USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Boston > Boston's immigrants, 1790-1865 : a study in acculturation > Part 24
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268
NOTE ON SOURCES
subject of a penetrating biography by Vincent F. Holden (Washing- ton, 1939) which gives a good account of the process of conversion. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.'s Orestes A. Brownson . . . (Boston, 1939) is excellent for the early years but does not deal adequately with the issues of the Catholic period. For the latter it is still neces- sary to consult the pious biography by Brownson's son (Detroit, 1898) and the voluminous edition of the Works of Orestes A. Brown- son (Detroit, 1882).
Few studies of the ANTI-CATHOLIC movement have dealt with it dispassionately. Most have regarded it as an inherent feature of American Protestant society and have zealously chronicled every reference to "Papists" without examining its true characteristics or causes. Sister Mary Augustina (Ray) in American Opinion of Roman Catholicism in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1936), for in- stance, has patiently compiled a long list of such references without discriminating between those in which there was a real animus, those which were just thoughtless, and those in which the word was used with no more derogatory sense than "Methodist" or "Quaker."
Undoubtedly the best account of all phases of this movement is Ray Allen Billington's Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860 . . . (New York, 1938), a conscientious and thorough work, although its con- clusions are not always applicable to Boston. Billington unfortu- nately views the Know-Nothing movement purely from its anti-alien aspect and misses the significance of the reform issue which is hinted at in William G. Bean, "An Aspect of Know-Nothingism - the Im- migrant and Slavery," South Atlantic Quarterly, XXIII, and Harry J. Carman and R. H. Luthin, "Some Aspects of the Know-Nothing Movement Reconsidered," ibid., XXXIX. The material in Humphrey J. Desmond's study of the party (Washington, 1904) and in the four articles of George H. Haynes (American Historical Review, III, New England Magazine, XV, XVI, Annual Report of the American His- torical Association, 1896, I) is distorted by the failure to understand the character of the movement in Massachusetts.
INDEX
INDEX
Abiel Smith legacy, 181 Abolition, 136-37, 142, 199, 207, 208, 2IO, 2II, 212, 22I Abstinence societies, 23, 175
Act of 1782, 35
Act of Union, 31, 36 Adams, C. F., 208
Adams, Henry, 144
Adams, John, 134
Adams, John Q., 6
Adams Sugar Refinery, 84
Adelaide, Princess, 156
Agents, 72 Agricultural revolution, 37-39, 46 Agriculture in Ireland, 44-46
Albany, trade with, 8 Albion, R. G., 8
Alcott, Bronson, 3, 184
Alexander I, 6 Alger, Cyrus, iron works, 85 Alice Riordan, 146
All-Hallows Missionary College, 170
Allen, Charles, 200
Almshouses, 122, 123, 166. See also Workhouses
Alsace-Lorraine, immigrants in, 32 Amendments, Massachusetts constitu- tion, 2II, 212, 213, 219 American, 194 American Celt, 180
American Freemen, 212
American Party, see Know-Nothing Party
American Republicans, 197
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Com- pany, 187 Andrew, J. A., 185, 216, 219
Angel Gabriel, 206 Anglican Church, 193 Anglo-Saxon, 177 Anglophobia, Irish, 147, 157, 158, 213, 218 Ann Alexis, Sister, 167 Ann Street, 96, 98 Anti-Catholicism, see Catholic Church
Anti-Irish prejudice, see Irish immi- grants Anti-Jesuit, 188
Arlington, 102 Armenian immigrants, 29
Arminians, 186
Army, foreigners in, 216; Irish in, 218, 219; Negroes in, 185. See also Militia
Artisans, 12, 89; emigration of, 35- 37, 41, 42
Assimilation, 183
Assisted emigration, 35, 42, 50, 55
Atlantic crossing, see Transatlantic
travel Attics, 112, II3
Australia, immigration, 43
Austria, 141, 145 Azores, immigrants from, 29
Back Bay, 16, 100, 120, 161, 174 Back country, see Hinterland of Bos- ton
Baden, 177; emigration from, 39, 42; peasants of, 38
Bagley, Sarah, 78
Bakers Alley, IIO
Balkans, Germans in, 42
Balls, 27, 160, 161
Balzac, Honoré de, 15I
Bancroft, George, 15, 26, 150
Bancroft's Grove, 161
Bank of the United States, II
Bankers, 72 Banking, IO, II
Banks, N. P., 201, 212
Banquets, 159, 160, 162
Baptists, 181, 186, 190, 206
Barbers, 68, 75
Barry, John, 150
Bars, 71, 100, 125
Bartenders, 71 Bartlett, J. S., 178
Basements, see Cellars
Batterymarch Street, 118
272
INDEX
Bavaria, emigration from, 39, 41; peasants of, 38
Bay State Artillery, 162, 210
Bay State Iron Company, 85 Beach, E. D., 212
Beach Street, II2
Beacon Hill, 16, 18, 19, 100, 120
Beacon Hill Light, 16
Beacon's Grove, 161
Bean, W. G., 202, 203
Beck, Karl, 33, 150
Bedini, Gaetano, 205
Beecher, Lyman, 188, 189, 193
Beethoven, L. van, 152
Beggars, 42, 122
Belknap Street, 100
Bell, 212
Benevolent Fraternity of Churches, 169, 175
Benevolent societies, 64, 165, 166
Berkeley Street, 174
Berliner National-Zeitung, 176
Bible, 131, 174, 219
Bierhaus, 159
Bigelow, J. R., 84
Bigelow, John P., 82, 124
Billington, R. A., 188
Birth rate, 12I
Bishop, Robert, and Company, 86
Black Ball Line, 9, 53
Black Warrior case, 145
Blighted areas, see Slums
Bloomerism, 138. See also Women's rights
Board of Health, 19
Board of Overseers, 22
Board of Selectmen, 20, 27, 126
Boarding houses, 71, 100, 106
Bologna, 205 Bøndar, see Peasants
Bookkeepers, 72
Boott, Kirk, 88
Boston Academy of Music, 152
Boston and Chelsea Railroad, 105
Boston and Lowell Railroad, 102
Boston Catholic Observer, 141, 179, 197
Boston City Guards, 196
Boston City Hospital, 219, 220
Boston College, 174
Boston Courier, 189
Boston Debating Society, 189
Boston Dispensary, 119 Boston Gregorian Society, 175 Boston Irish Protestant Association, I88 Boston Laborers Association, 164 Boston Merkur, 177
Boston Pilot, 78, 147, 154, 182, 205,
210; history of, 178, 179, 180; on constitutional reform, 203, 204; on revolution, 141, 144
Boston Post, 209
Boston Repeal Association, 56. See also Repeal movement
Boston Rubber Shoe Company, 86
Boston School Board, 219
Boston Scottish Society, 160
"Boston System," 82 Boston Vindicator, 179
Bostoner Zeitung, 177 Bostonien, 176
Bounties, 42, 217
Boutwell, G. S., 201, 202
Brahmins, 183
Brass foundries, 85
Brazil, 146
Bread Street, 114
Bread trade, 4
Brewing industry, 88
Brickmakers, 195
Bridges, 16, 93, 102
Brighton, 17, 105, 17I
Brillat-Savarin, J. A., 33
British Charitable Society, 165
British Colonial Society, 160
British North Americans, 56, 62, 68, 69, 160. See also Canada
Broad Street, 108, 110, 116, 117, 120, I2I
Broad Street Riot, 194
Broadway Railroad, 104
Brookline, 17, 105, 17I
Brownson, O. A., 133, 134, 137, 145, 179, 214; and the Irish, 153, 154; on constitutional revision, 203, 204; on revolution, 141, 143 Brownson's Quarterly Review, 154
Buchanan, James, 212, 214 Buffalo, 180
Buffalo Convention, 163
Building trades, 68, 69, 80
Bulfinch's Pillar, 16
Bunker Hill, 190, 195
273
INDEX
Burgess Alley, 110, 118 Burns, Anthony, 181, 205
Burschenschaft, 31 Business district, 96 Butchers, 70 Butler, Benjamin, 205
Cabinet making, 69 Cahill, Dr. W., 65
Calderon de la Barca, Mme., 145
Caledonian Club, 160
California, 6
Calvert Naturalization Society, 204 Calvin, John, 148
Cambridge, 17, 19, 86, 100, 102, 17I, I96
Cambridgeport, 93
Canada, 9, 43, 163, 174. See also British North Americans; Emigra- tion
Canadian fraternal societies, 160
Canals, 8
Canton, 6
Carney, Andrew, 166, 167
. Carney and Sleeper, 88
Carpentry, see Building trades Carroll, Charles, 149
Carroll, John, 170, 187
Cass, Thomas, 218
Casting furnaces, 85
Castle Island, 161
Catenoni, 42
Catholic Church, abstinence societies,
175; activities against, 148, 194, 195, 206; and abolition, 137; and Civil War, 217; and common schools, 138, 139; and Irish ideas, 132, 133, I34; and Irish nationalism, 214; and prison reform, 138; and re- form, 137, 138; and revolution, 14I- 45; and temperance, 138; and women's rights, 138; attitude to, in Boston, 187, 188, 192, 193, 206; charities, 166, 167; churches in Boston, 169-72, 206; conservatism, I37, 143, 145, 146; colleges, 174; French in, 169, 170, 172; Germans in, 162, 172; in England, 193; Irish, in, 132, 133, 134, 169, 170, 171; laws against, 43; literature against, 196, 206; newspapers, 178, 179, 180; newspapers against, 188, 194,
196; on intermarriage, 182; preju- dice against, 186-89, 196, 205, 2II; schools, 172, 173, 174. See also Irish immigrants; Know-Nothing
Party
Causeway Street, 98 Cellars, 112, 113, 1I4 Cemetery, 195
Censuses, 60, 94 Channing, W. E., 134, 189
Charitable Irish Society, 160, 162, 165
Charitable societies, 22, 64, 165, 166, 167,168
Charity, 22, 165, 166-68
Charlemagne, 133
Charles River Bridge, 102
Charleston, 185, 217
Charlestown, 17, 93, 102, 105, 157,
171, 173, 195, 196, 208
Charlestown Convent fire, 148, 194,
195, 196. See also Ursuline Con- vent
"Cheerful Parson," 189, 190
Chelsea, 17, 105, 206
Chelsea Hospital, 30
Cheverus, Jean de, 170, 173, 187
Chicago, 9, 214
Chickering, Jonas, 84, 107
Children, 121, 167, 185; diseases of, II9; employment of, 66
Chimney sweeps, 75
China trade, 5, 6, 7
Chinese immigrants, 29
Chinooks, 6
Cholera, 118
Cholera Committee, 1849, 113, II5
Cholera infantum, 119
Christian Alliance and Family Visitor, I89
Chubbuck and Sons, 85
Church and State, 132, 133, 139, 187
Church of the Advent, 193
Churches, Negro, 181, 184. See also by denominations
Cincinnati, 214
Citizen, 142, 180
Citizens Union Party, 207
Citizenship, 197, 2II
City Council, 187
City Hospital, 219, 220
City Point, 171
City Point Iron Works, 85
274
INDEX
Civil War, 42, 82, 92, 216-20 Clare, emigration from, 55
Clark, V. S., 82 Clarke, J. F., 188
Clerks, 72, 73, 89
Clipper ships, 13
Clothiers, 81, 88
Clothing industry, 13, 80, 81, 82, 83. See also Women's clothing industry Clothing trade, 80
Coachmen, 69
Coalition, 200, 201, 203
Coasting trade, 9
Cochituate, Lake, 20, 105
Coffee houses, 71
Colleges, 174. See also Harvard Uni- versity
Collins, P., 107
Colonization efforts, 163
Color Prejudice, 181, 184, 186
Colored American, 181
Columbia, 6
Columbia River, 6
Columbian Artillery, 162, 205, 206, 218. See also Militia
Columbian Literary Association, 162
Commerce, see Trade of Boston
Commercial Street, 98
Common Council, 208
Common schools, 138, 139
Commonwealth, 206
Commutation tax, 123, 19I
Confederation of the United Friends of Ireland, 158. See also Repeal movement
Congregationalists, 189
Congress, 207
Connors, James, 107
Conservatism, 135, 137, 143, 144, 145, I46
Consolidation of holdings, 49. See also Enclosures
Consommé Julien, 33
Constitution, Massachusetts, 187, 202- 5, 2II, 212, 213, 219
Construction bosses, 69
Consuls, 30, 146, 164
Consumption, see Tuberculosis Contract laborers, 42
Contractors, 69; labor, 76, 77
Conventions, Democratic state, 203, 204; Irish Philadelphia, 157; Know-
Nothing national, 211; Massachu- setts constitutional, 202, 203; Re- publican, 207; Whig national, 200 Convents, 210. See also Charlestown Convent fire; Ursuline Convent Conversions, 193, 206. See also Prose- lytizing
Converted houses, 106, 107
Cooks, 33, 68, 71
Cooperatives, 164
Copper foundries, 85
Corcoran, Hannah, 206
Corcoran, Michael, 220
Cork, emigration from, 53, 55; in- dustry in, 36
Cork Examiner, 55
Corn laws, 46, 50
Cost of living, 90, 91
Cottiers, 44, 45, 47. See also Peasants
Cotting, Uriah, 14
Cotton, John, 196
Cotton industry, see Textile industry
Courier politique de l'univers, 176
Courrier de Boston, 176
Courrier des États-Unis, 176
Court buildings, 108-II
Coxe, Walter, 34
Craigie's Point, 173
Crime, 23, 125, 126
Crimean War, 145
Cromwell, Oliver, 43, 147
Cuba, 146
Cunard Line, 53, 105
Damon, Howard, 119
Dance halls, 71, 100
Dancers, 74
Davis, John, 196
Davis, T. A., 197
Death, 13I
Death rate, 119, 120
Debates, 188
DeBow, J. D. B., 60
Debt, 209 Dedham, 18, 105
Deer Island, 122, 166
Degrand, P. P. F., 72
Democracy, 25, 135
Democratic Party, 199-204, 207, 209, 212, 214, 216 Deportations, 210 Deserters, 30
275
INDEX
Deutschen Ballgesellschaft, 161 Devil, 130 Diarrhoea, 119 Dieffenbach, A. A., 33 Directory, 141, 157
Disease, 19, 117-19. See also Smallpox Disputations, see Lectures Distilleries, 86
Distribution, occupational, 61, 62, 75 Division of labor, 82 Divorce laws, 201 Doctors, 74, 75 Doheny, 180 Dolly, 137 Domestic servants, 66, 67, 89, 193 Donahoe, Patrick, 73, 144, 179, 180 Donnelly, John, 88
Dooley, Henry, 72. See also Merchants Exchange Hotel
Dorchester, 17, 18, 104, 206 Dorchester Railroad, 104 Dorsey, Mrs. Anna H., 71, 137 Douglas, S. A., 214
Dover Street, 104 Downer Kerosene Oil Company, 86 Draft riots, 22I Dresel, Otto, 152 Drunkenness, 23, 46, 124, 125 Duane Street fire, 21 Dublin, 36, 53 Dublin Loyal Association, 157 Dudleian lectures, 186 Du Lang, 74 Duruissel, 74 Dwight's Journal of Music, 152 Dysentery, 119
East Boston, 13, 17, 105, 118, 157; churches, 171, 172; ferry, 16, 22, 93, 105; industries, 13, 85 East Boston Company, 105 East Cambridge, 17, 102, 163, 164, I71
Eastburn, Manton, 193 Eastern Railroad, 54, 185
Education, 26, 138, 139, 146, 172, 173, 174, 181, 203. See also Schools Elections, 203; constitutional conven- tion, 203; gubernatorial, 200, 203, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212; municipal, 197, 207; presidential, 212 Ellie, 193
Ellie Moore, 137 Elm Street, 213 Emancipation Proclamation, 22 I Emerson, R. W., 24, 26, 147, 216 Emigrants, see by nativity
Emigration, assisted, 35, 42, 50, 55; economic, 34 ff .; from Baden, 39, 42 ; from Bavaria, 39, 41 ; from Bos- ton, 15, 57; from Canada, 31; from England, 35, 37, 55; from Europe, 30 ff., 55; from France, 31, 32 ; from Germany, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39-42, 55; from Hungary, 31, 32; from Ire- land, 31, 32, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 51- 55; from Italy, 31, 32 ; from Poland, 31; from Scandinavia, 38, 39; from West Indies, 32; Negro, 57; of artisans, 35, 36, 37; peasant, 37-41, 51-55; political, 31 ff .; Scotch- Irish, 48; sporadic, 30
Employment, search for, 59, 64 Enclosures, 37 Engineers, 73 England, John, 134
England, agriculture in, 37; and Civil War, 218; Boston attitude to, 128; Catholicism in, 193; clothing indus- try in, 82; consuls of, in Boston, 164; immigration to, 32, 47, 48; in- dustry in, 34, 35; influence of, 26, 128; Irish hatred of, 147, 157, 158, 213, 218; oppression by, 43, 44, 157 ; trade laws, 4; trade with, 5, 9. See also Emigration
English immigrants, 29, 30; and Civil War, 216; benevolent societies, 165; coffee houses, 71; dancers, 74; dis- tribution of, 96; ideas, 140, 150; merchants, 73, 88; musicians, 74, 15I, 152; nationalism, 156; news- papers, 177; number of, 56; seam- stresses, 87; tailors, 82
English words, 168 Enoch Train and Company, 53 Episcopal Church, 193 Erie Canal, 7 Erina Association, 161
Europe, influence of, 26, 27; popula- tion of, 34. See also Emigration European, 177 Everett, Edward, 196, 207 Evictions, 49, 50, 51
276
INDEX
Exclusion laws, 122. See also Restric- tions Expostulator, 178
Factory system, 13, 14. See also Mechanization of industry
Faith, 131, 134
Fall River, 9, II
Famine, 48, 50, 157, 159
Faneuil Hall, 195
Farmers, 44. See also Peasants
Farmhands, 47. See also Peasants
Father Mathew Total Abstinence So- ciety, 175
Father Wiget's, 174
Felton and Sons, 86
Fenian Brotherhood, 144, 145, 214, 218 Fenwick, B. J., 141, 163, 170, 172, 174, 178, 188, 195
Ferguson, Robert, 219
Ferries, 16, 22, 93, 105
Fertility, 121
Feuillants, 3I
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, I85
Filibusters, 146
Fillmore, Millard, 212
Finance, see Banking
Fire, Charlestown Convent, 194, 195, 196; Duane Street, 2I Fire companies, 194 Fire Department, 21
Fishing, 4, 14
Fitzgerald, Edward, 31
Fitzgerald, J. R., 179
Fitzpatrick, J. B., and Boston Catholic Observer, 179; and Boston Pilot, 144; and Brownson, 153, 154; and Catholic churches, 170, 171; bust of, 209; Harvard degree to, 219; letter on Irish famine, 157; on con- stitutional revision, 204; on revolu- tion, 14I
Follen, Carl, 33, 150 Food Dealers, 70
Forges, 85
Fort Hill, 16, 18; churches, 171; death rate, 120; Irish in, 98, 99, 106; sa- loons, 125; sewerage, 114; tene- ments, 108, 112, 115, 116 Fort Sumter, 216 Forty-shilling freeholders, 46, 50
Foster's Law, 45, 46 Foundries, 85
France, 25, 26, 31, 174. See also Emi- gration
Franklin Square, 107
Fraternal societies, 159, 160
Fraternity of Churches, see Benevo- lent Fraternity of Churches
Free Soil Party, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 209, 216 Freedom of religion, 133, 134
Freedom Party, 207
Freedom's Journal, 181
Freeman's Journal, 142
Fremont, J. C., 212
French immigrants, 29, 32, 33; and Civil War, 216; Catholics, 169, 170, 172; cooks, 33, 71; cultural groups, 175; dancers, 74; distribution of, 96; hairdressers, 68; hotels, 72; Huguenots, 183; ideas, 140, 150; merchants, 72; musicians, 74; na- tionalism, 156; newspapers, 151, 176; number, 57 French language, 168
French Revolution, 25, 31, 144
Friends of Ireland Society, 157
Friends Street Court, 108
Frothingham, C. W., 206
Fruiterers, 70
Fugitive Slave Law, 200
Fugitive slaves, 57, 181, 185, 205, 210
Fuller, Margaret, 144
Funerals, 194
Fur trade, see China trade
Furniture building, 69
Gabriel, Angel, 206
Gallieni, 72
Galway, 55
Gannett, Ezra, 27
Garbage collection, 20, 115
Gardner, H. J., 208, 212
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 144
Garment district, 96
Garret bosses, 79 Garrison, W. L., 177
Gate of Heaven Church, 171
Gavazzi, Alessandro, 205
Gazette Française, 176
General Court, see Legislature
Geography of Boston, 96
277
INDEX
German Assistance Society, 165 German Charitable Society, 165
German immigrants, 29, 33; and Civil
War, 216; and Irish, 149; and re- form, 140; balls, 161; benevolent societies, 165; birth rate, 121; boarding houses, 71; Catholics, 162, I72; charitable societies, 165; churches, 169, 171, 172; cultural groups, 175; death rate, 120; dis- tribution, 96; doctors, 74; fraternal societies, 160; gymnastics, 161; ideas, 139, 140, 150; insurance com- panies, 73; intemperance, 125; in- termarriage, 183; Jews, 57, 169; laborers, 65; lunchrooms, 71 ; manu- facturers, 88; marriage rate, 121; merchants, 73; musicians, 74, 152, 153; nationalism, 156; newspapers, 140, 177; number, 56; occupational dispersion, 62; picnics, 161 ; Repub- licanism, 213, 216; restaurants, 71; schools, 172; seamstresses, 87; sil- versmiths, 88; sugar boilers, 84
German language, 150, 168
German music, 152
German Republican Association, 140 Germania Fire Insurance Company, 73 Germania Life Insurance Company, 73 Germania Society, 152, 161
Germany, agriculture in, 38, 39; in- dustry in, 35, 36; influence of, 26. See also Emigration
Gesangverein Orpheus, 175
Gilmore, Patrick, 74, 161, 220
Gioberti, V., 154 Girondins, 31
Glasgow, 48
Glass industry, 13, 86
Globe Iron Works, 85 Goldsmith, Oliver, quoted, 29 Gordon, 212
Gothic architecture, 19 Governesses, 67
Governor, Massachusetts, 201, 210. See also Elections; and by name
Grand Lodge of England, 181 Granite cutters, 164 Graupner, Gottlieb, 151 Gray, Robert, 6
Gray and Woods Machine Company, 85
Great Britain, see England Greece, revolutions in, 25 "Green hands," 79, 89 Green Mountain Grove, 161 Greene, H. B. C., 178
Grocers, 70, 107 Guillerez, F., 33 Gymnastics, 161
Hairdressers, 68, 75
Hale, E. E., 89
Half Moon Place, 108, 110, 115
Halifax, 54
Halloran, Mrs., 131
Halls, 160, 161
Hancock, John, 15, 27, 186
Hancock, Thomas, 126
Handbills, 205, 206
Handel and Haydn Society, 27, 151
Hanover Street, 108, 118
Harcourt, Ellen, 146
Harnden and Company, 53
Harrison, Elizabeth, 195
Harrison Street, 104
Harvard University, 33, 150, 201, 219
Haskins, G. F., 167
Haverhill, II
Hawaii, 6
Hawes and Hersey, 85
Hayden, Lewis, 185
Hays, M. M., 160
Hayter, A. U., 74
Health, 19, 117. Vaccination Heating, 115, 116
See also Disease;
Hebrew Literary Society, 175
Hecker, I. T., 154
Heinrich, A. P., 152
Heinzen, Karl, 33, 161, 177
Heiress of Carrigmona, 137
Henry VIII, 148
Herman Lodge, 160
Hermann & Co., 152
Hibernian Hall, 160
Hibernian Lyceum, 175
Hibernian Relief Society, 167
Hibernian Total Abstinence Society,
175 Highland Grove, 161 Hills, see by name Hinckley and Drury Locomotive Works, 85
278
INDEX
Hinterland of Boston, 7, 9 Hiss Nunnery Committee, 210
History, Irish on American, 149, 150 Hobbes, Thomas, 147
Holmes, Dr. O. W., 183, 189, 190
Holy Cross Cathedral, 171
Holy Cross Church, 173, 187
Holy Cross College, 174
Home for Destitute Catholic Chil- dren, 167
Homestead law, 201, 210 Honest Truth, 180
Hooper, Samuel, 107
Horse railroads, 99, 100. Transportation in Boston
See also
Hospitals, 122, 166, 219, 220 Hostlers, 68
Hotel de Paris, 72 Hotels, 71, 72 House-keepers, 67. See also Servants
House of Industry, 22
House of Juvenile Reformation, 22
House of Representatives, Massachu- setts, 202. See also Legislature
House of the Angel Guardian, 167
Housing, 19, 106-17; Irish, 98 Howe, Elias, Jr., 82
Hughes, John, 141, 142, 154, 180, 217 Huguenots, 183 Humanitarianism, see Reform
Hume, David, 147 Humphrey Place, 110, 115
Hungarian immigrants, 34, 145; na- tionalism, 156 Hungary, revolutions in, 25. See also Emigration
Ice trade, 7 Illegitimate births, 126 Illustrated Irish Nation, 180 Immigrant Aid Societies, 64 Immigrant traffic, 53, 54
Immigrants, see by nativity Immigration, restrictions, 122, 185, 190, 191, 210, 2II; statistics, 55. See also Emigration; Immigrants by nativity Imprisonment for debt, 209 Improvements, urban, 16, 93 Incorporation laws, 201 Independent Order of Odd Fellows, I60
Independent Order of Redmen, 160
Industrial Revolution, 34 ff. See also Mechanization of industry
Industry, in Boston, 4, 12, 80 ff., 83- 87; in Massachusetts, II, 78, 79; mechanization of, 79 ff. See also Clothing industry; Glass industry ; Iron industry ; Labor supply ; Labor surplus; Shipbuilding; Shoe indus- try ; Women Infant mortality, 119 Inquisition, 148
Insanity, 126
Institute Avenue, 108
Institutions, charitable, 166, 167
Insurance commission, 209
Insurance companies, 73
Intelligence bureaus, 64
Intemperance, see Drunkenness
Intermarriage, 182, 183, 185 International Salon, 159 Intolerance, see Prejudice Iowa, 163
Ireland, agriculture, 44, 45, 46; Eng- lish domination of, 36, 43; indus- try, 36; land laws, 43; land system, 43-46, 49, 50; population, 43, 45, 46, 47; revolutions, 25, 141; ten- antry, 44, 45, 46. See also Emigra- tion; Evictions; Famine; Potatoes Ireland, Young, 141, 142, 144, 158, 179 Irish-American, 142, 180 Irish brigade, 218
Irish Emigrant Aid Society, 213
Irish immigrants, 29, 33, 34; absti- nence societies, 175; activities against, 206; and abolition, 136, 137, 142, 221; and American his- tory, 149, 150; and Boston litera- ture, 147; and bounties, 217; and Civil War, 216-20; and common schools, 138, 139; and constitutional revision, 202-5; and Democratic party, 203, 204, 214; and Emanci- pation Proclamation, 221; and Eng- lish literature, 147; and fugitive slaves, 205; and Germans, 149; and institutions, 166; and Kansas-Ne- braska Act, 206; and Know-Noth- ing party, 214; and Lincoln, 217, 221; and Negroes, 137, 213, 221; and prison reform, 138; and reform, 136, 137, 138, 142, 214, 221; and
279
INDEX
Republican party, 214; and revolu- tion, 143, 144, 145; and sectional- ism, 217; and temperance, 138; and union, 217; and women's rights, 138; anglophobia, 147, 157, 158, 213, 218; assimilation, 183; balls, 160, 161; banks, 73, 164; bars, 71; benevolent societies, 166; birth rate, I21; boarding houses, 71, 106; Catholic Church, 132, 133, 134, 169, 170, 171 ; cellars, 114; charities, 167; children, 119, I21; cholera, 118; clerks, 73; colleges, 174; coloniza- tion efforts, 163; conservatism, 135, 137, 143, 144, 145, 146; construc- tion bosses, 69; contractors, 69; convention in Philadelphia, 157; cooperatives, 164; crime, 125; dance halls, 71; death rate, 119, 120; dis- crimination against, 190; disease, 117, 118, 119; distribution, 94, 96; doctors, 74, 75; draft riots, 221; education, 146; food dealers, 70; fraternal societies, 160; funerals, 194; handbills against, 205, 206; health, 117-19; hospitals, 166; hos- tility to, 67, 192; hostlers, 68; hotels, 72; housing, 98, 106-17; ideas, 129 ff .; illegitimate births, I26; in building trades, 68; in Charlestown, 102; in Dorchester, 104; in East Boston, 105; in East Cambridge, 102; in Fort Hill, 98, 99, 106; in industry, 85, 86; in North End, 98, 99; in service trades, 67, 68; in shoe industry, 79; in skilled trades, 69; in South Bos- ton, 102, 104; in South End, 104; in sugar industry, 84; in textile in- dustry, 78, 79; in Washington Vil- lage, 104; in West End, 100, 102 ; institutions, 167; intermarriage, 182, 183; insurance companies, 73; in- temperance, 124, 125; janitors, 78; labor supply, 80 ff .; laborers, 65 ; lawyers, 74; literature, 130, 147, 148, 149, 150; lunacy, 126; manu- facturers, 88; marriage rate, 121; merchants, 73; militia, 162, 197, 2I0; movements against, 148; musi- cians, 74; nationalism, 156, 157, 158, 213, 214; newspapers, 76, 130, 177,
178, 179, 180; numbers, 56; occupa- tional distribution, 62, 75; occupa- tional prejudice against, 67; office holders, 219; overcrowding, 113; pauperism, 121-24, 167, 192; ped- dlers, 71 ; pessimism, 129, 130; pic- nics, 161 ; prejudice against, 67, 196, 197, 198, 212, 213, 221; profes- sionals, 74; proselytizing, 193 ; pros- titution, 126; Protestants, 167; rail- roading, 76, 77, 78; reading, 146; religion, 130, 131; remittances, 157; revolutionary movements, 140, 14I, I42; riots, 194; schools, 173, 174; seamstresses, 87 ; search for employ- ment, 64; servants, 66, 67, 193; smallpox, 117; smiths, 68; stablers, 68; surplus labor, 88; sweepers, 78; tailors, 82; truancy, 174; tubercu- losis, 118; vote, 197, 198, 199; voters, 197; waiters, 68; Whig party, 203; women in industry, 86, 87
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