrine of universal salvation was attractive to many. The orthodox ministers attacked the Universalists savagely. Their favorite form of conflict was the joint discussion. These stirring debates, held in the woods, the listen- ers bringing lunch with them for the noon hour, often lasted two days, morning and afternoon.8 The end of this era of church schism was approaching when the Civil war came.
§ 98 HOME LIFE
Indiana home life by 1850 had changed mate- rially. The ideal was the manorial homestead of England and Germany about 1700, the time when their ancestors began leaving those countries. The central system around which the others were organ- ized was the art of reducing the wilderness to home- steads. The art became highly developed after about 1740 when the first real American pioneer settlements were formed in western Pennsylvania, the Shenan- doah valley and the Carolina and Georgia uplands and reached its culmination in the Ohio valley about 1860. Two radically different types of men and wo- men attacked the problem. In Pennsylvania and the northern part of the Shenandoah were the refugee Germans, called, until recently, the Pennsylvania Dutch, from southern and western Germany. In their German homes they had been peasants, culti- vating their little fields with the greatest skill. They produced little for the market, therefore every need
8 Elmo A. Robinson, "Universalism in Indiana," In Indiana Magazine of History, XIII, 1 and 157.
576
HISTORY OF INDIANA
of the household had to be anticipated during the year in the growing crop, in which they accordingly developed a nice balance. There were sheep for clothing; cows for milk, butter and cheese; horses only enough for the work, with a preference for oxen on account of their value for beef and hides after they were too old for profitable work ; hogs for meat; geese or ducks for feather beds; chickens for eggs and table use; garden vegetables for the table; cab- bage for sauerkraut ; potatoes for winter use ; apples for cider, apple butter, eating and drying; corn for feeding and for making whisky, and wheat for bread. They took extreme care of their farming implements, cleared their fields of rocks and stumps, and built capacious barns for housing their stock and crops. They stuck close to their work, plodding, prosaic, practical. Their old homesteads along the Susque- hanna, with their red brick houses, hillside barns and productive fields, still bear ample evidence of their success as farmers.
The exact counterpart of these were the English, Irish and Scotch peasants who settled in the Caro- lina uplands and in the Shenandoah. In the west they acquired large bodies of land, let their stock stand out during the winter, browsing on twigs and tuft grass, built large houses, met many household needs with money from sales of cattle, and spent their leisure time roaming the woods, hunting, or arguing politics and religion at the taverns or cross roads. They developed an intense, robust, independ- ent individualism, rough and boisterous, artistic and imaginative. As politicians and preachers they were a tremendous success, as farmers and business men they were not so successful. The tumbledown build- ings and worn-out lands of Virginia, the Carolinas
577
HOME LIFE
and Tennessee are yet witnesses to their unthrifty farming.
The volume of technical knowledge and skill acquired by the pioneer farmer far exceeds what is ordinarily supposed. Where there was no extraor- dinary rush, land was not cleared immediately. The intended field was laid off and timber selected for fencing. The fence was a square rail worm, built usually nine rails high. Each rail was ten feet long and about four inches square, the fence thus being eighty inches high; if a pasture fence, it was staked and ridered or simply locked. The first choice of timber for the rails was walnut and poplar, though oak would be used rather than haul the rails a great distance, say a quarter of a mile. Usually the rails could be made so near the line of the fence that haul- ing, with oxen and sled, was not necessary. The rails were usually made in the winter while the sap was down because the timber split better then and the rails lasted longer. In making the rails, an axe, an iron wedge or two, a maul, and at least two gluts, or wooden wedges, were necessary. The maul was made of second-growth hickory, if possible a hickory without any red. The sapling, five or six inches through, was cut below the first roots and a maul about one foot long left. The handle was then dressed down to the proper size, the maul rounded off and the finished article set in the chimney corner to season a half year or so. The gluts were made of dogwood saplings four inches through, each glut be- ing from twelve to sixteen inches long, dressed down very carefully to a point. If not properly tapered the glut would bounce, utterly ruining the rail split- ter's temper. The iron wedge was made by the blacksmith with the same proportions and precision. Thus armed, the pioneer railmaker went forth, as
578
HISTORY OF INDIANA
much a skilled mechanic as any cabinet maker. After the rails were laid up there was always danger of some descendant of Rip Van Winkle firing the woods.
After the fence was completed the underbrush was cut and piled and the trees and saplings dead- ened. This latter process required both knowledge and skill again, for some trees, as the hickory and willow, needed only to be barked, the oak, poplar and beech needed only to be sapped, while such as the black gum and sycamore had to be cut down deep into the red. Most trees when girdled, or deadened, im- mediately died, but if a willow were peeled in the spring there were usually some thousands of volun- teer willows in its neighborhood a year later, while a gum or sassafras deadened out of season was a calamity. Trees deadened when the sap was up be- came rotten in two years, at which time if the clear- ing were fired many of the trees would burn down and then burn up. The remaining trees could be cut, rolled and burned easily. Most of the small stumps were likewise rotten and if the flock of sheep had been busy nearly all the sprouts were dead.
The field was thus ready for the plow. The most approved way of first breaking was with a stout jumping shovel and two yokes of heavy, steady oxen. There was a certain amount of pleasure in watching such a plow tear through the rotten roots, but the completest torture this side of eternity was plowing with a jumping shovel in a rooty new-ground with a team of spirited horses. The plow, excepting the iron shovel and the cutter, was produced on the farm, as were also the ox yokes and the oxen.
The same expert knowledge coupled with the same practical skill was necessary in all the various lines of farming activity. There was no refrigera- tor, but a house was built over the spring and places
579
HOME LIFE
prepared so that the milk crocks and the butter bowl could get the benefit of the cold water. There was no cold storage, but the potatoes, apples and cabbage were holed up in the ground beyond the frost and a cellar provided for other articles of constant use during the winter.
The Hoosier folk had long ago lost all distinctions between Dutch and Irish, but they had retained the Dutch characteristic of all-round farming and had acquired some new tastes which required an even wider range of production. In the barnyard were horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, ducks, geese and chickens. The heavy draft horses, which formerly drew the old Conestoga, had given away to a lighter, quicker breed from Virginia and Kentucky, while at least two yokes of oxen were kept for the heavy hauling around the farm. There must be at least a half dozen milk cows ; for country butter and hot cornbread dis- appeared in enormous quantities at breakfast in the presence of eight or ten husky young Hoosiers and two or three work hands. At dinner or supper a quart of sweet milk was a modest allowance for each person, with perhaps an extra pint for the six- and eight-year-olds, while a jug of cold buttermilk, fresh from the springhouse, was an ever-present comfort when the hot harvesters came up to the shade to blow after marching across a ten-acre field. There must be two or three fat, yearling steers to tide over the period from October to Christmas when the pork season was closed. A considerable amount of beef must be on hands also at butchering time to mix with the pork to make the proper quality of sausage.
The farmer kept a weather eye on his porkers. There must be at least fifteen good two-hundred- pounders ready for the hog killing, which happened along about Christmas. There was no special rush,
580
HISTORY OF INDIANA
for in any emergency like Quarterly Meeting or a political rally a couple of sheep or a shoat or a year- ling steer could be killed. But the porkers must bear the brunt of the burden. They were ready for fat- tening when two years old, until which time they fol- lowed the law of the range, "root hog or die." Their master never failed, however, at weaning time, to clip off the tip of an ear, cut a notch in it, bore a hole through it or make some other mark as an indication of his ownership. After one month's feeding on corn the fifteen or twenty hogs were ready for the hog-killing festival, one of the big events in pioneer life. It would take a small volume to give all the de- tails of the hog-killing, pork-curing process-the killing, the sticking, the scalding, the hanging, ren- dering lard, making head cheese, sausage, salting the meat in tubs, smoking and finally preparing the hick- ory hams for the summer season. So skillful were they and so tasty was the finished product that even today some of the choicest products of modern pack- ing houses are labeled country sausage or country- cured hams.
The woman's sphere in pioneer life was large and indispensable. Outside the house she, together with the children, looked after the sheep, caring for the lambs in the early spring, shearing the sheep, wash- ing, picking, carding, spinning, reeling, winding, knitting and weaving the wool into cloth and making the cloth into coverlets, blankets and clothing. In a large family, and nearly all were large, this was an endless task, lasting from early morn till late bed- time every day in the year except Sundays. Very few persons now living have the knowledge and skill to do this routine work which every pioneer girl learned as a matter of course.
The geese were under the complete jurisdiction of
581
HOME LIFE
the women. It required a flock of two or three dozen to furnish the huge featherbeds and pillows that were such an attractive feature of the pioneer home. Besides this, every child, when it was married off, was presented with a featherbed and four pillows, and many a baked goose found its way to the Sunday dinner table. Enough chickens, say one hundred, had to be raised to furnish eggs for the cooking. The women used eggs freely in making coffee, corn bread, cakes and especially for a breakfast fry in the early spring. It was the social law that chicken should form the piece de resistence at all church festivals and the preacher's predilection for fried chicken was known of all women.
While the men looked after the cattle in general, the milk cows received the special attention of the women; milking, straining, churning and dressing the butter was more than a mere pastime.
In the dining room and kitchen the wife was sole monarch and together with her daughters was the whole working force. Providing for the table re- quired a foresight beyond our conception at present. The grocery store was no assistance to her. She had to plan a year ahead. The men assisted with the housework to a small degree, but the family mother furnished all information and gave the general direc- tions. The father looked after the meat and bread, but beyond that his knowledge and skill were limited. Canning fruit was not widely practiced, but there was no end of preserves, made of apple, peach, quince, crab apple, water melon, and citron; jams, marmalades, jellies of all varieties, maple syrup and sorghum, dried fruits, green fruits stored in cellar, spice brush, sassafras, balsam, sage, alder blossoms, buckeyes, catnip, pennyroyal, ditna and scores of other things to be gathered, prepared and laid away,
582
HISTORY OF INDIANA
some to be used in cooking, others as medicines, others as charms, or as flavors, for soups, meats, or cake. It was a whole science in itself.
As a rule the men were possessed of great phy- sical strength and activity. Their daily life was con- ducive to bodily vigor. No better physical training could be prescribed today than to swing the ax or maul in the forest ten hours a day for months at a time. In this respect southern Indiana was full of Lincolns before the Civil war. Such men could help at twenty log rollings on as many successive days. Most young men could leap an eight-rail fence, and at gatherings it was not extraordinary to find a few, each of whom could jump a bar held level with the top of his head. An ordinary deer hunt would, in the course of the day, take them on a thirty-mile tramp through the unbroken snow. Harvesters would swing the cradle from sun to sun with only brief rests for dinner and lunch. Yet between "busy seasons" there were considerable periods of leisure. From the middle of August to the middle of October little work was done, and again from Christmas till April work was easy. Usually a man who weighed one hundred and sixty pounds in August would weigh two hundred pounds in March.
But there is another side to this picture. In almost every household there was some old "hippo," broken either in body or spirit, or frequently both. Ague, perhaps, had robbed him of the vitality neces- sary to compete in the hard struggle. He could name a dozen diseases working on him. From his ailments he had constructed a science. His corns and his rheumatism warned him of approaching changes in the weather. The pale, red, setting sun foretold a disastrous plague, most probably smallpox or "yal- ler" fever. The crackle of the burning backlog
583
HOME LIFE
announced an approaching snowstorm. The thick corn shuck, the low-hung hornet's nest, the busy woodpeckers and squirrels were sure signs of a hard winter. In the art of forecasting he was the succes- sor of the seers, sooth-sayers and astrologers, last and least harmful of all the parasitic train. Science has usurped his throne, though traces of his reign still linger. By his shrewd observations, his persis- tent guessings and "I told you so's" he gained a vast influence over the unscientific community.
Hippo was also a medical man. His specialty was bitters. On fine days he would potter around the premises gatherings roots, leaves and bark and concocting his nostrums. At other times he ventured as far as the store or to some neighboring crone where he compared theories, observations and expe- riences in the interest of his compound science of prophecy and pharmacology. So complete was his sway in this field that few homes could be found with- out its jug of bitters and so persistent has been that influence that few of us today are able to defend our- selves against the patent medicine fakers who cater to our inherited weakness.
By 1850 a considerable degree of ease and com- fort had been attained by the older settlers. While there were no fixed lines of social cleavage, yet a traveler could readily distinguish the two classes of farmers. The newcomers and the shiftless still lived in humble log cabins, but the more prosperous had built brick or frame houses. Most characteristic of these was the old-fashioned, two-story, red brick, built back one hundred feet or more from the road, with its approach shaded by tall evergreens. Scarcely a neighborhood in Indiana but had one or more of these evidences of magnificence and large numbers may still be seen in the southern part of the state. Rag carpets covered the floors, at least of
584
HISTORY OF INDIANA
some of the rooms. Huge bedsteads, with posts reaching almost to the high ceilings, adorned the sleeping rooms. Chests, corner cupboards and ward- robes of cherry or walnut, made by some itinerant cabinet maker, could be found in many houses and a very few pianos were brought into the state before the Civil war. Cookstoves with two and four holes began to appear in the kitchen. The springhouses, still to be seen in many parts of the state, served as our first refrigerators, though ice houses, packed with straw or sawdust, were not unknown. Here and there a hillside barn could be seen, though these buildings, so common among the Pennsylvania farm- ers of the time, were rare in Indiana.
The public roads during this period were im- proved so that travel was possible. Many railroads were building, but the great bulk of traffic was still done by wagon. Professional teamsters were to be found in every neighborhood. Storekeepers at Point Commerce, Spencer, and Bloomington had their goods hauled overland from New Albany till the Louisville & New Albany (Monon) railroad was opened in 1853.4 Farmers and merchants from New- castle, Connersville, Brookville and the Whitewater district hauled their produce to Lawrenceburg or Cincinnati. Ripley, Jennings and Bartholomew counties traded over the Michigan road to Madison. The northern part of the state depended on the Wa- bash river and the Wabash and Erie canal, the lat- ter being opened through to Evansville in 1853. The region west of South Bend traded to Chicago and Michigan City. Men are yet living who hauled apples and potatoes from Vermilion, Warren and Jasper counties to Chicago.
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