USA > Indiana > Jefferson County > Madison > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
USA > Kentucky > Jefferson County > Louisville > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
USA > Missouri > St Louis County > St Louis City > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Cincinnati > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
USA > Ohio > Montgomery County > Dayton > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
USA > Ohio > Muskingum County > Zanesville > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
USA > Ohio > Scioto County > Portsmouth > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
USA > Pennsylvania > Allegheny County > Pittsburgh > The western address directory : containing the cards of merchants, manufacturers, and other business men, in Pittsburgh, (Pa.) Wheeling, (Va.) Zanesville, (O.) Portsmouth, (O.) Dayton, (O.) Cincinnati, (O.) Madison, (Ind.) Louisville, (K.) St. Louis, (Mo.) , 1837 > Part 15
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*Term of reproach, applied to the whites, in early days, by the Indians.
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and five miles farther Miamisburgh, (both these villages are in Montgomery county,) where we breakfasted.
. Miamisburgh is a thriving place, on the east bank of the Miami river, with the canal and state road passing through it. The population is about 1,000 inhabitants. It contains a church, 4 taverns, a cotton and woollen factory, an iron and brass foundry, several mills, and 5 stores. About a mile S. E. is one of the largest artifi- cial mounds in the state. The road here presents one continuous village for 6 miles, so dense is the population. as far down as Franklin, in Warren county. The Miami river, although its surface exhibits considerable ice, has not been frozen entirely over, during the winter. The snow continues, but not exceeding an inch in depth, and in some instances is entirely removed. In many places the corn yet remains in the field ; and where it has been gathered and garnered, the inclosure of logs into which the large yellow cars have been thrown, is not roofed. On enquiry, I was informed the price of corn was 314 cents per bushel.
Middletown, also in Warren county, is 6 miles below Franklin; the like density of population continuing; and the same system of farming, except there are no large barns in this valley, (for swine are here substituted for black cattle,) as in New England. The soil is a rich (not black) loam: every farm has an apple orchard : the fences are good ; dwellings very neat ; and every thing like plenty presents itself. The rolling position of the - country, beyond the river bottoms, which do not exceed probably a mile in width, induces the belief that the in- habitants are also healthy. The population of this vil- age exceeds 1,000 persons, and has the appearance of a
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Road from Dayton, (0.)-1837.
more business place than either of the foregoing ones .- About 10,000 hogs were slaughtered this season, aver- aging 240 pounds each. The warchouses and stores, with sample goods at the door, give the place quite a commercial appearance.
Hamilton, the seat of justice of Butler county, is 12 miles below Middletown ; and, by a bridge, connects with it, seemingly, Rossville, on the opposite side of the Miami river. The number of inhabitants is nearly 3,000, and besides a commodious brick courthouse and stone jail, has 5 churches, and as many taverns; a market house; a bank ; 2 newspaper printing offices ; and about 20 stores and shops. A large and beautiful basin of water, used for commercial purposes, about a mile in length, connects the town with the Miami canal-several ware- houses are erected upon it. About $0,000 hogs were slaughtered at this place and Rossville this season. At the Hamilton hotel, we set down to a very indifferent dinner-there were twenty persons ; and all the meats and vegetables which were presented, would have been a " short allowance" for five. The landlord was present, but made no apology or attempted to account for the dearth.
On leaving this populous and thriving village, our stage agent, who was a sojourner outside, took on with him some three or four passengers-(the afternoon had be- come quite pleasant, and very little appearance of snow remained)-and the consequence was, that after proceed- ing about 7 miles, the weight being considerably too great, the shackle-pin, over which passed the thorough_ brace that connected it with the forward spring, snapped in twain, and down came the fore part of our coach upon
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the axle-tree. The horses instantly stopped, but the af- fair produced a concussion so sudden, that one of the outside top passengers was precipitated to the ground :- whether thrown, or whether it was an act of his own vo - lition, I know not. I was on the end of the middle seat, and was looking out of the window at the moment, when the gentleman landed from a loft on his hands and knees; he fell, as if urged by a projectile power ; for as he struck the ground, the skirts of his long black frock coat flew over his back, his hat and scratch fell a little in advance of his head, and his cane and little bundle a yard or two distant, at a right angle, with his person. He was not hurt, nor any other individual about the coach ; but it was impossible to withhold a smile at his ludicrous ap- pearance, when he looked up to see from whence he had come, and how it fared with his fellow-passengers. The introduction of a rail under the bottom of the coach, resting upon the two axle-trees, served to buoy us up, until we reached Springdale, S miles farther, where a blacksmith soon repaired the damages, and enabled us to start again in , time to reach Carthage, 7 miles, on a M'Adamized road-and after ascending a tedious and rather abrupt hill, we arrived within the suburbs, and by 8 o'clock were before a good coal fire, at Dennison's, in the city, denominated " Queen of the West."
The valley on which the city of Cincinnati, and the villages of Newport and Covington are built, is perhaps the most extensive and beautiful bordering on the Ohio river. The circumference of this plain is about 12 miles, and the hills, by which it is environed, intersect each other in such a manner as to form an imperfect square ; through the north-east and south-west angles of which
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the Ohio river enters and passes out .* The northern half of the valley is bounded on the west by Mill-creek; on the north by the river hills ; east by Deer-creek ; and south by the Ohio. The southern half is bisected by Licking river, on the Kentucky side, which, uniting its waters with those of the Ohio at right angles, separates the villages of Newport and Covington, in that state, leaving the former on the east, and the latter on the west side of its channel. " The area of that part of the val- ley on which Cincinnati stands, may be estimated at four square miles. It is unequally elevated, and the upper and lower tables have received the names of hill and bot- tom. The latter, gradually widening, stretches west- wardly from the mouth of Deer-creek, where it is but 200 feet broad, to the interval lands of Mill-creek. Its. medium breadth is about 800 feet. The hill rises about 50 feet above the bottom. The ascent, which is at first steep, soon becomes gradual, and continues for the dis- tance of nearly 1000 feet, when the surface gently de- clines to the base of the neighboring highlands."i
The hills which surround this extensive valley, present to the eye of the beholder one continued ridge, irregu- larly elevated, and of diversified configurations. They exhibit, under no circumstances, an aspect of grandeur; but are always beautiful and picturesque. Their aver- age elevation above the plain, is about three hundred feet : and, instead of the bold and rocky declivities, which characterize the free stone regions of the Ohio, they present gentle and varying slopes, which are most- ly covered with native forest trees. The aspect of the
*Dr. Drake's Picture of Cincinnati.
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valley from the surrounding hills is highly beautiful. - It is various in its character, as it is seen at different points .* In approaching Cincinnati by water, whether ascending or descending the river, the view is neither . extensive nor commanding.
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Cincinnati is in latitude $9°, 6', SO" north, and in longitude 84º 25' west. Following the meander- ings of the stream, it is distant from the union of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers 455 miles ; and from the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi, 504 miles. Over land, it is distant from the capital of the state 110 ; from Sandusky City, 200 ; from Indianopolis, (the capi- tal of Indiana) 120 ; from Frankfort, (the capital of Kentucky) 85 : from Natchez, 680 ; from Nashville, 270 ; from New Orleans, 860 ; from St. Louis, 550 ; from Pittsburgh, S00 ; from Louisville, 105 ; from Baltimore, 518 ; from Philadelphia, 617 ; and from New York, by the way of Lake Erie and the Erie canal, 850; from Washington City, 500. The upper plain of Cincinnati is 539 feet above the Atlantic ocean, and 25 feet be- low the level of Lake Erie. Low water mark on the
*One of the views most worthy, perhaps, of attention, may be had at an early hour on one of the foggy mornings of August, or Sep- tember. Aspectator, under such circumstances, placed upon one of these hills, will find himself elevated quite above the dense vapours of the river : he will behold the sun rising free from all obscurity, while the plain below him is lost in one unbroken sheet of fog, pre- senting the appearance of an unruffled lake. As soon, however, as the rays of the sun fall less obliquely upon this expanse of vapour, it becomes rarefied, and assuming the appearance of fleecy clouds, passes away to rarer regions, gradually disclosing the city, the river, the villages, the numerous steamboats, and all the countless objects of the valley .- [" Cincinnati in 1826."
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Ohio, at this city, is 431 feet above the Atlantic ocean, and 1SS feet below Lake Erie.
On the first of March, 1786, (says the Cincinnati Direc- tory, ) the Chio Company was formed at Boston, consisting of officers and soldiers of the revolution, who by an act of Congress were entitled to a military grant of land in the territory north west of the Ohio river. This com- pany contracted with Congress for one million five hun- dred thousand acres, on the 27th Nov. 1787. On the 7th of April, 1788, Gen. Rufus Putnam, with forty-six others, arrived and pitched their tents, and commenced clearing the ground where Marietta now stands .- This was the first permanent settlement in what now forms the state of Ohio. In 1788, Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor of the north-western territory, and entered upon the duties of his office about the first of June. In September the first court was holden in the territory. In the winter of 1786, Mr. Benjamin Stites, an inhabitant of Red Stone, on the Monongahela, went to New York, with the view to purchase of Congress a tract of land between the Miami rivers. On becoming acquainted with Mr. John Cleves Symmes, then a mem- ber of Congress, he represented to him the character of the Miami country, and solicited his influence and co- operation in effecting the purchase. Mr. Symmes pre- ferred having some personal knowledge of the country before a contract should be completed. He accordingly crossed the mountains, and descended the Ohio as far as Louisville, Kentucky. On his return, the contem- plated purchase was made in his own name. The tract contained one million of acres, lying on the Ohio river, between the Miamies. Soon after Mr. Symmes sold to:
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Matthias Denman the entire section number 18 and frac .. tional section number 17, in the 4th township. Not long after, Denman made Col. Robert Patterson and John Filson, of Kentucky, joint proprietors with him- self in the tract he had purchased ; Denman's purchase, together with the fractional section No. 12, forms the present site of Cincinnati. In September, 1788, Filson was killed by the Indians. His share then reverted back to Denman, who subsequently sold it to Israel Ludlow. In June, 1789, this gentleman, with about twenty others, commenced a settlement on his purchase. They erected three or four log cabins, the first of which was built on Front street, near the corner of Main and Front. The town was first called Losantiville.# During the win- ter, Mr. Ludlow surveyed and laid out the town, then covered with a dense forest, marking the course of the streets on the trees. About the first of June, Major Doughty arrived at Losantiville with one hundred and forty men, and commenced the building of Fort Wash- ington, situated on the eminence, on Third street, where the Bazaar now stands, and before the close of the year it was nearly completed. On the 29th Dec., Gen. Harmer, with 300 men, took command of the Fort.
The population of Losantiville consisted of eleven families and twenty-four unmarried men, with about twenty log cabins, mostly on the lower bank. In Jan.,
*Filson, whose name is mentioned above, as killed by the Indians, gave it this name, with reference to its situation, opposite the mouth of Licking river, on the Kentucky side of the Ohio. The Greek word os -- the Latin word anti-and the French word ville :- the L. representing the word Licking-[ L-os-anti-ville]-"Village oppo- site Licking" river.
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1790, Governor St. Clair, and the judges of the Supreme court, arrived at Losantiville, and organized the first judicial court in the Miami country. At this time the Governor gave to Losantiville the name of Cincinnati .- The first President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, was William Goforth ; associates, Wm. Wells and William M. Millen; John S. Gano was appointed clerk of the court, and John Brown sheriff. Cincinnati had an increase in its population this year of about forty families, and the cabins erected amounted to nearly the same number; the first two frame houses were built this year. In 1791, Cincinnati had little increase in its population; about one-half of the inhabitants were at- tached to the army, and many of them killed. In 1792. the first school was established in Cincinnati. In the fall of 1793, the small-pox broke out among the soldiers at Fort Washington, and spread through the town with such malignity, that nearly one-third of the citizens and soldiers fell victims to its ravages. After the defeat of the savages, in 1794, by Gen. Wayne, emigrants began to flock across the mountains in great numbers. In June, 1795, Cincinnati contained 500 inhabitants. In January, 1802, the territorial legislature incorporated the town of Cincinnati; and in 1803, the State Govern- ment went into operation. In the year 1819, Cincinnati was incorporated into a city; the number of inhabitants at that time was 10,283.
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Population .- In 1795, the number of inhabitants was 500; in 1800, 750; in 1805, 960; in 1810, 2,320; in 1813, 4,000; in 1819, 10,283; in 1824, 12,016; in 1826, 16,230; in 1829, 24,148; in 1833, 27,645; in 1855, 29,000; in 1836, 30,000.
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The table land of Cincinnati, and the order of ar- rangement of the streets, reminds a person who has seen both cities, very forcibly of Philadelphia .-- There are seven streets, 66 feet wide, 396 feet apart, and running from the river north, 16° west, between Broadway and Western Row. The cross streets, which are of the same width, intersect these at right angles, and lie the same distance apart, except Water and Front, and Second and Third streets. Each square was originally divided into eight lots, 99 by 198 feet, except those lying between the streets last enumerated. The streets in that part of the sity east of Broadway, which run north, 44° west, are but 60 feet in width, and lie at the same distance from each other as those in the part of the town first laid out ; but the cross streets which run parallel to the river are something nearer each other .- The donations by the proprietors are a fraction of a square designed for a public common, south of Front street, and between Main and Broadway ; and an entire square on the west side of Main, between Fourth and Fifth streets, one-half of which was conveyed to the First Presbyterian Church, and the other to the County Commissioners.
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Cincinnati is governed by a Mayor and City Council. It was first incorporated in 1802 ; since which its char- ter has been repeatedly modified. By the present in- strument, the municipal power of the city is vested in a city council, consisting of three Trustees, annually cho- sen, by the qualified voters, from each of the five wards of the city. The qualified voters are those who have the qualifications of an elector for members of the Gen- eral Assembly, and have resided one year in the city .-
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Cincinnati, (O.,) in 1837.
The qualifications for a trustee are three years residence in the city, one year in the ward from which he is elect- ed, and the possession of a freehold.
The Mayor is chosen biennially by the people, and besides his judicial duties, is the general superintending and executive magistrate of the city.
The Aldermen are elected by the people, also bien- ' nially. They are associate judges of the city court.
The Court house and Jail are in the north easterly part of the city, near the canal. The Cincinnati and Medical Colleges, are withdrawn from the streets, or lo- cated in a quiet section of the city. The churches are removed from the noise and bustle incidental to large places, and the Banks, Insurance, and other public ofli- ces, are, as they should be, in the most public parts pos- sible. There is also here, in a good location, the IFes- tern Museum, an institution which has been very liberal- ly patronized in the way of contributions, to its animal, vegetable, mineral and fossil deposits, by many of our most respectable citizens in various parts of the United States. Much science is displayed in the order of ar- ranging the many and various rarities.
There are 5 Banks and a Savings Institution. The Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, has a capital of $2,000,000 : Micajah T. Williams, Prest. ; Sam'l. R. Miller, Sec'ry. ; and J. M. Perkins, Cash. -- The Commercial Bank, with a capital of S1,000, 000 : J. S. Armstrong, Prest. ; and William S. Hatch, Cash .- The Franklin Bank, (government deposits,) capital $1,000,000 : John II. Groesbeck, Prest. and Augustus Moore, Cash .-- The Lafayette Bank, with a capital of $1,000,000 : Josiah Lawrence, Prest. and W. G. W.
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Gano, Cashr .- The Miami Exporting Company Bank, - with a capital of $600,000 : J. C. Wright, Prest. and J. G. Lamb, Cashr .- And the Cincinnati Savings Institu- tion, of which George W. Jones is President, and H. H. Goodman, Secretary.
There are 4 newspapers published daily, and about 12 other periodicals.
If the making of types and books would alone entitle a city to the appellation of "literary emporium," then would Cincinnati be that of " the west;" but the materials of which those books are composed, in most instances, originate with gentlemen who dwell here, hence the dou- ble pretension to such a claim. The printing which is annually executed in this city, is immense, as will be seen hereafter, when I have a better opportunity of ascer- taining particulars.
Some attempts have been made to promote the Fine Arts, but not with that success, perhaps, which a few more years will be better calculated to effect. I have been invited by a friend into the establishment of a stone cutter, to look at some pieces of Statuary, executed by him, and was much gratified to perceive how nearly a free stone block was made to resemble human life, by a chisel in the untutored hand of Mr. Shubael Clevenger, a native artist. The pieces were as large as life, and were likenesses of some of the most distinguished citi- zens of the city. I am deprived of the pleasure of see- ing Mr. C., he being at present at North Bend, executing a bust of Gen. W. H. Harrison.
Cincinnati, (Ohio,) in 1837. 277
LETTER XV.
Cincinnati continued-Its composition-Education-Market houses and markets-Dwelling houses -- Ware houses-Pork houses- Slaughtering Hogs, number killed, &c .- Manufactures-Water Works-Fire department.
CINCINATI, (Ohio,) Jan. 24th, 1837.
This is a pretty place, and a business place, too-but the manners of the people are not those of the same people. Here is evidently a compound of elements- one possesing a centrifugal, the other a centripetal pro- perty. Each state of the union has contributed its quota of inhabitants-the better and more liberal mind- ed prevail, or are the more prominent in business.
The aspect of the place has not much diversity. The public buildings carry in their external appearance, ge- nerally, the object for which they were created. The churches would not be mistaken for theatres or banking institutions ; but the ten public school houses, so lofty and handsome is their finish, might, without rather a close scrutiny, be mistaken by a stranger, for a place of worship, instead of a house at which children were taught at the expense of the city. This is certainly an evidence that respect is here paid to education, which is not often to be met with elsewhere. Here are four market houses, and a market at one of them every morning in the week, except Sunday. ; They are well supplied with meats and vegetables in abundance, and cheap. Upwards of 400 wagons were counted at the market in fifth street, a few mornings since-Beef sells at 6 to 8 cts. per Ib .; Pork, ditto ; Turkeys, 50 to 75 each ; Geese, 373 ; Chickens, 26
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25 a pair ; Butter, 19 cts. per lb .; Potatoes, 50 cts. a bushel ; Apples, 25 ; Flour, $8 per bbl -Wood, $3.50 per cord-Coal, previously delivered, at 12a15 cts. per bushel.
The streets are paved, not lighted ; and some of the dwellings upon them, occupying spacious lots, surround- ed with shrubbery, and enclosed with iron railing, would be viewed with jealousy, could they be seen by some of our Atlantic imitators of European extravagance. How- ever, this liberality of appropriating property in part for public good, while it tends to place the owner before his fellow-citizens as a man excelling in wealth, living at ease, basking among roses, &c. contributes very mate- rially towards the free circulation of the air, and thereby adds to the general health of the city. It is much to be preferred to the principle of sticking a warehouse or shop in every nook, and putting tenants into them, who are alike indifferent to cleanliness as to any thing else, provid- ed they can make money. Spacious brick houses, elegant- ly finished outside and in, clean streets, side-walks swept, are indications of the right description of a population -- and that the place is healthy.
There were 200 brick buildings erected last year, among them four churches, and two banking houses- (La Fayette and Franklin, )-both under the same roof and presenting one colonnade front. It is a very hand- some edifice ; and the churches are not surpassed in ele- gance, but by few in the union. The city is without a theatre-its late one was burned.
Main street is to Cincinnati what Broadway is to New York : but this city also has a Broadway. The former extends from the Ohio river at right angles until it inter .
Cincinnati, ( Ohio, ) in 1837. 279
sects the canal in the northern suburbs. Warehouses, stores, manufactories, and pork houses, are to be found on Main street ; and, as in every other city, there is a point more attracting than another-in this it is Mr. Platt Evens' lot to be distinguished-and the front of his store, with his large plates of French glass, through which may. be viewed every article almost, of Fancy, continues to attract crowds of men, women and boys, from morning till night-when the day is pleasant, much to the annoy_ ance of foot passengers.
The warehouses of the grocers, iron dealers, and com- mission merchants, are of vast capacity, in depth and height-and the pork and warehouses on the canal, are expansive-all of brick, many of them new, built and fastened in the most substantial manner. The warehouse of Messrs, Miller & Lee, I was induced to measure-it is 150 feet deep by 75 wide ; others may be as capacious, probably Mr. L. Pugh's,-possibly more so-at all events, if no other motive would prompt a stranger to visit this section of the city, curiosity should-and blocks of build- ings, dead hogs, barrels of pork, and the process of hog- killing, which is going on a short distance beyond, (at this season of the year,) although the latter may be a process rather sanguinary for delicate nerves, -it is the " vocation," and contributes materially to the support of thousands, of "gentiles" at least-and the time of a stranger, if not otherwise engaged, would not be thrown away in viewing the process.
While I am on the subject of " hogs," I might as well " go the whole."
There were 21 houses, engaged in the business of packing in this city, this season. One hundred and five
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thousand hogs were slaughtered in Cincinnati, and twen- ty thousand estimated to have been slaughtered, and af- terwards brought in, making the aggregate 125,000 .-- Mr. John W. Coleman, to whom I am indebted for my information, is the gentleman who superintends the whole process, (except for three houses, ) from the time the hog is penned, until he is ready for cutting up. It is the task of 20 men to knock down, bleed, scald, re- move the hair, bristles, and entrails, and have in readi- ness for the cleaver, 620 hogs in 8 hours ; which consti- tutes the day's work at this business. Mr. C. has ten slaughter houses, at each of which he has a gang of ope- ratives. The houses are large and adapted to the pur- pose, with kettles constantly filled and water boiling at a certain temperature. Attached to the houses are pens, of different dimensions, capable of containing from 50 to 1000 hogs. Before the operation of slaying commences, the hogs are driven into a smaller pen until they are quite compact, the executioner, with a sledge hammer, then enters the pen upon the backs of the animals, and commences " the work of death." Each blow fells the animal on which he stands ; and as the hog can only gradually settle down, by reason of the pressure of his neighbors, the executioner steps to another, and another, making his mark as he passes along, until he has passed over the whole herd. It reminded me of a man on a raft of logs, the logs rather loosely secured,, and no one suf- ficient to support him, or he could not balance himself upon it ; and as it rolled, shewing a tendency to deprive him of his foothold, he to save himself, would pass on to another. - When they are all knocked down and removed within the building, the knife is passed into
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