USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Boston > Boston's immigrants, 1790-1865 : a study in acculturation > Part 21
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+ Part of Dorchester until 1804.
į Part of Cambridge until 1807.
§ This figure includes Boston proper, and the Islands.
. . .
.
. .
.
·
TABLE III EXPENDITURES FOR POOR RELIEF, CITY OF BOSTON, 1815-1866 *
Year End- ing April
Board of Overseers
House of Industry
House of Reformation for Juvenile Offenders t
Total
1815-22 g
$28,400
·
.
$ 28,400
1823
25,859
$ 8,475
.. .
34,334
1825
20,709
8,398
. . .
29,107
1826
9,500
12,000
21,500
1827
12,256
23,500
$ 4,793
40,849
1828
11,386
16,190
5,500
33,076
1829
12,848
17,996
5,966
36,810
1830
12,803
17,977
6,342
37,122
1831
13,685
19,476
6,223
39,384
1832
14,000
19,999
6,498
40,497
1833
14,542
23,048
6,203
43,793
1834
8,929
18,527
6,645
34,10I
1835
12,606
17,52I
7,444
37,57I
1836
12,916
19,495
6,999
39,410
1837
9,708
23,084
10,299
43,09I
1838
11,746
21,509
8,668
41,923
1839
10,257
22,32I
10,883
43,461
1840
11,83I
21,995
9,490
43,316
1841
12,000
23,483
8,993
44,476
1842
13,000
28,007
4,954
45,961
1843
15,000
31,547
46,547
1844
15,000
30,752
45,752
1845
15,000
29,15I
. .
43,15I
1846
15,700
28,000
. . .
43,700
1847
16,500
35,748
. . .
52,248
1848
21,000
41,314
. . .
62,314
1849
24,500
55,477
. . .
79,977
1850
24,500
90,955
. . .
115,455
1851
30,200
89,334
. . .
119,534
1852
28,200
III,017
. . .
139,217
1853
27,700
84,338
. .
III,038
1854
30,000
102,610
. . .
132,610
1855
40,000
77,279
. . .
117,279
1856
45,000
69,104
. .
114,104
1857
49,300
69,462
118,762
1858
62,800
97,852
160,652
1859
58,000
84,624
· ·
142,624
1860
60,000
108,389
168,389
1861
69,400
76,917
146,317
1862
70,200
68,905
139,105
I863
90,140
57,869
148,009
1864
39,000 ₮
85,792
. .
124,792
1865
41,000
91,304
...
132,304
I866
44,500
87,202
. .
131,702
·
.
* Derived from Boston Committee of Finance, Auditor's Reports, 1815-1867 (for page ref- erences, cf. Dissertation Copy, 419). The figures given refer to current expenditures only. After 1843, the House of Industry bore the expense of the House of Reformation for Juvenile Offenders and the Deer Island Almshouse.
# The drop after 1863 was due to the shift of persons without settlement to state institutions. § Annual average.
[ 227 ]
·
·
TABLE IV PRISON COMMITMENTS §
MASSACHUSETTS STATE PRISON
BOSTON JAIL
Year
Total *
From Boston
Debtors
Criminals #
BOSTON HOUSE OF CORREC- TION +
BOSTON JUVENILE REFORM- ATORY
I821
. .
.
1,652
. . .
. . .
1822
1,257
..
. . .
1823
1,166
250
1824
49
1,257
572
. . .
1825
37
878
589
. . .
1826
. . .
35
. . .
567
. . .
1827
. .
.. .
504
.. .
1828
IO6
3I
.. .
55I
.. .
1829
79
37
...
290
. . .
1830
115
50
...
334
. . .
1831
71
22
. . .
348
. . .
1832
76
5I
. . .
228
. . .
1833
I19
59
678
1,044
182
. . .
1834
...
. .
. . .
. . .
562
. . .
1835
II6
.
322
739
570
II3
1837
99
. .
543
1,263
887
II8
1838
114
. .
526
1,606
1,327
279
1840
IO3
35
.. .
.. .
.. .
1841
I3I
32
439
1,34I
648
...
1842
85
29
. . .
· · ·
· · ·
.. .
1843
97
28
. . .
. ..
...
...
1844
105
44
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
1845
96
40
480
1,676
680
. . .
* The total commitments between 1805 when the institution was founded and 1827, when the reports begin, numbered 2,070 or an average of ninety per year.
+ This column refers to the year ending June 30; the others to the year ending Decem- ber 31.
# These included witnesses and those held for examination before trial.
§ Derived from the annual "Reports of the Inspectors of the State Prison . , 1830 1846" in the Massachusetts Senate Documents, and from the "Abstract of the Returns of Per- sons Confined in Jails and Houses of Correction . ' 1826 ff. (for page references, cf. Dissertation Copy, 420). Cf. also N. H. Julius, Nordamerikas sittliche Zustände nach eigenen Anschauungen in den Jahren 1834, 1835, und 1836 (Leipzig, 1839), II, Tables 10, 11, 12.
Blanks denote incomplete or unavailable data.
[ 228 ]
. .
. ..
...
. . .
·
555
1,245
1,280
236
1839
105
1836
97
28
530
. . .
.
43
TABLE V PASSENGERS ENTERING BOSTON BY SEA, 1821-1865 *
FIVE-YEAR PERIOD || BEGINNING
Place of Origin t
182I
1826
1831
1836
1841
1846
1851
1856
1861
Great Britain and Ireland
6,996
Great Britain
164
3,030
581
58
7,010
3,603
990
19
1,324
England
286
506
1,712
I72
4,545
12,513
10,264
9,654
3,93I
Wales
16
7
6
24
316
354
748
23
Scotland
90
55
IO2
24
389
2,249
2,469
1,870
682
Ireland
827
549
2,361
443
10,157
65,556
63,831
22,68I
6,973
British North America
525
648
3,943
3,537
5,654
16,816
21,233
18,240
14,542
Germany
58
3II
253
449
301
1,385
2,653
1,198
1,287
France
66
167
57
212
239
38I
605
529
362
Italy
14
23
40
42
59
137
I86
247
89
Spain and Portugal #
48
4I
48
80
147
176
540
943
1,017
Holland
27
27
80
182
30
484
399
298
292
Switzerland
3
163
I37
7
IO
45
25
200
63
Scandinavia
9
38
62
244
IIO
723
4,120
1,317
708
Latin America §
80
83
147
264
I72
429
772
300
226
Russia
4
I2
23
4
5
66
40
28
28
Asia Minor
7
18
II
2I
20
32
58
45
19
Africa
6
I
I6
3
13
I5
2I
II2
92
Unknown and Miscellane-
2
54
3I
228
671
18
1,018
1,013
760
United States
1,564
1,727
2,149
3,92I
7,177
7,686
7,910
10,396
IO,234
TOTAL
3,797
7,454
11,768
16,902
36,74I
112,664
117,505
69,923
42,72I
* Cf. infra, 248.
+ Cf. Dissertation Copy, 424.
# Includes Azores.
§ Includes Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America.
1| 1832 and 1834 are for nine months only; 1842 includes figures for England and Ireland only.
.
...
I
I
8
9
8
34
I7
85
69
ous
.
. . .
.
. .
..
. .
. .
..
. .
Asia and Pacific Islands
TABLE VI NATIVITY OF BOSTONIANS, 1850 *
Country of Birth
Number
United States
88,948
England and Wales
3,213
Ireland
35,287
Scotland
897
Germany
1,777
Prussia
39
France
225
Spain
67
Italy
I34
Others
5,038
Unknown
1,256
TOTAL
I36,88I
* Ephraim M. Wright, Twelfth Registration Report, 1853 (Documents Prepared and Sub- mitted to the General Court by the Secretary of State, Boston, 1854), 110. City of Boston only.
[ 230 ]
TABLE VII NATIVITY OF BOSTONIANS, 1855 *
Town
United States
British America
Ireland
England, Scotland and Wales
Germany t
France
Italy
Other Foreign
Unknown
Total
Brighton
2,097
2I
697
47
22
2
.
. .
2,895
Cambridge
13,903
832
4,574
733
25I
80
8
66
26
20,473
Charlestown
16,530
557
3,833
467
176
23
7
IO5
2
21,700
Somerville
4,17I
160
1,305
I28
27
8
2
5
5,806
West Cambridge
1,996
56
5II
87
20
. .
·
.
2,670
Brookline
2,4II
68
1,142
66
3I
5
I
7
6
3,737
Dorchester
6,198
178
1,542
252
I4I
I2
I7
8,340
Roxbury
II,282
298
5,002
705
1,063
59
7
53
18,469
West Roxbury
3,189
103
1,275
I57
44
9
3
32
4,812
Boston
98,018
5,850
46,237
5,24I
3,376
372
245
1,032
II9
160,490
Chelsea
7,340
536
1,740
429
42
II
3
49
10,150
North Chelsea
595
26
I55
I7
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
793
Winthrop
30I
II
87
8
407
TOTAL
168,03I
8,696
68,100
8,337
5,193
58I
276
1,375
I53
260,742
.
·
.
. .
.
·
.
.
.
.
. .
* [Nathaniel B. Shurtleff], Abstract of the Census of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Taken with Reference to Facts Existing on the First Day of
June, 1855, with Remarks on the Same Prepared under the Direction of Francis DeWitt, Secretary of the Commonwealth (Boston, 1857), 98-132. + Includes Holland.
.
9
TABLE VIII NATIVITY OF RESIDENTS OF THE BOSTON AREA, 1860 *
Country of Birth
Middlesex County
Norfolk County
Suffolk County
United States
166,126
83,693
125,439
England
4,273
2,494
4,472
Ireland
38,098
19,138
48,095
Scotland
1,272
607
1,440
Wales
28
34
61
Germany
629
1,159
1,290
France
187
I33
397
Spain
39
9
59
Portugal
19
62
38
Belgium
5
6
19
Holland
67
I7
I77
Turkey
4
I
6
Italy
29
26
258
Austria
24
2I
44
Switzerland
28
55
125
Russia
4
4
38
Norway
28
II
68
Denmark
26
18
97
Sweden
98
41
259
Prussia
150
IO3
744
Sardinia
I
I
64
Greece
3
3
IO
China
9
5
4
Asia
19
I3
29
Africa
20
British America
4,784
1,563
7,503
Mexico
6
I
2
South America
24
18
44
West Indies
59
27
149
Sandwich Islands
15
9
IO
Atlantic Islands
39
5
260
Bavaria
33
246
250
Baden
73
33I
663
Europe +
I33
6
165
Hesse
I4
32
107
Nassau
. .
4
18
Poland
2
78
Württemberg
I6
38
I42
Australia
I
. .
IO
Pacific Islands
I
7
8
Other Countries
5
38
Total Foreign
50,238
26,257
67,261
Total Population
216,354
109,950
192,700
* George Wingate Chase, Abstract of the Census of Massachusetts 1860 from the Eighth U.S. Census, with Remarks on the Same Prepared under the Direction of Oliver Warner, Secre. tary of the Commonwealth (Boston, 1863), Table IV.
+ Not specified.
[ 232 ]
. .
2
TABLE IX NATIVITY OF BOSTONIANS, 1865 *
Town
United States
British America
Ireland
England, Scotland and Wales
Germany +
France
Italy
Other Foreign
Unknown
Total
Brighton
2,840
61
820
86
43
. .
.
. .
3,854
Cambridge
21,063
972
5,588
987
347
73
3
79
. .
29,II2
Charlestown
20,423
619
4,443
522
242
I3
4
I33
.
26,399
Somerville
7,050
22I
1,729
258
41
8
I
32
13
9,353
West Cambridge
2,039
53
55I
98
I3
3
I
2,758
Brookline
3,542
106
1,457
85
33
6
3
5
25
5,262
Dorchester
8,393
233
1,647
262
125
II
13
33
. .
10,717
Roxbury
18,762
612
6,294
1,056
1,5II
79
5
107
28,426
West Roxbury
5,029
I32
1,426
154
I33
IO
I
27
6,912
Boston
126,432
8,060
46,225
5,480
3,790
367
366
1,533
65
192,318
Chelsea
11,55I
53I
1,655
512
71
6
5
59
I3
14,403
North Chelsea
720
26
IOI
II
.
. .
. .
.
. .
.
TOTAL
228,309
11,651
72,065
9,52I
6,353
573
40I
2,015
II7
331,005
. .
.
858
Winthrop
465
25
129
10
4
633
. .
* Oliver Warner, Abstract of the Census of Massachusetts, 1865: with Remarks on the Same and Supplementary Tables . . . (Boston, 1867), 70-77. 1 Includes Holland.
4
TABLE X NATIVITY OF MEMBERS OF THE BOSTON REPEAL ASSOCIATION *
County
Boston
Roxbury
East Cambridge
South Boston
Charles- town
Antrim
5
4
Armagh
4
. .
I
2
3
Carlow
I7
3
. .
Cavan
28
8
3
4
3
Clare
IO
I
I
5
. .
Cork
I2I
II
3
I9
28
Donegal
35
4
2
5
7
Down
5
I
4
Dublin
IO
2
2
I
Fermanagh
52
I
2
2
IO
Galway
2I
5
. .
. .
Kerry
23
3
. .
5
3
Kildare
2I
2
3
5
I
Kilkenny
40
2
7
I2
7
Kings
I
. .
. .
. .
Leitrim
I3
I
. .
. .
. .
Limerick
I6
I
Londonderry
26
I
4
..
. .
Longford
25
I
I5
I8
I2
Louth
2
I
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
Meath
20
9
3
3
. .
Monaghan
25
I
4
2
I
Queens
I2
I
I
3
2
Roscommon
IO
47
I
I
2
Sligo
I4
6
I
I
Tipperary
I5
6
5
II
3
Tyrone
39
8
34
5
22
Waterford
I5
3
6
2
6
Westmeath
6
I
3
4
.
Wexford
33
. .
. .
·
I
. .
Unknown
30
9
25
II
. .
TOTAL
701
I37
I26
I52
130
.
.
6
* Derived from Boston Pilot, 1841-1843. For citations, cf. Dissertation Copy, 435.
[ 234 ]
. .
. .
2
Mayo
I
2I
4
Wicklow
7
6
TABLE XI
ADVERTISEMENTS BY BOSTONIANS FOR INFORMATION IN THE Boston Pilot, 1841-1864 *
Two-Year Period Beginning
County +
1841
1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 # 1853
1855
1857
I859
1861
I863
Antrim
I
I
I
. .
Armagh
I
I
I
I
2
I
5
I
4
2
I
. .
Carlow
I
2
. .
2
. .
3
3
2
2
. .
. .
Cavan
2
I
5
II
I4
7
4
II
3
7
9
3
Clare
I
. .
4
8
I3
I6
II
IO
9
I
6
8
Cork
19
II
58
94
II2
IO6
II7
97
67
65
29
56
Donegal
2
3
7
4
IO
6
6
7
2
4
2
5
Down
Dublin
I
.
. .
4
2
5
2
I
6
2
I
2
2
Galway
2
2
IO
33
40
26
33
26
19
2I
I2
I6
Kerry
2
2
9
I6
42
37
41
38
23
29
II
2I
Kildare
I
.
3
4
6
3
7
3
I
I
. .
Kilkenny
I
3
5
8
I7
14
I2
I2
3
7
5
4
Leitrim
I
I
4
8
I4
8
I3
6
4
4
2
6
Limerick
3
3
5
5
24
14
I9
I3
I3
7
4
I3
Londonderry
·
5
I
I
4
7
4
4
I
4
5
6
3
Louth
Mayo
2
I
7
20
I6
I7
9
II
II
5
I
6
Meath
I
8
8
I3
6
8
5
6
2
I
4
6
Queens
2
. .
2
5
4
2
5
3
2
2
3
4
Roscommon
7
8
I7
I4
I9
I6
I5
I8
II
I6
3
6
Sligo
2
8
I2
9
7
7
6
2
2
5
3
Tipperary
I
3
4
7
20
26
I7
7
IO
IO
IO
II
Tyrone
2
2
3
II
2
4
7
4
4
4
6
3
Waterford
5
4
5
8
18
14
I7
II
8
4
6
IO
Westmeath
I
. .
3
2
I
3
8
I
I
3
Wexford
I
2
4
2
6
3
2
4
2
Wicklow
I
I
I
I
. .
3
I
I
Unknown
3
7
* This table was derived from the requests for information of the whereabouts of friends and relatives, inserted regularly in the Boston Pilot by immigrants newly arrived in Boston. The Pilot was the leading vehicle for such advertisements in the United States (cf. Alexander Marjoribanks, Travels . .. [London, 1853], 126). This is the only criterion that has been found to measure the distribution of immigration into Boston from the various sections of Ireland. It is weighted, if at all, in favor of the "old" emigrants from north Ireland, more likely to have friends in America. Nevertheless, it shows a clear preponderance of immigrants from the southern and western counties. Annual figures are given, Dissertation Copy, 430.
t Doubtful locations were decided from John Bartholomew, Philip's Handy Atlas of the Counties of Ireland . .. (London, 1881).
# Twenty-one months only.
[ 235 ]
.
. .
. .
. .
6
7
6
4
I
7
. .
2
Fermanagh .
3
.
3
I
I
3
. .
2
I
I
3
4
4
2
3
3
2
2
.
I
I
I
3
6
4
3
2
2
3
Monaghan
6
3
4
6
6
3
2
2
.
I
I
5
2
. .
4
3
3
I
Kings
I
Longford
2
I
I
[ 236 ]
TABLE XII NEGRO POPULATION OF THE BOSTON AREA, 1754-1865 *
Town
1754
1765
I790
1 800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1855
1860
1865
Brighton
. .
. .
. .
Cambridge
56
90
60
25
38
53
79
77
I4I
292
354
37I
Charlestown
I36
25
38
61
38
96
129
206
I33
202
109
Somerville
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
2
2
2
4
2
6
West Cambridge
. .
18
I3
I 5
6
3
I
3
5
.
.
3
5
Dorchester
3I
37
30
35
26
I 5
I3
16
6
II
IO
29
Roxbury
53
80
40
7I
76
43
27
26
107
50
60
54
West Roxbury
14
24
47
Boston
989
848
766
1,174
1,468
1,690
1,875
2,427
1,999
2,160
2,284
2,348
Chelsea
35
43
2I
20
I6
36
8
II
37
70
I 36
15I
North Chelsea
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
·
. .
. .
. .
I
2
Winthrop
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
.
TOTAL
1,18I
1,252
955
1,378
1,698
1,882
2,103
2,692
2,530
2,765
3,108
3,14I
I
2
I
5
I2
4
. .
20
I 9
28
I6
. .
5
3
Brookline
I7
.
2
3
* Oliver Warner, Abstract of the Census of Massachusetts, 1865: with Remarks on the Same, and Supplementary Tables (Boston, 1867), 228-231.
2
TABLE XIII DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS BY NATIVITY, BOSTON, 1850 *
Occupational Category
Massachu- setts
Other U.S.
Unknown
Negro
Ireland
Other British
Germany
Others
Total
Government employees
III
47
. .
. .
Police and watchmen
107
II5
I2
. .
I2
II
I
I
259
Clergymen
57
73
4
4
9
8
5
.
.
108
45
2
. .
4
9
13
16
197
Physicians
349
178
14
2
32
46
I3
I3
647
Actors, musicians
69
42
2
3
24
34
33
42
249
Other professions
27I
124
16
. .
25
30
4
4
474
Financiers
37
I7
:
. .
I
I
. .
. .
56
Merchants
668
227
36
18
37
5
14
1,005
Agents, salesmen
340
I74
I3
25
27
9
4
592
Clerks
2,170
1,07I
108
3
I32
15I
19
22
3,676
Food dealers
44I
361
7
I
184
53
9
5
1,061
Dry goods dealers
87
55
I
IO
7
6
. .
I66
Pedlars, traders
462
354
27
25
2II
40
4I
23
1,183
Other retailers
604
32I
24
II
II7
46
I7
6
1,146
Shop assistants
20
IO
36
I2
7
2
. .
. .
Manufacturers
164
88
5
. .
48
52
II
IO
378
Printers
317
199
II
I
8I
80
5
I
695
Confectioners, bakers
124
81
5
I7
98
59
55
IO
449
Workers in heavy industry
203
156
2
247
123
79
9
819
Smiths
234
I71
3
307
II2
36
8
877
Builders, contractors
79
46
2
22
26
3
I78
Carpenters
701
634
24
5
356
302
18
13
2,053
Masons
271
234
II
I
203
37
5
2
764
Painters
461
234
15
3
I19
114
IO
14
970
Plumbers
36
I5
2
Sawyers, carvers
III
47
5
. .
40
28
4
2
237
Roofers
14
5
.
. .
22
45
8
28
304
Chandlers, caulkers
IIO
14
2
.
56
62
18
15
369
Polishers, varnishers
44
2I
2
·
7
I7
3
I
95
Musical instrument makers
108
76
6
4
40
20
. .
254
Coopers ..
III
44
·
79
32
16
7
289
6
5
3
I72
. .
. .
. .
70
Maritime industries
I3I
69
I
. .
6
6
. .
2
140
Cabinet makers, upholsterers
13I
84
3
. .
18
23
2
. .
96
. .
39
I2
. .
6
. .
.
.
.
87
·
160
Teachers
TABLE XIII (continued)
Occupational Category
Massachu- setts
Other U.S.
Unknown
Negro
Ireland
Other British
Germany
Others
Total
Workers in precious metals
227
81
6
13
47
29
8
4II
Machinists, mechanics
406
297
2
.
68
I20
22
I 5
930
Undertakers
32
4
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
37
Wharfingers
23
9
. .
. .
IO5
46
II
3
286
Shoemakers
145
71
I
4
206
80
49
I4
570
Hatters
107
47
4
38
16
8
2
222
Tailors
166
I27
9
9
1,045
I19
4I
3I
1,547
Miscellaneous apprentices
97
33
3
29
7
Other artisans
40I
238
II
5
I72
130
80
I2
1,049
Miscellaneous sup'ts
I2
24
I
. .
3
4
. .
.
44
Express business
24
43
·
. .
. .
37
3I
2
I
271
Truckmen and cabmen
244
616
I2
4
169
46
2
I
1,094
Stevedores
30
43
5
4I
II
3
7
140
Master mariners
82
3I
3
I
5
I3
7
3
I45
Boatmen
45
26
37
IO
2
7
127
Seamen
328
293
544
I42
190
215
23
I54
1,889
Hotel keepers
52
56
5
IO
I 5
II
I5
164
Restaurant keepers
II2
I18
5
5
18
IO
4
7
279
Stable keepers
9
I7
Stablers
30
53
2
.
.
.
34
68
2
2I
222
8
3
3
361
Barbers
59
40
I
48
6
6
3
23
186
Domestic servants
227
369
26
48
2,292
237
3I
19
3,249
Laborers
538
466
19
II5
7,007
264
107
36
8,552
Farmers
I2
I5
2I
4
. .
. .
. .
. .
None
629
I22
15
25
177
59
I7
18
1,062
Unknown
42
I6
13
2I
II
7
6
3
119
TOTAL
13,553
8,983
1,064
575
14,595
3,206
929
662
43,567
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
136
Transportation, railroads
55
57
3
13
6
I
I
Drivers and teamsters
67
124
9
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
4
I
. .
. .
3I
70
9
. .
. .
164
Waiters
.
.
I
34
Leather workers
67
47
7
. .
80
IO
3
. .
.
. .
52
I
I
169
TABLE XIV
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS PER OCCUPATION OF EACH NATIVITY GROUP IN BOSTON, 1850 *
Nativity
Total in Boston
Total of Employed Persons
Number of Occupa- tions
Average Number per Occu- pation
Massachusetts
68,687
13,553
660
20.53
New England
17,220
7,986
564
14.16
United States
3,037
997
203
4.91
Unknown
+
1,064
I36
7.82
Negro
1,999
575
46
12.50
British North America
+
1,38I
189
7.31
Latin America
+
60
23
2.61
England
3,213 ¢
1,369
255
5.37
Ireland
35,287
14,595
362
40.32
Scotland
897
433
II7
3.70
Wales
+
23
I6
1.44
Germany
1,816 ||
929
I53
6.07
Switzerland
+
IO
9
I.II
Netherlands
+
36
I9
1.89
France
225
I43
68
2.IO
Italy
I 34
105
33
3.18
Spain & Portugal
67 §
67
26
2.58
Scandinavia
+
I72
46
3.74
Russia and Poland
+
46
19
2.42
Miscellaneous
5,038 +
23
I5
1.53
All nativities
136,88I
43,567
993
43.87
* Derived from the manuscript schedules of the Seventh Census of the United States (B.C.), with the exception of the first column which is given in J. D. B. DeBow, Statistical View of the United States
. (Washington, 1854), 395, 399.
t Included in miscellaneous. Miscellaneous in the first column includes Unknown, British North America, Latin America, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Portugal, Russia and Poland as well as the other nativities elsewhere included in this category.
# In the first column Wales is included in England.
§ In the first column the figure is for Spain alone; Portugal is included in Miscellaneous in this column.
I| Includes Prussia.
[ 239 ]
TABLE XV LABORERS IN BOSTON, BY NATIVITY, 1850 *
Nativity
Total Working Population
Laborers
Percentage of Working Population
Ireland
14,595
7,007
48.01
Negro
575
II5
20.00
Germany
929
IO7
II.52
England
1,369
II9
8.70
British No. Amer.
1,381
II5
8.33
New England
7,986
419
5.25
United States
997
47
4.7I
Massachusetts
13,553
538
3.97
Others
2,182
85
3.90
TOTAL
43,567
8,552
19.63
Derived from the marshal's schedules of the Seventh Census, cf. infra, note to Table XIII.
TABLE XVI DOMESTIC SERVANTS IN BOSTON, BY NATIVITY, 1850 *
GENERAL HOUSE SERVANTS
Nativity
Working Population
Number
Percentage of Working Population
Other Domestics +
Ireland
14,595
2,227
15.3
65
British No. Amer.
1,381
I38
IO.0
3
Negro
575
39
6.8
9
England
1,369
62
4.5
6
United States
997
4I
4.I
4
New England
7,986
304
3.8
20
Germany
929
30
3.2
I
Others
2,182
60
2.6
I3
Massachusetts
13,553
206
1.5
2I
TOTAL
43,567
3,107
7.I
I42
* Derived from the marshal's schedules of the Seventh Census, 1850 (cf. note to Table XIII). The instructions for this census asked the enumerators to list the occupations of all males above the age of sixteen and thus excluded the female domestic servants. Some enumerators went be- yond the letter of their instructions and noted such persons in their schedules. By and large they did not. Only 1,375 servants were listed in the entire state in the official tabulation (cf. J. D. B. DeBow, Seventh Census of the United States 1850 . . . [Washington, 1853], 1xxx), an absurdly low figure in view of the fact that a more careful study in 1845 had found 5,706 in Boston alone (Lemuel Shattuck, Report to the Committee of the City Council . .. Census of Boston . 1845 . . . [Boston, 1846], 84). In many cases however, it was possible to distinguish the servants from the rest of the family, and where there could be no doubt as to status, they were tabulated whether the enumerator listed them or not. The figures given above are there- fore minimal and are probably far below the true numbers. But since the same criteria were used in each nativity group, the table is valid for approximate comparisons between groups. + Includes butlers, cooks, gardeners, housekeepers, and laundresses. These were specifically listed in the schedules.
[ 240 ]
TABLE XVII NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN BOSTON INDUSTRIES EMPLOYING ONE HUNDRED OR MORE WORKERS IN ANY YEAR BETWEEN 1837 AND 1865 *
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES
Total Industries Existing in
1837
1845 +
1855 +
1865
1837
9,930
4,928
9,084
33,0II
1845
6,010
11,364
35,095
1855
13,147
37,268
I865
39,283
* Summarized from Table XIX, Dissertation Copy, 447, which itemizes 46 individual indus- tries and which was derived from the industrial censuses of Massachusetts, 1837-1865.
The clothing industries were not included in 1845 and 1855.
TABLE XVIII
CORRELATION OF TUBERCULOSIS WITH HOUSING AND NATIVITY, BY WARDS, BOSTON, 1865 *
Ward
Irish per Hundred
Persons per Dwelling
Death Rate per Thousand by Phthisis
Death Rate per Thousand, All Diseases
5
15.0
8.90
4.6I
19.8
6
15.2
7.70
I.82
I5.5
II
15.6
7.65
3.21
18.5
9
16.9
8.57
2.91
17.8
2
17.5
8.12
3.3I
21.7
4
23.6
II.07
2.13
14.6
IO
23.7
II.94
3.22
19.6
I 2
25.6
7.84
4.94
22.5
8
29.7
II.12
3.65
20.4
I
32.8
16.50
4.80
28.5
3
34.2
12.28
4.34
27.9
7
42.9
16.50
6.09
26.3
* Derived from Charles E. Buckingham, et al., Sanitary Condition of Boston . . (Boston, 1875), 159, 126.
[ 24] ]
TABLE XIX DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION OF BOSTON BY AGE PERIODS, 1800-1855 * Number in Every 10,000
Age Period
1800 to 1820 1800
1810
1820
Under IO
2,584.8
2,750
2,574
10-15
I,223.4
1,240
1,297
16-25
2,304.4
2,38I
1,95I
26-45
2,57I.O
2,612
3,199
Over 45
1,318.4
I,OI7
979
1830 to 1855
Age Period
1830
1840
1855
Under
5
1,329
1,270
1,258
5-IO
1,170
1,103
97I
10-15
I,I27
I,026
878
I5-20
I,II7
1,063
954
20-30
1,972
2,065
2,465
30-40
I,22I
1,394
1,680
40-50
835
868
962
50-60
555
575
472
60-70
385
358
230
Over 70
289
278
IO4
* Derived from Lemuel Shattuck, Letter to the Secretary of State on the Registration of Births, Marriages and Deaths ... (s.l., n.d. [Boston, 1845]), 6; Francis DeWitt, Abstract of the Census of . . Massachusetts . . . 1855 . . . (Boston, 1857), 90 ff .; Lemuel Shattuck, Essay on the Vital Statistics of Boston . (Boston, 1893), xvi, xviii, xx.
TABLE XX NATIVITY OF THE PARENTS OF CHILDREN BORN IN BOSTON, 1863-1865 *
1863
1865
Both American
1,207
1,306
Both English
69
67
Both Irish
2,375
2,287
Both Scots
27
I8
Both British North Americans
I22
147
Both Germans
I84
197
Unmixed Foreign
93
6I
Mixed Foreign
498
463
Mixed
634
698
Unknown
46
3I
TOTAL
5,255
5,275
* Derived from the reports of the City Registrar, 1864, 1866, Boston City Documents, 1864, no. 47, p. 8; ibid., 1866, no. 88, p. 6.
[ 242 ]
TABLE XXI PAUPERS IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA, 1848-1860 *
Year +
Total
Having Local Settlement
State Paupers
Foreign State Paupers
Irish and English State Paupers
I845
4,810
1,334
3,188
2,154
1,860
1846
5,640
1,375
4,205
2,947
2,543
1847
7,004
1,37I
5,619
4,427
4,010
1848
6,664
1,270
5,374
4,339
3,974
1849
IO,245
1,438
8,716
6,218
5,574
1850
II,294
1,026
10,200
7,924
7,130
1851
11,899
1,064
10,610
8,223
7,334
1853
12,068
I,II7
10,233
8,080
6,95I
1858
11,032
1,889
5,678
5,190
4,7II
1859
12,346
2,129
6,092
6,247
5,988
1860
12,617
2,192
8,414
6,062
* Derived from material on Boston, Roxbury, Charlestown, Cambridge, Chelsea, Dorchester, West Roxbury, Somerville, Brighton, West Cambridge, Brookline, and North Chelsea in Dis- sertation Copy, Table XXII, 451 ff. Not all towns are complete in all categories each year. t Year ending September.
TABLE XXII
NATIVITY OF INMATES OF THE DEER ISLAND HOUSE OF INDUSTRY REMAINING ON DECEMBER 31 OF EACH YEAR +
1855 #
1856
1857 #
1858
1859
1860
Boston - native parentage
65
47
47
Boston - Irish parentage
24
30
30
64
51
30
Massachusetts
29
32
32
New England
29
29
29
Ireland
I28
I54
I54
266
219
I79
England and British Provinces
. .
. .
.
58
34
28
Italy
.
. .
.
. .
I
I
Other foreigners
40
39
39
4
. .
. .
TOTAL
315
331
33I
392
305
238
r
* Contained some paupers as well as criminals.
Boston Committee of Finance, Auditor's Reports, 1855, no. 43, p. 174; ibid., 1856, no. 44, p. 210; ibid., 1857, no. 45, pp. 208-209; ibid., 1859, no. 47, p. 219; ibid., 1860, no. 48, p. 242; ibid., 1861, no. 49, p. 249. # March 31.
[ 243 ]
TABLE XXIII
NATIVITY OF ALL THE INMATES IN THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION DURING THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31 *
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
Massachusetts
235
218
287
I77
98
I47
Other United States
158
I43
104
107
70
103
England
75
54
39
45
30
33
Ireland
574
457
340
472
336
318
Scotland
24
18
I2
75
IO
British Provinces
88
50
48
44
29
22
Italy
.
. .
.
I
Germany
. .
. .
. .
. .
France
. .
..
. .
. .
I
Others
29
34
II
5
6
I
Colored
59
45
39
5I
39
?
White
II24
9II
808
819
543
?
TOTAL
II83
956
847
870
582 }
636
* Derived from Boston Finance Committee, Auditor's Reports, 1859, no. 47, p. 218; ibid., 1860, no. 48, p. 239; ibid., 1861, no. 49, p. 262; ibid., 1862, no. 50, p. 275; ibid., 1863, no. 51, p. 290.
Included in Others.
# Discrepancy, as given, in the figures.
TABLE XXIV
NATIVITY OF ARRESTS AND DETENTIONS BY THE BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT, YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1864 *
Nativity
Arrests
Lodgers
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