USA > Louisiana > Orleans Parish > New Orleans > Standard history of New Orleans, Louisiana, giving a description of the natural advantages, natural history settlement, Indians, Creoles, municipal and military history, mercantile and commercial interests, banking, transportation, etc. > Part 16
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July 29, at Merchants' Exchange, was held a large meeting of citizens, at which $1,800 were contributed for the relief of wounded Confederate soldiers. Wm. A. Elmore presided at this meeting and Dr. Palmer and Judge Ogden made earnest and energetic addresses, the former referring to the great power of cotton and its influence upon the world. A standing committee of twenty-four was ap- pointed.
On the 30th of July, the new iron Water-Works Building at the foot of Canal street, was given to the people by the City Council to be used as a depot of supplies, many planters having offered to send articles of produce if they could be properly disposed of. This noble charity, managed largely by Thos. Murray, came in the nick of time, for by the first of August the pittance of $10 per month, which had been paid to families of volunteer soldiers, had to cease, owing to the poverty and embarassments of the city. The blockade of the Gulf coasts caused great suffering among the poorer people and the generous gifts of the planters prevented actual starvation. For eight and one-half months the free market was open twice a week (beginning August 16), and the number of families re-
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cciving help, from 723 the first day, reached a maximum of 2,000. When, April 29, 1862, Commodore Farragut reached the city and the storehouse was closed, 1,940 families came for the last generous donation. On this day were distrib- uted eight bullocks, 140 bushels of cornmeal, six tierces of rice, four hogsheads of sugar, fourteen barrels of molasses, two barrels of mackerel, two boxes cod- fish, 400 cabbages, 800 bunches of lecks, twenty-four sacks of peas, one sack of turnips, two barrels of mess beef, one tierce of bacon, two sacks of beets and two barrels of sauerkraut. Perhaps the average number of families receiving help the entire time may be stated as about 1,875. No finer or truer charity ever ex- isted, for those who gave were beginning themselves to feel the hardships of war.
There were other charitable organizations at work in the city. One asso- ciation of twenty-five gentlemen at 58 Gravier street distributed supplies for the wounded soldiers. The women were indefatigable in their work, and the energy, determination and patriotism they displayed during these wretched years, has made them immortal. They urged the men to fight, sending old hoop skirts to those who preferred home comforts to battlefield hardships. They displayed unflinching patriotism, sometimes foolish and exaggerated, but the outcome of true courage ; and in charitable work they were untiring. A Soldiers' Aid So- ciety, officered by Mrs. P. G. Laidlaw, president ; Mrs. L. A. Whann, vice-presi- dent ; and Mrs. H. M. Smith, secretary, sent clothing and delicacies to camp; and later was formed a society, of which Mrs. Parnele was secretary, for cloth- ing the children of soldiers. This society by January 7, 1862, had received $1,247.50 and a quantity of clothing.
$100,000 was appropriated August 9, 1861, for the defense of the city, which sum was placed in the hands of Major-General David Emmanuel Twiggs. The following month there was another public sale of property brought into port by privateers. The ship, American Union, $15,500; J. H. Jarvis, $14,250; C. A. Farwell, $17,500; Ariel, $18,250; Lemuel Dyer, $1,150; bark Chester, $3,500; State of Maine, $11,000; schooner E. S. James, $500; a total of $81,- 650.
On the 23rd of November, 1861, a great military review was held, in which 25,000 soldiers took part, and which as many ladies enthusiastically witnessed. At this time William Russell, an Irish correspondent of the London Times, stated in an article, that if the Confederate finances were as sound as their fight- ing, they would have a great chance for success. The New Orleans papers re- plied that a country which could send 400,000 to 500,000 men into the field and
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maintain them there as long as was necessary, must be in a sound financial con- dition.
In December were organized the Carondelet Light Infantry Company, the Edward Thompson Guards and the Crescent City Guards No. 3, composed of 118 men.
In January came a rumor of General Butler's arrival, but this was some- what premature, though a few soldiers had landed from "The Constitution," at Ship Island. But at this time the capture of New Orleans was in contemplation and had been assigned to General Butler.
On February 15, 1862, nearly all the fighting forces were ordered out of the city ; the Louisiana Legion Brigade (General Buisson), consisting of two com- panies of artillery and three regiments of infantry ; the First Brigade, of four regiments, an Irish regiment and several unattached companies. These were organized into the militia of Louisiana, and on the 23rd, Buisson's Brigade and the Second Brigade, under General Labuzan, went into camp, and the First Bri- gade, Second Volunteer Brigade, General Tracy's and General Powell's Brigade were also called into service a little later.
The European brigade, composed of French, English and other companies, was organized February 21, 1862, Major C. T. Buddecke, colonel; Major G. Della Valle, lieut. colonel; Captain D. W. Sherman, major.
About this time Beauregard issued a eall for 5,000 men from Louisiana. Great confidence was felt in this general, while Albert Sidney Johnston, whom we now acknowledge one of the greatest southern soldiers, was eensured for the flanking of Bowling Green, Ky., the advance up the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers of the Union men, and the capture of Fort Donelson and Nashville. The general feeling just then, was that the South must be defended in Western Teu- nessee, and every thing was done to obtain volunteers, the companies of which were more popular than those of the militia, a private of the former oeeupying a much higher social position than one of the latter.
Here may be inserted a list of Louisiana troops in the Army of Tennessee, when troops from the same state were brigaded by order of the War Department.
First Louisiana regular infantry, under command of Col. D. W. Adams, sueeeeding Colonel Gladden (killed at Shiloh) ; 11th Louisiana, Col. S. F. Marks ; 12th Louisiana, Col. S. M. Scott; 13th, Col. R. L. Gibson ; 16th, Col. Preston Pond; 17th, Col. Hurd; 18th, Col. Mouton ; 19th, Col. B. L. Hodge; 20th, Col. Reiehart ; 25th, Col. S. W. Fisk; 21st Louisiana, Col. Kennedy.
Three companies of Clack's Battalion of Confederate Guards.
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Fifth Company Washington Artillery : Captains, W. I. Hodgson, C. H. Slocomb; 1st lieutenants, W. C. D. Vaught, J. A. Chalaron ; 2nd lieutenants, Thos. L. Hero, Thos. M. Blair, A. J. Leverich, Chas. G. Johnson ; orderly ser- geants, A. Gordon Bakewell, John Bartley ; surgeon, J. C. Legare.
Orleans Guards Battery, Miles Legion of Artillery, Watson's Battery, Point Coupée Batteries, Boon's Battery, Guy Dreux Cavalry Co., Orleans Light Horse (Lee's), Scott's 1st Louisiana Cavalry Co.
On March 15, 1862, the city was placed under martial law by General Lov- ell, and all men refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederate States were ordered to leave that district, which was placed under martial law. Win. Freret, Cyprian Dufour, Pierre Soulé and Henry D. Ogden were appointed pro- vost marshals. The price of provisions was lowered, beef being from eleven to seventeen cents a pound, and corn from $1.10 to $1.25 per bushel. Measures were also taken to prevent the use of gold and silver in place of Confederate currency.
Albert Sidney Johnston having been killed in the Battle of Shiloh, was buried on the 11th, in the St. Louis cemetery, Rev. Dr. Leacock officiating.
In this battle (Shiloh) thousands of brave Louisiana troops took part, and many of our men lost their lives.
We now come to a very painful passage in the history of New Orleans. The passage of our forts by Admiral Farragut, was, it is true, a great naval manœu- vre; but we should not forget the heroie defense made by Forts Jackson and St. Philip; the wretched, flimsy gunboats opposed by the Confederates to Far- ragut's magnificent forces and well equipped fleet ; nor the unprepared condition of New Orleans, from which General Lovell had wisely withdrawn his small forces, rather than lose them entirely to the Union Army.
At noon, April 24th, the Union admiral was before New Orleans. Ter- rible dismay and excitement prevailed. The cotton in the city "the King" on which so much was supposed to depend, was burned-$1,500,000 worth. So were other things that might serve as booty to the "Yankee" army. Thanks to the European brigade, order was kept in the city, and the more violent were pre- vented from setting fire to everything.
The hanging of young Mumford, which occurred about this time, is still referred to with grief and indignation by those who recall the sad event. The small Confederate army, under General Lovell, had wisely retreated, so that re- sistance to the enemy was of no avail. Still the mayor refused to surrender, and
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no agreement had been made, when on April 27, the Commodore had the United States flag hoisted over the mint, and when a few daring men (Vincent Heffer- man, William B. Mumford, N. Holmes, John Burns and James Reed) tore it down, and brought it to the ground. This fact renders the subsequent execution of Mumford, by Butler's orders, cruel and unjust.
A bitter day for New Orleans was the 1st of May, 1862, and it was with anything but a holiday spirit that the people watched Butler's landing, and his grand street parade, the order of which was as follows: First Lieutenant Weigel of Baltimore, who was capable of leading the way, having been through the streets ; the fife and drum corps of the 31st Massachusetts, the band of the 4th Wisconsin, General Butler awkwardly trying to keep step, and his staff, all on foot ; Captain Everett's battery of artillery, the 31st Massachusetts, Col. O. R. Gooding, Gen. Williams and staff, and 4th Wisconsin. They marched along the levee to Poydras, then to St. Charles, to Canal and to the Custom House, where the 31st Massachusetts remained that night. The "True Delta" refusing to print Butler's proclamation, two of his officers, with a file of soldiers, took possession of the printing office and were able to produce a few handbills, which were dis- tributed.
A controversy shortly began between Butler, in his headquarters at the St. Charles Hotel and Mayor John T. Monroe, owing to the question as to which should call upon the other for the purpose of discussing matters (New Orleans, since the secession of Louisiana, had been the seat of government in the state). Finally the mayor yielded, and with the Hon. Pierre Soulé and various prom- inent citizens, called upon the general. A street riot, however, broke up the conference for the time being. It was finally agreed that the mayor should con- tinue to exercise his civil authority.
There is no more delicate or dangerous subject for the handling of American historians, than the character of General Butler. He was looked upon so long in the South, and is still looked upon by many, with such loathing, horror and detestation, and there is so strong a tendency with some northerners to make a hero and a saint out of him, that it is very difficult to choose the medium which shall present this inan as he really was. It is certainly not the task for a work of this kind. Yet the period of his occupancy here cannot be passed over in silence. That he was coarse and rough is an undoubted fact; "brutal," add those who lived through his rule in New Orleans. Of course, the views of our people must necessarily have been colored by their sufferings, their passions,
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their misfortunes, and, of course, they were prepared to regard unfavorably any Union commander who might be imposed upon them. Yet it is doubtful whether an absolutely just or generous man would have inspired with hatred, even the most gentle and charitable natures, so that after all these years the mildest and sweetest of the older men and women of New Orleans, will flash into rage at the very name "Ben Butler." A little courtesy, a little kindness, a little grace of manner would have done much to lighten the sorrows of a vanquished and heart- broken people. In reading Butier's orders issued at this time, one is struck by their plausibility and seeming virtue. Yet there is an ugly ring to them, and one cannot but realize that they fairly bristle with hatred, and a very unchristian feeling of triumph and pride. As to the order concerning the women of New Orleans, that is something no Southerner can ever forgive. The exact feeling of a New Orleans man towards his wife, sister or daughter is something that Butler was probably incapable of understanding. He has, no doubt, received more blame than he merited, for there is little reason to believe that he intended the literal carrying out of his horrible command. The Southern women, as has before been stated, were crazed with patriotic enthusiasm. In their warmth, zeal and courage they went to lengths that were foolish and extravagant. There is no doubt that the soldiers were sometimes inconvenienced and humiliated by the behavior of the women in the street, but if Butler had shot or had executed the cause of his infamous order (who was said to have "spit in the face of a soldier"), it is doubtful whether he would have aroused the storm of hate and indignation that he did by these words :
" As the officers and soldiers of the United States have been subjected to repeated insults from the women (calling themselves ladies) of New Orleans, it is ordered that hereafter when any female shall, by word, gesture or movement, insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States, she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town, plying her avo- cation."
This order (No. 28), which, if earried out, would have given unbounded license to the soldiers, who could interpret as they pleased, the conduct of a host of defenseless women, has properly covered with odium the name of its perpetrator. With husbands, brothers and fathers away fighting, what misery might not come upon the refined, delicately nurtured women of New Orleans. Yet no harm did come, and it is doubtful whether Butler intended anything more than a cruel sneer at the refined New Orleans society, which he so detested, be- cause he was so far beneath it.
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We should not deny the fact that Butler fed the starving poor of the city, or that he thoroughly cleaned the streets and drove out the scourge of yellow fever, though it may be stated that any conquering general is forced to do the one, and that the other was a measure for the protection of his own soldiers. We cannot exonerate him, however, from the charge of permitting the indiscriminate robberies and depredations of his soldiers upon onr people, and the fact that he himself came into possession, about this time, of an immense amount of silver- ware, does not add to his credit. He was, perhaps, not altogether wicked. He was simply low and coarse, and like all men of that nature, when put in a position of power, fairly revelled in petty tyranny.
A controversy between General Butler and Mayor Monroe arose upon the issuing of the order just referred to, which ended in the mayor's leaving New Orleans. There were also controversies between the general and various foreign consuls. But these subjects belong to another division of New Orleans history. So does the "handkerchief battle," in which a number of ladies, innocently waving farewell to a boat-load of Confederate prisoners on their way to be ex- changed, pertinaciously continued to wave their handkerchiefs in honor of the "Rebels," even when charged upon by Union troops, and forced back at the point of the bayonet.
Some mention should be made, however, of the six prisoners (from Forts Jackson and St. Philip), who, towards the end of May, attempted to escape from New Orleans and joined the Confederate army, who were captured and con- demned to death, but reprieved and sent to Ship Island, an act of clemency for which we should give General Butler his duc.
On the 16th of December, 1862, General Butler left New Orleans, his place being taken by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks. On the first of Jan- uar, 1863, General G. F. Shepley became military governor of the city, Com- modore Farragut being commander of the Gulf squadron. In the spring a large number of loyal Southerners, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the United States, were forced to leave New Orleans.
Following are some military statistics of New Orleans during the Civil War, and a brief glance at officers in commission before the war, according to the re- port of Adj. Gen. Ben. M. Grirot, in 1860:
First Division .- Maj. Gen. J. L. Lewis, Col. L. E. Forstall, Licut. Col. Chas. A. Labuzan, Lieut. Col. Thos. Cripps, Maj. W. P. Williams, Maj. U. Laville- beuvre, Maj. A. Trudeau, Maj. N. Gunari, Maj. L. Stein, Maj. L. Hay, Maj. Jos. M. Kennedy, Jr.
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Louisiana Legion Brigade .- Brig. Gen. H. W. Palfrey, Maj. J. F. Chatry, Capt. R. Beltran, Capt. P. O'Rorke, Capt. W. B. Cook, Capt. Chas. A. Janvier.
Orleans Battalion of Artillery .- First company, Captain F. Strong; sec- ond, Captain F. Stromeyer; sixth, Sen. First Lieut. Theo. Morans ; fourth, Cap- tain J. L. Lamothe.
Regiment Light Infantry .- Col. Chas. F. Sturcken, Lieut. Col. C. L. Mathes, Maj. H. Blaize, Lieut. E. H. Boelitz, Lieut. Herdsfelder, Lieut. G. Lngenbuhl, Lieut. Loisenger.
Chasseurs (1814-15) .- First Lieut. F. Ecrot.
Yagers .-- Capt. F. Peters.
Sharpshooters .- Capt. F. Christen.
Fusilvers No. 1 .- Capt. F. Sievers.
Fusiliers No. 2 .- Second Lieut. Hy. Walbrech.
Lafayette Guards .- Capt. F. Koenig.
Jefferson Guards .- Capt. F. Wollrath. Battalion Chasseurs a Pied de la Louisane .- Maj. 1st
company, Capt. Hy. St. Paul ; 2nd company, Capt. Sim Meilleur.
First Brigade .- Brig. Gen. E. L. Tracy, Maj. I. F. Walker, Capt. R. Hooper, Capt. I. J. Daniels, Capt. J. G. McLearn, Capt. J. F. Caldwell.
Washington Artillery .- Capt J. B. Walton.
Washington Regiment .- Maj. Jno. Cavanagh.
Louisiana Greys .- Capt. E. Kennedy ; Regiment National Guards, Col. H. Forno, Maj. G. Stith; Company C, National Guards, Capt. Chas. Drew; City Guards, Capt. W. T. Dean ; Orleans Rifle Guards, Capt. John A. Jacques ; Con- tinental Guards, Capt. Geo. Clark.
Mississippi Rifles No. 2 .- Capt. F. Camerden.
First Regiment of the First Brigade .- Col. Louis Lay ; 2nd regiment, Col. J. J. Daniels ; 4th regiment, Col. John Price; 8th regiment, Col. Chas. De Choiseul, Lieut. Col. Jas. De Baum ; 9th regiment, Col. R. Hooper, Lieut. Col. C. C. Miller.
Second Brigade .- Brig. Gen. D. Cronan, Maj. Jno. Stroud; 4th regiment, Col. Dan Edwards, Lieut. Col. Sam McBurney, Maj. Chas J. Murphy.
Second Division .- Composed of troops from the parishes, as third, fourth and fifth divisions.
In third division, Pelican Rifles, Capt. W. F. Tunnard.
It must not be concluded by any means, however, that all these belonging to military organizations went out as "real soldiers" during the war.
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.
Forces in field from Louisiana, November 22, 1861, 23,577. At a re- view, held November 23, 1861, under Maj. Gen. John L. Lewis, of all volun- teer and regular militia of 1st division, the troops assembling on Canal street, the force out numbered 24,551; absent 6,402.
From the annual report of 1861 for Louisiana we obtain the following :
Regiment of artillery, Col. P. O. Herbert; regiment of infantry, Col. A. H. Gladden.
LOUISIANA VOLUNTEERS.
1. A. G. Blanchard. 10. Mandeville Marigny.
2. Louis G. De Rucsy. 11. Sam. Marks.
3. Louis Herbert. 12. Thomas M. Scott.
4. Robert I. Barrow. 13. Randall Gibson.
5. Theo. G. Hunt. 16. Preston Pond.
6. I. G. Seymour. 17. S. S. Heard.
7. Harry T. Hayes.
18. Alf. Mouton.
8. H. B. Kelly.
19. B. L. Hodge.
9. Richard Taylor.
Wheat's Special Battalion Louisiana Volunteers; Maj. C. R. Wheat. First Special Battalion Louisiana Volunteers.
Orleans Cadets, Chas. Dreux, captain. Other companies from parishes. Battalion of infantry, Maj. Reichard battalion of artillery.
First Company Orleans Artillery, F. Gomez, captain ; second, Capt. J. P. Merlot ; third, Capt. G. Stromeyer ; fourth, Capt. J. T. Theard.
Companies for active state service: Perseverance Guards, Capt. Jno. Rareshide; Black Yagers, Capt. C. Rabenhorst; Co. A, Sappers and Miners, Capt. Jno. Ryan; Washington Light Infantry, Capt. J. L. Plattsmeier; Co. C, Orleans Cadets, Capt. Jos. Collins ; Co. A, Screwman Guards, Capt. Sam G. Risk; Marion Guards, Capt. R. L. Robertson, Jr .; Yager Company, Capt. F. Peters ; Scotch Rifle Guards, Capt. Purvis; Co. B, Screwman Guards, Capt. J. C. Batchelor; Allen Guards, Capt. S. Jones ; Twigg's Rifles, Capt. H. D. Marks ; St. Mary Cannoniers, Capt. F. O. Cornay ; Co. A, Orleans Blues, Capt. R. Herrick ; Florence Guards, Capt. H. Brummerstadt; McCall Guards, Capt. Chas. Herrick; Co. B, Orleans Blues, Capt. Sam Boyd; Trailleurs d'Orleans, Capt. A. Tissot; Co. B, Twigg's Rifles, Capt. Wash. Marks; Ventress Life Guards, Capt. Jos. Goldman.
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In the annual report made December 10, 1862, we find mentioned twenty- sixth and twenty-seventh regiments, from parishes, Battalion Louisiana Defend- ers, Maj. Juan Miangohara, and Battalion Yellow Jackets, also from parishes. Forces Volunteer State Troops transferred to Maj. Gen. M. Lovell, command- ing Department No. 1, C. S. A. First Brigade Volunteer Troops, Brig. Gen. Ben. Brusson ; Orleans Guards, Col. W. Augustin ; Chasseurs a Pieds, Col. J. S. Meilleur ; Chalmette, Col. Szymanski ; Cazadores Espagnoles, Lieut. Col. N. Soulé. Second Brigade: Beauregard, Col. F. A. Bartlett; Jeff Davis, Col. A. Smith ; Continental, Col. G. Clark; Sumpter, Col. G. A. Breaux. Battal- ions : Johnson Special, Lieut. Col. W. W. Johnson ; King's Special, Lieut. Col. J. E. King. Third Brigade: Confederate Guards, Col. J. F. Girault; Louis- iana Irish, Col. P. B. O'Brian ; Leed's Guards. Col. Chas. J. Leeds.
Recapitulation of forces: First Brigade, 2,815; Second, 3,818; Third, 2,480 ; total, 9,113.
These regiments were disbanded when the gun-boats passed the forts, on Butler's arrival. Those who did not take the oath were exchanged as prisoners of war, being sent to Vicksburg, October 8, 1862.
The Washington Artillery was first founded by General Persifer Smith, of Mexican War fame. In 1839 he encouraged the formation of volunteer com- panies in New Orleans, organizing the Washington Regiment, really the foun- dation of the present Washington Artillery, in 1840. It grew in importance and strength, obtaining a fine armory. In May, 1861, its services were accepted by President Davis, it was mustered into service May 26th, a sermon being de- livered to the soldiers by Dr. Leacock at Christ's Church, and received $7,000 from the citizens of New Orleans, the Ladies' Association contributing $500. On that morning (the 26th ) the roll call for Confederate service was as follows :
Staff : Major, J. B. Walton ; Surgeon, Dr. E. S. Drew; Adjutant, Lieut. W. M. Owen ; Quarter Master, Lieut. C. H. Slocomb. Non-commissioned staff : Sergt. Major, C. L. C. Dupuy ; Quarter Master Sergt., Stringer Kennedy ; Color Sergeant, L M. Montgomery. Color Guard : Corporals, G. W. Wood, A. H. Peale, I. L. Jewell, J. H. Dearie. Buglers : F. P. Villavasana and Jo. Kings- low.
First Company : Captain, H. M. Isaacson ; First Lieut., C. W. Squires ; First Sergt., Ed. Owen ; Second Sergt., J. M. Galbraith ; Third Sergt., C. H. C. Brown ; First Lieut., J. B Richardson ; Second Lieut., H. G. Geiger; First Cor- poral, F. D. Ruggles; Second Corp., E. C. Payne; Third Corp., W. Fellows;
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STANDARD HISTORY OF NEW ORLEANS.
Fourth Corp., F. F. Case. Artificers: S. G. Stewart, W. D. Holmes, Israel Scott.
Second Company : First Lieut., C. C. Lewis, commanding; First Lieut., S. J. McPherson ; Second Lieut., C. H. Slocomb; First Sergt., J. H. DeGrange ; Second Sergt., Gust. Aime; Third Sergt., H. C. Wood; Fourth Sergt., C. Huchez; First Corp., J. D. Edwards; Second Corp., C. E. Leverich; Third Corp., J. Freret ; Fourth Corp., B. V. L. Hutton. Artificers: J. Montgomery and L. Craig.
Third Company: Capt., M. B. Miller; First Lieut., J. B. Whittington ; Second Lieut., L. A. Adam ; First Sergt., F. McElroy; Second Sergt., A. Hero; Third Sergt., L. Prados ; Fourth Sergt., J. I. Handy ; First Corp., E. L. Jewell; Second Corp., A. HI. Peale; Third Corp., W. H. Ellis; Fourth Corp., W. A. Collins. Artificers-Jos. Blanchard and Jas. Keating.
Fourth Company: Capt., B. F. Eshleman ; First Lieut., Jos. Norcom ; Second Lieut., H. A. Battles ; Second Sergt., W. J.Behan ; Third Sergt., G. E. Apps ; Fourth Sergt., J. D. Reynolds ; First Corp., G. Wood; Second Corp., J. W. Dearie. Artificers: L. Callahan and J. McDonnell. Band leader, J. V. Gessner.
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