USA > Kansas > Reno County > History of Reno County, Kansas; its people, industries and institutions, Vol I > Part 9
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At the same meeting of the board of commissioners, "a special election" was called for January 6. 1872, ten days only to elapse before the election after the calling of the election. The reason for this haste was the anxiety of the promoters of the new county, and more particularly the owners of the townsite of Hutchinson, to get a representative in the Legislature who could make some changes in the boundary lines of the county that would lessen the dangers of another town being established nearer the center of the county that would contest with Hutchinson for the county seat.
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RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
So this hurried election was hekl on Saturday, January 6, 1872. There was but one candidate, C. C. Hutchinson, who received all the votes that were cast. The board of county commissioners did not delay long to canvass the vote, for as soon as the polls were closed and the votes counted, the board immediately began to canvass the votes and issued to Mr. Hutchinson his certificate of election within a half hour after the polls were closed. Ile left that night for Newton in a wagon, traveling overland, and there took the train the next morning for Topeka. On Monday morning, following his election on Saturday. Mr. Hutchinson presented his certificate of election and was sworn in as a member of the Legislature. It is doubtful if such a cer- tificate, secured in such a manner, was ever presented to a legislative body before. Certainly it would attract attention now, for this "special board of commissioners" that had been appointed by Governor Harvey had not form- ally organized when the election of representative was held. In fact, only two members of that board had acted. for the commissioners' records declare that the "special board" did not formally organize until February 10, 1872, when the "minutes of the last meeting" were read and approved and then the "board" proceeded to "organize." Just what was the condition of the board when they called this "special election" for representative, and then canvassed the vote and issued the certificate of election to Hutchinson as representative, cannot be determined from the records they have left of their acts. But the records show affirmatively that the "minutes of the previous meeting" were read and approved and that the "board then proceeded to organize." Prior to this meeting just referred to, the board also met and canvassed the votes of the election called to select the county seat. All of the votes cast were for the "City of Hutchinson." So, on February 3. 1872. Hutchinson became the county seat of the county of Reno.
The board of commissioners waited four days before it met again, and it is recorded that, "pursuant to law," they ordered an election to be held in Hutchinson to "elect officers for the county of Reno." They specified the following offices to be filled: Three county commissioners, county treas- urer. county clerk, sheriff, county surveyor, register of, deeds, county attor- ney, coroner, probate judge, clerk of the district court and superintendent of public instruction. This election was held on March 12, 1872, and the following were unanimously selected for the various offices, there being only one candidate for each office: Sheriff. Charles Collins: treasurer. Edward Wilcox ; county clerk, A. C. Kies: county attorney. Lysander Houk: reg- ister of deeds. S. H. Hammond: clerk of district court, Harry Hodson; probate judge, W. W. Updegraff; county surveyor. Luther Dodge; coroner,
562773 A
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RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
C. S. Martin; superintendent of public instruction, W. E. Hutchinson ; county commissioners, C. C. Bemis, W. H. Bell and W. J. VanSickle.
Most of the men chosen at the first election were representative men. Seven of them remained in the county and helped develop it. These men were, Charles Collins, Edward Wilcox, L. Houk, Harry Hodson, W. S. Van- Sickle, W. E. Hutchinson and W. W. Updegraff. Of this number, only one, W. E. Hutchinson, is living at the time of the writing of this history. Some of the others who filled these offices were adventurers, without an abiding faith in the community. Of those who remained, probably Judge Houk and W. E. Hutchinson had the most prominent part in shaping the affairs of the county, and if any one man were singled out above the others as having had the most to do with the shaping and developing of the earlier affairs of the county and, later, in promoting the enterprises that helped the growth of town and county, that one would be W. E. Hutchinson. C. C. Hutchin- son did a great work in arranging the boundary lines of the county and in fixing the character of the town by his activities while in the state Legisla- ture, but he did not remain long in the county. His cousin. W. E. Hutchin- son, remained through all of the early years, when even an existence was a struggle, through the boom days that followed the trying pioneer times and through the dismal days that followed the collapse of the boom, when prop- erty values shrunk to almost no value at all. Through it all. prosperity and adversity, he was a most active man. As will be seen later in the develop- ment of the county, he was "the man behind the gun" in so many enter- prises that he was unquestionably the most constant factor in the early growth and development of Hutchinson and Reno county.
Judge Houk was not only the leader of the Reno county bar, but one of the great lawyers of the state. He was a man of wide learning and was constantly in demand for public addresses on all lines of work. He was greatly interested in horticulture, and was a life member of the State Horti- cultural Society. Some of the older members of the Reno County Bar AAssociation have said that the early lawyers "went to school" to Judge Houk -such was their high regard for his ability as a lawyer and judge.
Harry Hodson remained in Reno county for many years and was a successful farmer and business man. He remained in the county about twenty-five years and led an active business life.
E. Wilcox also was actively engaged in the hardware business, erecting a brick building on South Main street. He remained in the county for many years and helped develop its resources.
Charles Collins was likewise a well-known and active figure in develop-
I(1
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
ing the county. Of Mr. Collins' early life, but little is known. There was a wall of secretiveness about him that no one ever broke down. He was physically a fine specimen of the Western frontiersman and in his early life he wore his hair long. He carried nearly all his life a United States deputy marshal's commission. He was greatly interested in the cattle business and, although it was not generally known, was a representative of Senator Plumb in his dealings with the cattle men of the Southwest. He lived nearly all his life in this county. At one time he was a wealthy man, but in his later life, through the shrinkage in cattle values, he was not in such comfortable cir- cumstances.
Meanwhile, C. C. Hutchinson was active in the Legislature in carrying out his ideas of a town that he could advertise as a "home town," free from the "wild west" influences that were so conspicuous in other towns. He saw the class of people who were attracted by the cattle traders. He saw other towns bidding for this business. He saw the shamelessness, the debauchery, that characterized the cowboy of that day. All sorts of criminals made up the larger portion of the crowd. He saw how they had changed the peace- able community of Abilene into a hotbed of disorder, gambling, liquor drinking, prostitution and every other vice that was ever invented to take money out of one man's pocket and put it into another without consideration. When the Santa Fe reached Newton, Hutchinson saw that the scenes of Abilene would be re-enacted in this place, as the building of the Santa Fe westward would cut off a seventy-five mile drive for the cattlemen. There was scarcely a redeeming feature to the cattle business, so Hutchinson deter- mined to have none of that element in the town he had laid out and which bore his name.
"What is to be the next cattle town?" was the query. Naturally they expected it would be Hutchinson. It was nearer the range and farther from the farmer, with his small tract of cultivated land, that interfered with the great herds that were driven north from Texas. It was closer to the Ninne- scah. Cow creek, the Little river, the Arkansas and the Chicaskia, a territory of a million acres of the best grass land, watered with streams that never dried up. The new railroad bent off to the northward from Hutchinson, as if to leave the rich pasture to the cattlemen, undisturbed and unbroken. Here the cattle could be driven farther west, so that they would not run into the farms that were being settled in Sumner and Cowley counties. To the south- ward were the hills of the Medicine Lodge country, where cattle would drift for protection whenever a "norther" swooped down on them. Hutchinson was to be the next "cow town." The restaurant man with his meager equip-
102
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
ment. his material for his shanty, with his trailers, the saloon keeper and lewd woman; the gambler with his faro and poker, his ready six-shooter strapped to his side, the aristocrat of this bunch of outlaws who lived off the cowboys-all were getting ready to come to Hutchinson. They all stopped. The startling news reached them that Hutchinson was to be a "temperance town." In every deed of conveyance of real estate in the new town there was a provision that the sale of liquor on that lot within three years from the date of sale would forfeit the lot. To the bunch of outlaws that infor- mation was a great joke. Perhaps they would have been able to make a joke out of it and all the plans for making Hutchinson a home town would have failed, had it been necessary to have had a direct fight with this class of outlaws. But they soon found out how it was to be accomplished. They wouldn't be allowed to drive their herds through Reno county!
As soon as C. C. Hutchinson was sworn in as a member of the Legis- lature he began actively to get some laws on the statute books. He had the help of his associates in adjoining counties in getting the boundary lines changed as referred to in another chapter. He likewise had the help of the same men in the passage of the "herd law." that was intended to protect the farmer's crop from stock that was allowed to run loose. But so far as making Hutchinson a temperance town, this bit of legislation that was slipped through the Legislature, with but little notice and less noise, was the one that allowed Texas cattle to be driven northward through the state from Texas, but fixed the eastern limit of the boundary through which they could be driven on a line that is the western boundary of Reno county. So the restaurant man, the saloon-keeper, the gambler and the rest of the crowd moved, but they never stopped at Hutchinson. Their business was not here, and would not be here. They went on westward, for without the cattle business they would be out of a job. They drifted farther west, at Ellin- wood for a while, but later they made Dodge City their headquarters. This was their last stand. This was the cowboy's outpost. This was their last capital. The story of Dodge City has been told over and over again. "Dodge City, the Cowboys' Capital." has been glorified and dignified in a most in- teresting volume, written by W. M. Wright, of Dodge City. Thus Hutch- inson escaped the fame that went to Dodge City.
The passage of the "herd law" by the Legislature was bitterly fought by the cattle men. Hutchinson took the position in the Legislature that the driving out of the buffalo, so that the big herds of cattle could graze on this land was only a step in the development of that land. He insisted that the substituting of the long horned Texas steers for the "crooked back oxen,"
103
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
as the Spanish called the buffalo when they first saw them, was limiting the development of the county. That the big herds, taking whole townships for their support, were no more the ultimate use to which the land should be put, than to allow the buffalo to roam undisturbed in the rich green lands; but that real development of this valley, that which the Legislature should foster, lay in the breaking up of the sod and in the cutting up of the range into small farms.
This idea of the use of the soil was bitterly contested by the cattle men. The land, according to their view, was only intended for range purposes; that if anyone wanted to use it for other purposes they could do so, but the primary purpose of the Legislature should be to protect the cattle industry and let the land be used for grazing purposes. The "herd bill" was passed by a small majority, but modified so that it would have to be ratified by the voters of each county before it would be effective. This law provided that stock should be kept up by the owner or if any stock broke loose and did any damage the owner was liable for such damage.
The passing of the law allowing Texas cattle to be driven north through the state, but fixing the eastern boundary line along which they could be driven was a most important thing in the settling up of the county. Prior to the passage of this law, great herds of cattle were driven over Reno county, over the Chisholm trail. They were first driven to Abilene, to be shipped eastward over the Kansas Pacific; later were driven to Newton, and later still to Ellinwood. The law was not rigidly enforced for a couple of years, until the settlers began to take the land for farming purposes, and until 1874 great herds were driven in through southern Kansas, crossed the south- ern part of the county. reached the Ninnescah river, followed it up on the south side until they got to where Smoot's creek flowed into the Ninnescah, then drove northward east of Arlington to the north fork of the Ninnescah to about where Sylvia now stands, thence directly north across the sand hills and on to Ellinwood. Early in 1875 they were compelled to drive directly west along the Northup trail, which was on the southern border of the county, their destination being Dodge City.
To finish the work of making Reno county a safe place for farmers, a petition was filed on February 29, 1872, asking for an election to vote on the "herd law." This election was held on March 26, 1872. The notices posted set out the proposed law: "No person owning, using or in anyway controlling any horse, mule, ass, cattle, sheep, swine or goat within the bounds of Reno county, shall at any time permit such animal to go at large within said county." Also providing a penalty for the violating of said law.
10.4
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
The election resulted in almost a unanimous vote in favor of the law and became effective on May 4, 1872. As a result of the passage of this law there was much increased acreage of corn planted that year. Sod was broken after the Legislature passed the law and corn planted. The early settlers saw their crop would be protected and greatly increased the amount of ground planted to corn.
Keeping in view the purpose that suggested the writing of this history of Reno county, to record the deeds of the men and women who pioneered the way and made possible the abundant prosperity of the people who now live within the borders of the county, at the end of this preliminary view of the organization of the county, is recorded the names of the men and women who signed the petition asking for the organization of the county. Many of their children and children's children are living in this county. But few of the signers are still alive. Some of the names, perhaps, are not correct, for the hands that signed them were unused to the pen. The ink is faded and the paper upon which that petition was written is yellow, making identi- fication in some cases impossible. It is an honor roll, worthy to be written on any monument and, in the absence of any other record, their names are here recorded : 1
CENSUS ROLL OF RENO COUNTY, KANSAS, JANUARY 18, 1872.
D. B. Miller
Isaac Ijams
M. J. Parker
Louise Miller
B. V. Ijams
Frank Parker
Sidney D. Miller
Sallie Ijams Harry Parker
Henry Miller
John W. Ijams Edward Parker
Amasa J. Smith
William Ijams
Charles Parker
Elisabeth Smith
William Casey
Robert Bell
Olive Miller Bridget Casey
Lucy Bell
Cora Smith
George Casey
William Bell
Jeremiah Rhoades
Willie Casey
E. L. Bell
Annie Rhoades
Harrie Casey Carrie Bell
William E. Rhoades
Susan Casey
Joseph Bell
Frank P. Rhoades
Frederick Walker
Jacob Eisenberg
James B. Rhoades
John Anderson
John P. Talbert
Julia Eisenberg Catharine Eisenberg
Olive M. Rhoades Alice A. Rhoades
N. J. Patrick
John Eisenberg
Christine Eisenberg
Lillie D. Rhoades Nellie J. Rhoades J. W. Ijams
James Patrick Sarah Patrick
James Frees
Newton Parker
Mary Frees
ยท
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
10
Hannah Frees
James Preston
James Oconor Lewis Holsey
Benjamin W. Goodhue John Dorson
Louisa Goodhue
H. McCarty
Gilbert HI. Goodhue
W. S. Pierce
Charlotte Goodhue B. W. Goodhue, Jr. Artemas Goodhue
Luther Dodge
C. McCorwine Davis Gorgan Phebe Gorgan
Amy Smith Julia Smith
William Dodge
O. Gorgan
James Sellenz
Martha Dodge
D. Gorgan
Louise G. Sellenz
Hariet Dodge
Gorgan
James L. Sellens
Kitty Dodge
Gorgan Gorgan
Talmadge W. Colburn
B. Hess
B. J. Miller
Eva L. Colburn
Carrie Shields
M. Sholtz
H. D. Colburn
Daniel Shields
J. G. Rolf Mastin Spich
Dora I. Brown Bell
Minnie Shields
B. F. Miller
C. C. Hutchinson
Magg Shields Sarah Shields Oscar Sturgies
Andrew Palmer
Carrie M. Hutchinson
Harriet Sturgies
G. Anderson
John A. Clapp
Hariet E. Sturgies
J. C. Talbot
George R. Tucker
Charles Sturgies
W. Wiling
Mathew Dopp - Dopp
Albert Cravens Sarah Cravens
P. Nerlinger S. Liffering
Thomas B. Campbell
William Hull
John Swanson
M. C. Campbell
M. Hull
P. Swanson
H. H. Campbell
Oliver Wall
John Laer
Emily Campbell
N. Wall
James Huntsinger
Elisabeth Campbell Ulysses Campbell
John Odonnell
S. Esklison
William J. Easter
Jesse Brainard
M. Esklison
WVm. E. Hutchinson
B. Woodley
C. Esklison
Albert H. Hutchinson James Mulligin
J. M. Fife
Robert Clark
John Craddock M. Shehan
H. Milligin James McPhilbiny
B. W. Parr
G. McCoy
Peter Lafferty
T. Croly
1. Dorson T. Dorson
James Nolan
Ann Dodge
Mary Dodge
C. H. Gorgan
Edna L. Sellens
Luther Dodge
W. Chestnut
R. H. Rvan
Arthur H. Hutchinson
Jennie Williams
I. G. Patrick
Thomas Foley
Peter Drinnigan
C. Lass
Ezra V. Brown
Green Shields
106
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
S. Croly P'. Croly
W. G. Shields
Thomas Faley
Alice Shields
Patric Croly
Daniel Shields
G. Canady
Florence Shields
M. Thomas
MI. Canady
Alice Shields
H. Michael John Chatthan M. Mehan
James Canady
Malon Taylor
Patric Canady
Fanny Taylor
C. Cathamer
M. McMahon
E. Taylor
S. Cathamer J. Cathamer
.A. Jones
Jennie Holcanst
Thomas Delany
P. Carroll
Mollie Holcanst
John Morris
James Milligan John Richileau
S. Shields
James Colony Alex. Beam
William Smith
T. E. Henly
Andrew Johnson
William R. Smith
H. Ersklim
Thomas Watt
Thomas Smith
L. Ersklim
J. C. Adams
Daniel Shean
John Piercesons
Daniel Shean, Jr.
WV. Shoaf
James Shean
Shoaf
John Mehan Martin Gregory
Sarah Shean
J. Parker
Thomas Slater
Thomas Brown
W. Casey
John Thomas
John Jones
B. Casey
James Persall
Allen
G. Casey
Whieman Rogers
Michael Sullivan
W. Casey
Thomas White John Gaffany
Patrick Madden
V. Casey
Lewis Swarens
U. Casey
Patrick Doyl
Sylvia Swarens
I'. Brady
Oly Davidson
A. I .. Swarens
l'. Tully
William Kelley
Leander Swarens
P. McMahon
John Carroll
1. Lovel
W. Dovl
T. F. Byren
Charles Boyles
E. Butcher
Thomas Ravl
Benjamin Carson
T. Butcher
E. Shaffer
J. Green
Albert Tobin John Sullivan
G. Hamil
Green
James Williamson
G. Shields
Green
Thomas Carroll
Leander Shields
Green
James Sweeny
May Shields
Green
William Falley
Faley Faley
II. Canady
Simon Shields
Peter Brady
W. H. Holcanst
Hattie Holcanst
E. C. Whipple Michael Dolin
Mary Shean
Shoaf
107
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
J. Williams
William Williams
Williams William Walters
William Messenhelter George Swinehart Alfred Hubbard
James Parker .
May Parker
Henry Kenzart
Lewis Jeff
Charles Parker
Henry Wessen H. C. Prentice
Erastus Pierce
Lizzie Parker
W. R. Prentice
Minus Pierce
Johny Parker
AAsa Spencer
Marz. J. Pierce
May Parker
Robt. Murphy
J. W. Upperman
Moses Parker
Charles Crosby
Frank Foster
Sarah Parker George Crosby Susie Parker Ellen Crosby
F. U. Smith
Katie Parker
Freeman Crosby Emmet Crosby
Lucy Malsbury
Jennie Hodgson
Sena Malsbury
May Hodgson
Lorenzo Crosby Hiram Colgrove Edwin Colgrove William Colgrove
Amsae Kies
John West
Samuel Dennis S. F. Dennis
A. C. Kies
Henry Hilton
Mary Dennis
Kies
J. Fletcher
Sarah Dennis
Reed
M. Hitchcock
Jonathan Schenck
George Boyd
H. Burns
Sophia Schenck
Martin Updegraff Manin Fletcher
Emma Ostracon
Burton Schenck
Eliza Ostracon
Earle Stone
Joan Ostracon
Emily Stone
Katie Ostracon
Prentice Stone
G. S. Miles
James Hallowell
Martha Stone
James Johnson S. Williamson
E. Smithson
Smith Ordway
William Smith
Elvira Ordway
Jane Ordway
Katie Reid M. Fay
Andrew Henson E. P. Hubbard Charles Burke
Oliver Whiting Jonathan Whiting
John S. Malsbury Sanford Malsbury Alice Malsbury
Thomas Hodgson
Hetherington Hodgson
Leigh Malsbury
E. Uleson
Bond
Henry Brown
Charles Ostracon
Albert Schenck
Fay Fay Fay
Luther Ordway
Sarah Ordway
M. Sanders Levica Miles J. D. Reid S. A. Reid Charles Reid
Justin Jeff
James Parker
J. W. Bagley AAndrew Olson
.A. C. Jeff W. E. Jeff H. A. Jeff G. A. Jeff E. N. Jeff B. J. Jeff
108
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
B. Janson
C .. Olson
1'. Polson
Davis
Ilastings
Everett
Putnam
Broadhead
Peter Wilson James Wilson Charles Wilson Sarah Wilson John Hubbard James Hubbard
S. Fairchild
John Rowley
Edward Fairchild
Nancy Rowley
F. Chase
James Rowley
Maria Chase
George Rowley
Harly Wendell
Matilda Chase
Martin Rowley
Abbie Wendell
George Douglass
Emeline Rowley James Stuyvessant
Charles Winsor
F. M. Wyatt
Mary Stuyvessant
Carrie Winsor
R. S. Wyatt
Sylvester Lawson
Martha (Wiseman)
Thomas Ellis
Calvin Lawson
James York
James Ellis
Arthur Lawson
Sarah York
Cathrine Walters
John Talbot
Elias York
William Walters
Martha Talbot
Betsy York
Hubert Rose
Delphene Talbot
James Cumming
Lewis Rose
Willard Talbot
Sarah Cumming
Amanda Rose
William Clark
Charles Cumming
Eliza Rose
Sarah Clark
Alfred Cumming
George Nichols
Julia Clark
Edward Marsh
Sarah Nichols
Alex Moore
James Marsh
Oliver Van Orman
Metilda Moore
Eber Hatch
Elizabeth Van Orman
James Moore
Phoebe Hatch
Isaac Van Orman
John Sharpe
Sarah Hatch
Harvy Van Orman
Wesley Sharpe
Edgar Rawson
Demaris Van Orman
William Purdy
Hubbard Rawson Martha Rawson
Adelaide Hadley
Andrew Purdy
Hiram J. Colgrove
Charles Hadley
Mary .\. Purdy
Susan Colgrove
C. W. Oxelcon
Eliza Purdy
Elias June
Martha Oxelcon
William Purdy, Jr.
Moses M. June
Vally Oxelcon
John Case
Mira June
F. Hultkvans
Mary Case
Elizabeth June
1. Sadevstion
James Belmont
Charles Hardy
M. Clapoul
Clarence Belmont
Simon Hardy
Sarah Whiting Cynthya Whiting Edwin Whiting
J. Anderson
Sarah Hubbard Mary Hubbard Kattie Hubbard
Moses Winsor
William Douglass
Wallace Hadley
Jane Purdy
RENO COUNTY, KANSAS.
Moses A. Hardy Kattie Hardy Betsy Hardy John Segar Kathrine Segar
Henrick Zimmerman
A. B. Caldwell Tila Caldwell
C. W. Johnson Ransom Johnson
Bunghart Zimmerman Gertrude Zimmerman
C. A. Hlaislane
Martha Johnson
David Zimmerman
Mariah Laislane
Thomas Sheffield
Carolinda Zimmerman Martha Zimmerman
J. A. Green Elizabeth Green
James Sheffield Richard Sheffield
Charles Zimmerman 1 .. D. Hastings J. M. Crane
Caroline Green
E. D. Baker
James Larson
Martha Winslow
Sarah Butler
Joseph Larson
Resa Winslow
Clark Butler
James Wheeler
Thomas Butcher
Erastus Kent
Grattan Wheeler O. H. Seymour Edwin Seymour
Edriah Butcher
Martha Kent
Rhoderick Kent
Eliza Seymour
Charles Gaston
William Kent
Augusta Seymour Allen Drake
A. E. Gaston Cab Cork
Eliza Kent
Ayres Drake
Moses Whitemore
Mary Cook
Judson Prentice
Samuel Whitemore
Henry Cook
Martha Prentice
Marshall Whitemore
William Cook
Sarah Prentice. Willia Prentice
Betsy Whitemore Joseph Marsh
John Haffrin
Jacob Woodward
Edward Marsh
John Walker
Martha Woodward
James Marsh
John Robinson
Sarah Woodward
S. P. Marsh
James Paster
C. C. Hutchinson
Abraham Van Scovier David Van Scovier Jonathan Van Scovier
W. C. Caldwell
Charles Foster C. W. Metcalf James Van Orsdale Charles Van Orsdale Henry Van Orsdale
M. A. Caldwell
Sarah Sheffield
Charles Green
Fitz Winslow
James Butler
William Gaston
Mary Gaston
Elizabeth Kent
Sarah Kent
S. C. Huddle
CHAPTER XH.
TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATIONS.
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RENO TOWNSHIP.
When Reno county was first organized it was put into one township, and called "Reno Township." When other townships were founded they were taken from Reno township and that part of the sub-division now bear- ing that name is what is left of this organization. Little by little this terri- tory has been sliced off and in later years, for different causes-in one case convenience for election purposes,-the chunks taken from the once big township leaves now only a whittling. So sliced and whittled has Reno township been that it lies now partly on the north side of the Arkansas river, partly on the south side and is very irregular in its outlines.
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