USA > Indiana > Henry County > Hazzard's history of Henry county, Indiana, 1822-1906, Volume I > Part 14
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The secession movement was opposed by many of the prominent men of the South, among whom were John Bell of Tennesse, Herschel V. Johnston and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia, and Robert E. Lee of Virginia; the two latter, however, after the secession of their native states, identified themselves with the cause and became prominent in history, Stephens as Vice-President of the Confederacy, and Lee as Commander-in-Chief of the armies.
John B. Floyd of Virginia, was Buchanan's Secretary of War, and in full sympathy with the secession cause. During his term of office, he had caused nearly all the arms and munitions of war belonging to the government to be placed in the forts and arsenals at the South, where they were seized and held by the insurgents.
Major Robert Anderson, with eighty soldiers of the United States army, was stationed at Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor, but about the end of the year 1860, abandoned it and threw his force into Fort Sumter, a much stronger work commanding the entrance to the harbor.
The authorities of South Carolina demanded of President Buchanan that he order Major Anderson back to Fort Moultrie, but he refused, and also refused to sell Fort Sumter to the State.
On this refusal of the President, the Southern members of his Cabinet resigned their offices and left the Capitol. General Lewis Cass of Michigan, Secretary of
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State, also resigned, because the President would not send re-enforcements and supplies to Major Anderson.
In January, 1861, the steamer Star of the West, was dispatched with supplies for the garrison, but was fired upon and turned back by the Confederate batteries.
On the 4th of March, 1861, Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated President and one of the first acts of the new administration was to send re-enforcements and supplies to the fort.
The expedition left New York early in April, and the governor of South Carolina was notified of its departure, whereupon the Confederate government ordered General P. G. Beauregard, commanding the Southern forces at Charleston, to reduce the fort, and accordingly, on the morning of April 12, the Confederate batteries opened on the work, the fort returning the fire. The bombardment was continued until the afternoon of the 13th, when Major Anderson agreed to evacuate, which he did on Sunday, the 14th.
From the time of the secession of South Carolina until after the fall of Sumter, no preparation whatever was made for war at the North, and when the shock finally came the government was almost destitute of all that goes to equip an army ; mean- while at the South great activity was displayed in organizing, equipping and drilling their forces, so that when hostilities opened they had a large army fully ready for the field.
It required some time to convince the people of either section that there would be a war of any magnitude. At the South it was thought that the men of the North would not fight, while the people of the North did not believe that the South would dare oppose the authority of the government; but after the battle of Bull Run both were undeceived, and prepared for the great conflict that followed.
On the 15th of April the President called for 75,000 volunteers, which was responded to with alacrity.
The Confederates concentrated their forces at advantageous points in Virginia, and the Federal troops were gathered at Washington, District of Columbia, under General Irwin McDowell, and along the Ohio river under General George B. Mc- Clellan. Hostilities opened in West Virginia, at Phillipi, on the 3d of June, Rich Mountain on the IIth of July, and at Carrick's Ford on the 14th of the same month. These engagements all resulted in victories for the Federals, and in driving the Confederates from West Virginia. In July the army at Washington was advanced into Virginia; General McDowell, with a force of 50,000 men, moved toward the Confederates' fortified camp at Manassas Junction, Virginia, while General Patter- son, with 20,000, moved up the Valley of Virginia to prevent General Johnston from re-enforcing General Beauregard at Manassas Junction.
General McDowell's and Beauregard's forces met at Bull Run, Virginia, about twenty five miles from Washington City, on Sunday morning, July 21, and a desperate battle ensued, lasting until late in the afternoon. General Johnston, with almost his entire command, 20,000 strong, successfully eluded General Patter- son and marched to Bull Run, and just at the moment when victory was in the grasp of the Federal troops, his fresh forces rushed shouting on the field. The Federals, exhausted with the struggles of the day, under an almost tropical sun, could endure no more, and victory was turned, not only into defeat, but into a panic. These men, it will be remembered, were fresh from the fields, shops and
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offices of the North, without drill or discipline, and nothing more could have been expected of them. Old and tried veterans have done the same when exposed to like circumstances ; witness the French at Waterloo, on the arrival of Blucher.
General McClellan was now called to the command of the army at Washington, and set to work to repair the damages; but nothing further was done in the East during the year, except an attack by troops under Colonel Baker on the Confeder- ates at Leesburg, or Ball's Bluff, Virginia. Baker was killed and his forces driven from the field.
In the West, General Nathaniel Lyon, with a force of 5,000, attacked General Sterling Price at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, Missouri, on the 10th of August. Lyon was killed early in the fight, and after a desperate engagement, the Federals were defeated and retreated to Springfield.
Price now turned on Lexington, Missouri, and after a three days siege, con- pelled the garrison, under Colonel Mulligan, to surrender.
On the 7th of November General Ulysses S. Grant was defeated at Belmont. Missouri, and retreated to Cairo, Illinois.
1862.
The beginning of this year found both governments with great armies in the field, and hostilities opened in the West early in the year. On the 19th and 20th of January, General George H. Thomas defeated the Confederates under General George B. Crittenden and General Felix K. Zollicoffer, at Mill Springs, Kentucky, General Zollicoffer being among the killed.
On the 6th of February, Commodore Foote captured Fort Henry, on the Cum- berland River, and on the 16th, Fort Donelson on the Tennessee surrendered to General Grant, after a three days' battle.
On the 6th, 7th and 8th of March, a great battle was fought at Pea Ridge, Arkansas, between the Federals commanded by General Samuel R. Curtis and the Confederates under General Price, in which the Confederates were overwhelmingly defeated. While this battle was in progress, Island No. 10, in the Mississippi River, an important Confederate position, was surrendered to General John Pope.
After the surrender of Fort Donelson to General Grant, he moved up the Tennessee River and encamped at Pittsburg Landing near Shiloh Church, and on Sunday morning, April 6, his position was furiously assailed by the Confederates under General Albert Sidney Johnston. The Confederates were successful at every point, and at nightfall the Union forces had been driven back to the Tennessee River. During the night General Don Carlos Buell's troops, who had marched through from Nashville, began to arrive, and on Monday morning General Grant turned on the Confederates and defeated them, both sides losing about equally, the aggregate loss being about 25,000 men. General Johnston was killed in the first day's engagement. General Henry W. Halleck now assumed command of the armies of Grant and Buell, and moved forward to lay siege to Corinth, an important railroad center in Mississippi, but on arriving before it found the enemy gone. On the 19th of September, General Price attacked General Grant at Iuka, Mis- sissippi, but was defeated, and on the 4th of October, having united his forces with General Earl Van Dorn's, Price attacked General William S. Rosecrans at Corinth,
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HAZZARD'S HISTORY OF HENRY COUNTY.
and was again defeated. Toward the close of the year, Grant undertook an expedition against Vicksburg, Mississippi. General William T. Sherman attacked Chicasaw Bluffs and was defeated, and the expedition proved a failure. Late in the summer, the Confederates under General Braxton Bragg and Kirby Smith moved round the Federal armies in Tennessee and invaded Kentucky. August 30, Smith defeated General William Nelson with a force of raw troops at Richmond, Kentucky, capturing almost the entire command. General Bragg moved toward Louisville, pursued by General Buell, who reached the city first. General Bragg now began to retire, followed by General Buell, who came up with him at Perry- ville on Chaplin Hills, on the 8th of October, and an undecisive battle was fought.
In the East, General McClellan, with the Army of the Potomac, moved on Richmond from Fortress Monroe, and after severe engagements at Yorktown, Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Savage Station. Frazier's Farm and Malvern Hill, he had accomplished little and lost heavily. His army was now withdrawn for the protection of Washington, and ordered to report to General Pope. "Pope was defeated by General Lee at Gainesville and in the second battle of Bull Run. General Lee boldly crossed the Potomac and invaded Maryland. Gen- eral MIcClellan was restored to the command and, overtaking Lee, defeated him at South Mountain on the 14th of September, and at Antietam on the 17th and 18tl1, Lee retreating into Virginia. General McClellan was removed from the command and General Ambrose E. Burnside placed in his stead. General Lee took position at Fredericksburg, at which place he repulsed Burnside, with great loss, on the 13th of December. General Burnside was relieved at his own request, and was succeeded by General Joseph Hooker.
On the 21st of September, President Lincoln issued a proclamation in which he declared that on and after January 1, 1863, the slaves owned and held in any State then in rebellion against the United States should be declared thenceforward and forever free, provided, however, that if before the time named the in- surgents would lay down their arms and return to their allegiance to the laws of the United States, then the proclamation to be void.
The promulgation of this document caused some dissatisfaction in the army, and great indignation at the North among the extreme men in opposition to the administration; but the great majority of the people, believing it to be a war measure, and necessary for the preservation of the Union, determined to stand by the President in his efforts to suppress the rebellion.
1863.
In April, General Hooker moved to Chancellorsville, Virginia, and here, on the 2d and 3d of May, he was defeated by General Lee and driven across the Rappa- hannock River. Lee then turned on General John Sedgwick at Fredericksburg, and on the 4th compelled him to retire to the north side of the same stream. In the battle of Chancellorsville, General "Stonewall" Jackson was killed, an irreparable loss to the South. Both armies remained quiet until July, when, on the 22d of that month, General Lee again crossed the Potomac, passing through Maryland into Pennsylvania. The Army of the Potomac followed. General Hooker resigned on the march and was succeeded by General George G. Meade. The two armies,
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of about equal strength, met at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the Ist of July, and the most terrific battle of any age was fought, lasting three days. On the night of July 4th, General Lee retreated toward Virginia, and crossed the Potomac on the 13th and 14th, without opposition from the victorious army. The loss in both armies at this battle was appalling, General Meade's total being 23,186, and General Lee's 31,621, a grand total of 54,807. This ended the operations in the East for the year.
In the West a battle was fought on December 31, 1862, and January I and 2, 1863, at Stone's River, Tennessee, between the Federal army under Generel Rose- crans and the Confederate army under General Bragg. After three days' terrible fighting Bragg was repulsed with fearful loss. This portion of the army remained comparatively quiet until Fall, when General Rosecrans advanced into Georgia, and was attacked by Bragg at Chickamauga on the 19th of September and defeated on the 20th, and driven back to Chattanooga, with a loss of 15,851 men, while the Con- federate loss, though victorious, was much heavier, being 17,804. Rosecrans was now sent to Missouri, and the command of the army was given to General Thomas, and General Grant assumed command of all the Western armies, and on the 23d, 24th and 25th of November General Bragg's army was defeated at Chattanooga, Orchard Knob and Missionary Ridge.
After General Sherman's repulse at Chicasaw Bluffs, at the close of the year 1862, a portion of his forces, under General John A. McClernand, proceeded up the Arkansas River and captured the garrison at Arkansas Post. General Grant, hav- ing collected an army near Vicksburg, crossed the Mississippi River below the city on the 30th of April, and on May Ist, defeated the Confederates at Port Gibson or Thompson's Hill, and on the 14th drove Johnston from Jackson, and then turning on General John C. Pemberton, defeated him at Champion Hills on the 16th, and again at Big Black River on the 17th. Pemberton was now shut up in Vicksburg, and Grant laid siege to the place, which surrendered on the 4th of July, after being under fire forty-seven days. A few days later Port Hudson, lower down the river, surrendered to General Nathaniel P. Banks, and the great Mississippi was open to the Gulf.
1864.
The first half of this year was very discouraging to the Union arms, the series of reverses during these six months making the outlook for a near termination of the war somewhat gloomy.
In February the expedition of General William Sooy Smith to Meridian, of which great results were expected, was brought to a sudden termination by the de- feat and rout of Smith at Okolona, Mississippi.
In March General Napoleon B. Forrest, with a strong force, rode round the Federal armies in Tennessee and captured the garrison at Union City, and even made his way as far north as Paducah on the Ohio River. From here he again turned south, and appearing suddenly before Fort Pillow, Tennessee, demanded the surrender of the garrison, promising that the men who were colored should be treated as prisoners of war, but no sooner had the fort capitulated than an indiscrim- inate butchery followed, nearly the whole garrison perishing in the massacre.
In April, General Banks' Red River expedition in Louisiana resulted in great
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loss of life and property and gained nothing ; and in June, General Samuel D. Stur- gis was overwhelmingly defeated at Guntown, Mississippi, and the remnant of his army was hurled back bleeding and broken to Memphis, with the total loss of his artillery and wagon train, and more than forty per cent of his army.
Sherman's advance on Atlanta, Georgia, had been attended with great loss of life and much less damage to his opponent than to himself.
In the East, General Grant's move on Richmond had met with bloody repulses at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor, and by the first of July he was no nearer Richmond than McClellan had been in 1862. Grant had lost 60,000 men out of 140,000, with which he had left the Rapidan in May.
General Jubal A. Early, with an army of Confederates, had swept down the Valley of Virginia, crossed the Potomac, defeated General Lew Wallace at the Monocacy River and marched upon Washington, and was only deterred from cap- turing the Nation's Capitol by the unexpected arrival of a corps sent hurriedly from the army of the Potomac by Grant.
Thus we find, at the end of six months, nothing in the way of success had been secured to balance the severe reverses sustained; but the tide was about to turn, and the Union arms were pushing on to battle and final victory.
In July, General A. J. Smith defeated General Stephen D. Lee at Tupelo, Mississippi; in September and October, General Philip H. Sheridan almost exterminated Early's army in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, and forever ended the control of that fertile region by the Confederates.
In October General Price's invasion of Missouri had ended in the utter rout and destruction of a corps of 25,000 men, the flower of the trans-Mississippi Con- federate army.
General Sherman had maneuvered General John B. Hood out of Atlanta, oc- cupied the city and burned the great factories from which the Confederates derived the greater portion of their arms, clothing and munitions of war, and before the close of the year had marched through "Georgia to the Sea."
At Nashville, that grand old soldier, George H. Thomas, when ready, moved out and fell upon Hood's army, and so completely destroyed it that it was never again heard of as an organization.
General Grant had so invested Petersburg and Richmond that it was only a question of time when both should fall, and when the splendid army of Northern Virginia which, under General Lee, had so long resisted the assaults of the Fed- erals, would be compelled to surrender.
We now find at the end of the year that the only Confederate forces of any magnitude are the armies under General Lee at Richmond, General. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina and the garrison at Mobile, Alabama.
1865.
Nothing of any importance occurred this year until in March, when General Grant again began active operations at Petersburg, Virginia, and General Edward R. S. Canby laid siege to Mobile, Alabama, which surrendered to him on the 9th of April.
On the 2d day of April, General Lee abandoned Richmond and retreated toward
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HAZZARD'S HISTORY OF HENRY COUNTY.
Lynchburg, Virginia, but was compelled to surrender to General Grant at Appo- mattox Court House, Virginia, April 9th. A few days later General Johnston sur- rendered his army in North Carolina to General Sherman, and the Great Civil War was ended.
THE CIVIL WAR BY CAMPAIGNS.
GRANT'S CAMPAIGNS IN THE WEST.
I. Belmont, Missouri, Grant's First Battle, November 7, 1861.
1. He went from Cairo down the Mississippi River in transports to Belmont.
2. He was forced to retreat, and returned to Cairo.
2. Capture of Fort Henry, February 6, 1862.
1. Grant moved overland from Cairo.
2. Commodore Foote passed up the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers with 15,000 men in transports.
3. The garrison escaped to Fort Donelson.
4. The fort was surrendered February 6.
3. Capture of Fort Donelson, February 16, 1862.
1. Commodore Foote moved down the Tennessee and up the Ohio and Cum- berland Rivers.
2. Grant moved overland.
3. Naval attack.
4. The land attack.
5. The escape of Generals Floyd and Pillow.
6. The surrender of Fort Donelson by General Buckner.
7. The Confederate lines broken. Bowling Green on the east to Columbus on the west fell with Fort Donelson.
8. A new Confederate defense was established along the Charleston and Memphis Railroad, from Memphis on the west to Chattanooga on the east. .
4. Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing, April 6 to 7, 1862.
1. Grant moved up the Tennessee River in transports.
2. Buell was ordered from Nashville to join Grant.
3. First day's battle.
4. Second day's battle.
5. Retreat of the Confederates to Corinth.
6. Fall of Island No. 10, April 7th.
5. Corinth Evacuated May 30, 1862.
1. General Halleck assumed command.
2. The movement against Corinth.
3. Corinth evacuated.
4. Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief and Grant was again placed in command.
5. Abandonment of Fort Pillow, May 10.
6. Battle of Iuka, September 19, 1862.
7. Battle of Corinth, October 3 and 4, 1862.
8. Grant's First Movement on Vicksburg.
1. Grant moved through La Grange and Holly Springs to Oxford.
2. Sherman co-operated by moving from Memphis down the Mississippi to attack Vicksburg from the north.
3. Grant's base of supplies was destroyed at Holly Springs, December 20.
4. The movement failed. Grant retired to Memphis.
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HAZZARD'S HISTORY OF HENRY COUNTY.
9. The Siege and Surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863.
. Grant moved from Memphis to Milliken's Bend in transports.
2. The canal project; its failure.
3. He marched down to Hard Times. The transports ran the batteries of Vicksburg.
4. Grierson's cavalry raid from La Grange to Baton Rouge.
5. Naval attack on Grand Gulf, April 29.
6. Battle of Port Gibson, May 1.
7. Battle of Raymond, May 12.
8. Battle of Jackson, May 14.
9. Battle of Champion Hills, May 16.
10. Battle of Big Black River, May 17.
11. Siege of Vicksburg for six weeks.
12. General Joseph E. Johnston endeavored to rescue Pemberton from Vicksburg.
13. General Sherman was sent to hold Johnston back.
14. Surrender of Vicksburg.
15. Fall of Port Hudson.
IO. General Grant went to the relief of Rosecrans at Chattanooga.
1. Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.
BUELL AND BRAGG.
I. Movement to Chattanooga an objective point.
1. Buell left Corinth by way of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad for Chattanooga, rebuilding the road which had been destroyed.
2. General Bragg left Tupelo by way of the Mobile Railroad.
3. Bragg arrived at Chattanooga in advance of Buell.
2. Bragg's invasion of Kentucky.
1. Kirby Smith's movement to London, Lexington, and Frankfort.
2. The race between Buell and Bragg for Louisville.
3. Buell reached Louisville a day ahead of Bragg.
4. Buell received re-enforcements. Bragg retreated.
5. Battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862.
6. Bragg retreated to Chattanooga, and Buell went to Nashville.
7. General results of the campaign.
8. Buell was superseded by General Rosecrans, October 30, 1862.
3 Battle of Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863.
1. General Bragg was ordered north. He went to Murfreesboro.
2. Morgan made his great raid into Indiana and Ohio.
3. General Rosecrans moved from Nashville to attack Bragg.
4. Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone's River.
5. Bragg's retreat toward Chattanooga.
4. Movement to Chattanooga.
1. Rosecrans advanced to Chattanooga, which was abandoned by Bragg.
2. Concentration of Confederate forces.
1. General Buckner brought troops from Knoxville.
2. General Walker brought forces from Johnston's army, from the region of the Mississippi.
3. Longstreet was dispatched with a heavy corps from Lee's army.
4. All available troops were sent from Georgia.
5. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863.
1. Rosecrans was defeated, and shut up in Chattanooga.
2. Rosecrans was relieved of command. General George H: Thomas suc- ceeded him, October 19, 1863.
9
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HAZZARD'S HISTORY OF HENRY COUNTY.
3. The army was in imminent danger of surrender.
6. Concentration of Union Forces.
1. Hurlbut's corps was brought from Memphis.
2. General Sherman brought forces from Vicksburg.
3. General Hooker brought 20,000 men by rail from the east, by way of Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Nashville, to Chattanooga.
4. General U. S. Grant was put in command of all the forces.
7. Raising the Siege of Chattanooga.
1. Battle of Lookout Mountain, November 24, 1863.
2. Battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1863.
3. Bragg was defeated, and retreated south.
8. General Sherman sent to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville.
9. General Grant was appointed General-in-chief, and went to the Army of the Potomac. General Sherman succeeded to his command.
SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA.
I. Sherman's March to Atlanta.
1. General Sherman succeeded General Grant in the West, March 12, 1864.
2. General Bragg was superseded by General J. E. Johnston, December, 1864.
3. Sherman advanced to Atlanta May 1 to July.
1. Battle of Resaca.
2. Battle of Dallas.
3. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain.
4. Johnston retreated across the Chattahoochie River.
5. Johnston was superseded by John B. Hood, July 17.
6. Defeat of Hood and the fall of Atlanta.
1. General Hood made three furious assaults upon the Union army, July 20, 22, 28.
2. Death of General McPherson.
3. Sherman entered Atlanta September 2.
2. Hood's March North.
1. His object was to destroy Sherman's base of supplies and to draw him from Georgia.
2. Battle at Allatoona, October 5.
3. General Thomas was sent to cope with Hood.
4. Hood marched westward across northern Alabama, crossed the Ten- nessee at Florence and began the invasion of Tennessee.
5. Battle of Franklin, November 30.
6. Battle of Nashville, December 15 and 16.
7. Retreat of Hood and pursuit by Thomas to the Tennessee.
8. Hood's army was almost destroyed; the remnants gathered at Tupelo, Mississippi.
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