Boston's immigrants, 1790-1865 : a study in acculturation, Part 25

Author: Handlin, Oscar, 1915-2011
Publication date: 1941
Publisher: Cambridge : Harvard University press ; London : H. Milford, Oxford University Press
Number of Pages: 318


USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Boston > Boston's immigrants, 1790-1865 : a study in acculturation > Part 25


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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Irish Pictorial Miscellany, 180


Irish Protestant Mutual Relief So- ciety, 167, 188


Iron industry, 13, 85


Italian immigrants, 29, 30, 34, 42 ; benevolent societies, 165; cooks, 71; dancers, 74; hairdressers, 68; hotels, 72; ideas, 140; musicians, 152; na- tionalism, 156; newspapers, 177; number, 57


Italy, 25, 145. See also Emigration


Jackson, William, 180 Jacobins, 31


"Jacob's Ladder," IIO


Jail lands, 206


James, J. W., 157, 203, 204


Jameson's, 160


Jamestown, 159


Janitors, 78 Jay's Treaty, 4


Jenney Manufacturing Company, 86 Jesuit or Catholic Sentinel, 178


Jesuits, see Society of Jesus


Jewish immigrants, 57, 169, 190; and Civil War, 216; assimilation, 183; cultural groups, 175; fraternal soci- eties, 160; merchants, 72; number, 57; schools, 173


280


INDEX


Journeymen Tailors' Trade and Be- nevolent Association, 164 Joy Street, 100 Judiciary, 203 Julien, Jean Baptiste, 33, 72


Juries, 201, 203, 210


Justice, 130, 153


Kansas-Nebraska Act, 206, 207


Keating, Patrick X., 180


Kerosene industry, 86


Kerry, 55


Kidnapping, 206


Kingston Court, 107


Kladderadatsch, 176


Know-Nothing Party, 73, 154, 162, 196, 204, 208-12, 213, 214, 218


Know-Somethings, 21I


Kossuth, Louis, 32, 145


Koszta case, 145


Krankenunterstützungsgesellschaft, 165 Kreissmann, August, 152


Labor contractors, 76, 77 Labor supply, 14, 79-88


Labor surplus, 64, 79-82, 83, 88


Laborers, 65, 89, 164; contract, 42 Lamartine, 15I


Lancaster Street, 174 Land laws, Ireland, 43


Language, 168 La Poterie, C. F. B. de, 169


Latitudinarianism, 134. See also Tol- erance


Lawrence, Abbott, 199, 204


Laws, anti-Catholic, 43; corn, 46, 50; divorce, 201; exclusion, 122, 185, 2II; Foster's, 45, 46; Fugitive Slave, 200; incorporation, 201; poor, 49, 50; prohibition, 201, 205, 210; women's rights, 210


Lawyers, 74, 75 Laziness, 46 Lectures, 175, 186, 188 Ledru-Rollin, A. A., 32 Leeds, 82


Legislature, Massachusetts, 21, 196, 198, 201, 202, 209 Leipziger Illustrierte, 176 Leonhard, Hugo, 152 Lesezimmer, 176 Liberty Party, 200


Lieber, Francis, 33 Limerick, 36 Lincoln, Abraham, 217, 22I


Lines on the Ruins of a Nunnery, 148


Liquor dealers, 125


Liquor interests, 207


Literacy amendment, 21I, 212, 213


Literary and Catholic Sentinel, 178


Literature, 147; anti-Catholic, 206; English, 147; Irish, 130, 147, 148, 149, 150 Lithography, 88


Litterateur Français, 176


Liverpool, 48, 54


Liverpool Street, 118


Lodge, Giles, 88


Lodge, H. C., 220


London, 32, 48


London Tailors' Union, 35


Long Wharf, 161


Longfellow, H. W., 150


Loring, E. G., 210


Loring, Harrison, 85


Louis Philippe, 144


Louisville, 177


Lowell, 9, II


Lowell Female Labour Reform As- sociation, 78


Lunacy, 126 Lunatic asylums, 22


Lunchrooms, 71


Luther, Martin, 148


Lutheran Church, 169


Lyman, Theodore, 192, 194


Lynch, Phelim, 34, 180


Lynn, 9, 79


McElheran, John, 149, 150


McGee, T. D., 144, 179, 180 McGinnis, 71


Mckay, Donald, 13, 85 M'Mahon, J. B., 171


MacMurrough, Dermot, 43


Maegher, T. F., 144, 180, 218


Maegher's Brigade, 219 Maegher's Irish News, 180


Magyar immigrants, see Hungarian immigrants Mahony and Kenna, 88 Maid of Erin, 161 Maine, 163, 186


28I


INDEX


Maine Law, 201, 205. See also Tem- perance Mainz's orchestra, 161 Malden, 105 Manchester, 48


Mann, Horace, 139 Mannheim, Karl, 128 Mansion House, 160


Manufacturers, 88. See also Mer- chants


Manufacturing, see Industry Margaret, 146


Maritime industries, 69


Maritime Provinces, 54. See also Brit- ish North Americans


Marquette, Jacques, 149


Marriage, see Intermarriage


Marriage rate, 12I


Martineau, Harriet, 13, 23


Mary, Queen of Scots, 147


Mason, Lowell, 152


Mason & Hamlin Organ Company, 84 Masons, 160, 18I


Massachusetts, constitution, 187, 202-5, 2II, 212, 213, 219; governor, 201, 2IO; house of representatives, 202; legislature, 21, 196, 198, 201, 202, 209; natives of, in building trades, 68; natives of, occupational disper- sion, 62 ; parties in, 199-204; senate, 202; state paupers, 122, 123, 124, 190


Massachusetts Bank, II


Massachusetts Council, Know-Noth- ing party, 21I Mather, Cotton, 19 Mathew, Theobald, 138, 175


Matignon, F. A., 170, 173


Maverick Congregational Society, 17I Mazzini, Giuseppe, 32, 144


Mechanics Court, 118


Mechanics' lien law, 201


Mechanization of industry, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83-6 Medford, 161 Mediai case, 145 Mediterranean trade, IO Melrose, 161 Mendelssohn Quintet Club, 152


Merchants, 4, 7, 10, 14, 15, 26; and immigration, 88, 89; foreign, 30, 70, 72, 73; ideas, 24 ff., 128; nativity


of, 70, 72, 73; Negro, 75. See also Manufacturers


Merchants Exchange Hotel, 72, 160 Methodist Episcopal Church, 131, 169, 18I Metternich system, 32


Mexico, 146, 200


Middlesex Canal, 73


Middlesex Railroad, 102 Militia, 161, 162, 181, 185, 197, 210. See also companies by name


Mill Dam, 14, 16, 93, 161 Mill Pond, 16, 18, 114


Milton, John, 147


Miscegination, see Intermarriage


Mitchel, John, 50, 144, 158, 180


Mobility, economic, 76, 89, 90


Moehler, J. A., 147


Montgomery Guards, 162, 196


Montgomery Union Association, 157


Montreal, 180


Moon Street Free Church, 171 "Moral lectures," 27 Morison, S. E., 204


Morris, Robert, 75


Morse, Leopold, 88


Morse, S. F. B., 193, 2II


Mortality, see Death rate ; Infant


mortality Morton, Marcus, 199


Mother Superior, 195


Mt. Benedict, 173. See also Charles- town Convent fire


Municipal government, 20, 21


Music, 28, 151-53


Musical instruments, manufacture of, 69. See also Piano industry Musicians, 74, 152, 153


Nancrede, Joseph, 176 Napoleon III, 146


Napoleonic exiles, 31


Nation (Boston), 179


Nation (New York), 179, 180


National convention, Know-Nothing party, 2II Nationalism, 156, 157, 158, 213, 214


Nativism, 197, 198, 206-13 Naturalization, 198


Nature, 24


Neck, see South End Neglect of Prayer, 146


282


INDEX


Negroes in Boston, and Irish, 137, 213,


221; barbers, 68; charities, 168; children, 185; churches, 181; crime, 125; distribution of, 100, 102 ; edu- cation, 181; emigration, 57; food dealers, 70; group consciousness, 180, 181, 182; housing, 100; ideas, 140; immigration, 57, 58, 185; in army, 185; in South Boston, 102 ; intermarriage, 182, 185; laborers, 65; Masons, 181; militia, 181, 185; newspapers, 181; number, 57; oc- cupational distribution, 62, 75; on railroads, 185; prejudice, 213 ; preju- dice against, 184, 185, 186; riots, 194; sailors, 69; schools, 181, 184, 185. See also Fugitive slaves


Neu England Demokrat, 140, 177


New Bedford Railroad, 185


New Brunswick, 54. See also British North Americans


"New colonial system," 4


New England, 15, 62


New England Herald, 195


New England Land Company, 73, 163


New England Reporter and Catholic Diary, 179


New Hampshire, brickmakers, 195 New Orleans, 42, 185


New York, 177; cholera, 118; clothing industry, 81, 83; immigrants in, 33, 42; Know-Nothing party in, 208; schools, 197; sugar industry, 83; trade, 4, 8, 10; wages, 81, 83


New York Albion, 177


New York Directory, 141, 157


New York Protestant, 187, 188


New York Protestant Association, 188 New Zealand, 43


Newfoundland, see British North Americans; Maritime Provinces Newman, J. H., 134


Newspapers, 26, 151, 176, 177, 181, 195, 204; anti-Catholic, 188, 194, 196; German, 140, 177; Irish, 76, 130, 141, 142, 144, 177-80


Nigger Hill, 18, 100


Ninth Massachusetts Regiment, 218


Noodle's Island, see East Boston Nora Brady's Vow, 137


Nordeutschen Lloyd Line, 53


Norris v. City of Boston, 191


North Chelsea, 17


North End, 18, 19, 98, 99, 106, 194, 204; churches, 171; death rate, 120; saloons, 125; schools, 174 Norway, see Scandinavia Norwegian deserters, 30


Notre Dame de Namur, Sisters of, I74 Nova Scotia, 54. See also British North Americans


Oak Hall, 83 O'Brien, W. S., 158


Catholic Ob- Observer, see Boston server


Occupational diversification, 61, 62, 75 Occupations, 60 ff.


O'Connell, Daniel, 136, 141, 157, 158, I79


O'Connellite and Irish Representative, 178


Odd Fellows' Hall, 161


O'Donovan, John, 51


Office-holding, 219


O'Flaherty, T. J., 178, 188


O'Keefe, C. M., 147 Old Countryman, 177


Omnibus lines, 99. See also Transpor- tation in Boston


Opera companies, 152


Opportunities, 15, 29, 40, 57


Optimism, 24, 128, 130, 134, 139


Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, see Know-Nothing Party


Orders in Council, of 1783, 5; of I795,35 Oregon, 6


O'Rourke, Judith, 135


Orphans, 167


Orr, J. S., 206


Outside shop, 83


Ouvre, Nicholas, 72


Overcrowding, 19, 112, 113


Oxford Movement, 193


Packet lines, 8, 9, 10, 53 Page, Richardson, Co., 53


Paisley, 35


Palfrey, J. G., 202


Papanti, Lorenzo, 74


Paper hangings industry, 84 Park Street Church, 184


283


INDEX


Parker, Theodore, 184, 206 Parker House, 160


Parochial schools, 173, 174


Parties, political, in Massachusetts, 199-204 Passage buildings, 107, 108


Pauperism, 22, 121-24, 167, 190, 19I, 192 Paupers, exclusion of, 122, 185, 2II; emigration of, 55 Pearl Street, 98 Peasants, emigration, 37-41. See also Cottiers; Farmers


Peddlers, 70, 71


Pendleton, W. S., 88


Pepper, George, 178


Periodicals, see Newspapers


Perkins House, 72


Personal liberty law, 201, 210


Pessimism, Irish, 51, 52, 129, 130, 134 Petit Courrier des familles et des pen- sions, 176


Phare de New York, 176


Philadelphia, cholera, 118; Irish Con- vention, 157; riots, 197; sugar in- dustry, 83 ; trade, 4


Philanthropy, see Charitable Societies ; Reform Phillips, S. C., 142, 200, 208 Phillips, Wendell, 177 Phillips Street, 100 Phillis, 137 Philo-harmonic Society, 151 Physicians, see Doctors Piano industry, 84, 88 Picnics, 161 Pierce, Franklin, 203 Pilot, see Boston Pilot Pionier, 177 Pius IX, 14I Plumbing, see Sewerage Poland, 25, 144. See also Emigration Police, 21, 210 Polish immigrants, 29, 34; Jews, 57, 169; nationalism, 156 Politics, Massachusetts, 199-204, 207- I3 Poor house, 122, 123, 166 Poor laws, 49, 50 Poor relief, 22, 23, 124 Pope, 187 Pope, J. E., 82


Pope's Day, 187


Population, of Boston, 15, 94; of Europe, 34; of Ireland, 43, 45, 46, 47 Portuguese, Jews, 57, 169 Post, see Boston Post


Post Office Commission of Inquiry, 53 Potatoes, 44, 45, 48, 50, 90


Poterie, see La Poterie


Precious metals, manufacture, 69 Prejudice, against Negroes, 184, 185, 186; anti-Catholic, 186-89, 196, 205, 2II; anti-Irish, 67, 196, 197, 198, 212, 213, 22I; color, 184; occupa- tional, 67; religious, 186, 187, 188, 189 Prepaid tickets, 52 Press, see Newspapers Price, Richard, quoted, 189


Priests, 64, 74 Prison reform, 138


Prisoners' Friend Society, 138


Privateering, 5


Professionals, 73, 74, 89


Progress, 25, 134, 140


Prohibition laws, 205, 210. See also Maine Law


Proletariat, 47, 60. See also Labor supply ; Labor surplus; Laborers Propaganda, College of the, 14I


Property, 26


Proselytizing, 166, 193. See also Con- versions


Prostitution, 23, 24, 126


Provincial Council of Bishops, 173


Prussia, 38, 177 Public education, see Common schools


Pulitzer, Joseph, 42


Purchase Street Unitarian Society, 171 Puritans, 186


Quakers, 186 Quebec, 54 Quincy, Edmund, 142 Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 21, 124 Quincy, Mass., 79 Quincy granite, 19


Racialism, 149, 150, 183, 214 Radetsky, J. J. W., 142 Rafferty, P., 218 Rail factories, 85


284


INDEX


Railroad crossings, 209


Railroading, 76, 77, 78


Railroads, 8, 12; horse, 99; Negroes


on, 185. See also by name; Trans- portation in Boston


Randolph, John, 4


Rantoul, Robert, 199, 203


Reading, Mass., 161


Reading, 146, 176


Real estate agencies, 73


Reason, 131, 134


Recruiting, 218


Reed, Rebecca, 195 Reform, 25, 134-38, 142, 199, 210, 2II, 212, 214, 22I


Reformation, 147, 148


Reggio, Niccolo, 30, 146


Religion, 130, 131, 169-72


Religious education, 203. Schools


See also


Religious liberty, 132, 133. See also Freedom of religion


Religious prejudice, 186, 187, 188, 189


Remittances, 157. See also Prepaid tickets


Rents, 17, 112; in Ireland, 44, 45, 49


Repeal Movement, 136, 140, 141, 157, 158, 179, 203


Republican Convention, 207


Republican Party, 154, 212, 213, 214, 216


Restaurants, 71 Restrictions, immigration, 122, 185. 190, 191, 210, 21I


Retributive justice, 130


Revere House, 71


Revolutions, 25, 31, 140-45, 186


Rhineland, 32; peasants, 38


Riots, 193-97, 22I


Robert Bishop and Company, 86


Roby, William, 125


Roddan, John T., 141, 144, 180


Rolling mills, 85


Roman Catholic Mutual Relief So- ciety, 167


Roman Republic, 142 Rousselet, Louis de, 170, 176 Rowing, 161


Roxbury, 17, 18, 19, 104, 105; church- es, 169, 171, 172; Colonel Corcoran in, 220; elections in, 208; repeal


movement in, 157; riots in, 194;


schools, 174; Ursuline Convent, 196 Rumpff, Rev. A., 169


Russia, 6


Russian immigrants, 29, 15I


Russworm, J. B., 181


Sacred Heart and Assumption Church, I71


Sailors, 69, 75, 194


St. Andrew's Day, 162


St. Augustine's Chapel, 171


St. Bartholomew's Massacre, 148


St. Brandon, 149


St. James Church (R. C.), 171


St. James Episcopal Church, 169


St. John, Agnes E., 137


St. Johns, N. B., 54


St. John's Church, 171


St. Mary's Church, E. B., 171


St. Mary's Church, N. E., 174


St. Nicholas Church, 171


St. Patrick's Day, 160, 162, 219


St. Peter's Church, 171


St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum, 167, 173


Saints' days, 162


SS. Peter and Paul church, 171, 174


Salesmen, 72


Saloon keepers, 71


Saloons, 71, 124, 125. See also Bars


Salvation, 130


Sandwich Islands, see Hawaii


Sardinia, see Italy


Sargeant, L. M., 107


Sarsfield Guards, 162, 205


Sarsfield Union Association, 162


Saxony, 38


Scandinavia, 38. See also Emigration Scandinavian Benevolent Relief So- ciety, 165


Scandinavian immigrants, benevolent societies, 165; number, 57


Schools, 172-74, 175, 181, 184, 185, 197, 209, 219. See also Common schools


Schutzenverein Germania, 161 Scollay Square, 99


Scotch immigrants, 29; and Civil War, 216; assimilation, 183; fraternal so- cieties, 160; newspapers, 177; num- ber, 57


1


285


INDEX


Scotch-Irish, 149, 150; emigration, 48 Scotch-Irish immigrants, 29; assimila- tion, 183; brickmakers, 195 Scotland, immigration, 48 Scots Charitable Society, 160, 162, 165 Scottish-American, 177 Seamen, 69, 75, 194 Seamstresses, 86, 87


Seaver, Nathaniel, 207


Secrecy, Know-Nothing, 208, 212


Secret ballots, 203


Selectmen, see Board of Selectmen Selectmen, Charlestown, 195


Seminary, theological, 174


Senate, Massachusetts, 202


Senatorship, U. S., 201, 210


Servants, 66, 67, 89, 193


Service trades, 67, 68


Sewerage, 20, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119 Sewing, 86, 87 Sewing machine, 82, 86


Shadrach, 18I


Shakespeare, William, 147


Shales and May Furniture Company, 86


Shamrock, 178 Shamrock Society, 160, 162


Shattuck, Lemuel, 94, 112


Shawmut Street, 104, 169, 172


Shillaber, B. P., 209


Shipbuilding, 12, 13, 85, 86


Shipping firms, 19I Shoe industry, 9, 13, 79, 86


Shooting, 161


Shopkeepers, see Merchants Silversmiths, 88


Simmons, George, 83 Simmons, John, 80


Sisters of Charity, 166, 167


Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, 174


Six Months in a Convent, 196


Slave trade, 5


Slavery, 5. See also Abolition


Slaves, fugitive, 57, 181, 185, 205, 210 Slops, 80 Slums, 16, 94, 98, 106-17 Smallpox, 20, II7 Smith, Abiel, 181 Smith, J. V. C., 73, 209 Smiths, 68 Smuggling, 4 Società Italiana di Benevolenza, 165


Societies, see Abstinence societies ; Benevolent societies ; Charitable societies; Fraternal societies ; Immi- grant aid societies Society of Jesus, 174, 186


Society of St. Vincent de Paul, 167 Society of United Irishmen, 31, 32 Solo-Club, 175


Somerville, 17, 102 South, Know-Nothings in, 2II


South America, 42


South Boston, 16, 17, 18, 19, 93, 102, 104, 166; churches, 170, 171; indus- tries, 86, 92; repeal movement in, 157; schools, 174 South Boston Bridge, 16


South Cove, 17, 19, 98, 114


South End, 18, 104, 169, 171, 172, 194, 204 Southac Street, 100


Souther, John, 85


Spain, 145


Spalpeens, 47, 77


Spanish immigrants, 29; Jews, 57; newspapers, 177; sailors, 194


Spring Hall, 161


Springfield Republican, 214


Stable keepers, 68


Stablers, 68


Stanton, E. M., 216


Star of the Sea, church, 17I


State Paupers, 122, 123, 124, 190


State Street, 96, 204


State Temperance Committee, 205


Statistics of immigration, 55, 56


Stevedores, 64 Stillman Street, 107


Story, Joseph, 196


Streets, see by name


Strike, journeymen tailors, 82


Sub-lease system, 106, II2


Suburbs, 17, 99 ff. See also by name


Suffolk County, 197


Suffolk Street, 104, 169, 172


Sugar boilers, 84 Sugar industry, 83, 84


Sumner, Charles, 200, 201, 207, 208


Sunday schools, 173


Superintendent of Alien Passengers, I90 Superior, 161 Supernaturalism, 13I


286


INDEX


Surplus labor, 64, 79-82, 83, 88 Surrender and regrant, 43 Swedish immigrants, 29. See also Scandinavian immigrants Sweepers, 78 "Swindling shops," 64


Swiss immigrants, 29; benevolent so- cieties, 165; nationalism, 156 Switzerland, immigrants in, 32; revo- lution, 145 Synagogues, 169


T. F. Maegher, 16I


Tailors, 81, 82, 83, 164


Tanning industry, 86 Tappan, Lewis, 10 Taylor, Zachary, 200


Teachers, 74


Temperance, 23, 125, 138, 140


Temperance law, see Prohibition laws


Tenantry, Irish, 44, 45, 46


Tenements, 19, 106-16


Tests, religious, 187


Texas, 146, 200; Germans in, 42


Textile industry, 9, 78, 79


Thayer, John, 170, 173, 188


Thayer and Warren, 52


Theatres, 27, 184


Thermidorians, 31


Thompson, T., 107


Thoreau, H. D., quoted, 59, 156


Three-month volunteers, 216


Ticknor, George, 15, 26, 150 Tighe, J., 148 Timber ships, 54


Tippling shops, 159 Tithes, 187


Tolerance, 133, 134, 186-90, 199


Tom Moore Club, 175


Touro, Abraham, 72, 169 Trade of Boston, 3-10


Traders, see Merchants


Train, Enoch, 13. See also Enoch Train and Company


Transatlantic travel, 53, 54. See also Packet lines


Transport workers, 69


Transportation in Boston, 21, 22, 99- 105 Travel accounts, 40, 41, 60 Travers, 156 Treanor, B. S., 34, 164, 218


Tremont House, 71 Tri-Mountain Insurance Company, 73 Trinity Church, 172 Truancy, 174 Truck system, 77 Truckmen, 69, 194, 195


Tuberculosis, 118


Tucker, John C., 157, 198, 217


Turin, 3I Turner Hall, 161


Turnverein, 161


Twenty-one year amendment, 2II


Twenty-Eighth Massachusetts Regi- ment, 218 Two-year amendment, 213, 219 Tyrone, 55, 56


Ulster, 48, 55, 56 Underground railway, 57. See also Fugitive slaves


Unemployment, 59, 64, 92


Union Bank, II


Unions, 164


United Irishmen, see Society of United Irishmen


United States Catholic Intelligencer, I78


Unskilled laborers, 65, 75


Urban improvements, 16, 93


Ursuline Convent, 173. See also Charlestown Convent fire


Vaccination, 20, 210


Van Buren, Martin, 200 Vanderbilt Line, 53


Vendée, 31


Vermont Central Railroad, 9


Vigne, Antoine, 72


Virginia, Know-Nothing party, 2II Vocations, see Occupations


Volunteers, 216 Voters, 197, 198, 199, 207


Wages, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 91 Waiters, 68, 164 Walden, 59, 156 Waltham, II


Walworth, James J., 86


Ward Eight, 196 Ward Six, 185 Ward Three Association, 204


Wards, 204


287


INDEX


Warren Bridge, 102 Wars of Liberation, 39 Washington Street, 96, 104 Washington Village, 18, 104 Water Street, 96, 98 Water supply, 20, 116, 197 Waterston, R. C., 189 Watertown, 100, 102 Waverly Grove, 161 Wealth, of Boston, 10-14 Webb, Seth, Jr., 208 Webster, Daniel, 200 Webster, J. W., 125 West Cambridge, 157 West End, 18, 19, 100, 102, 181, 194 West Indies, emigration, 32; trade, 3,4,5 West Roxbury, 17, 105 Western Railroad, 9 Western Star and Harp of Erin, 178 Western trade, 7, 8, 9 Wharfingers, 64 Wheeler & Armstrong, 53 "When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again," 220


Whig Party, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 216 Whiting, Kehoe and Galouppe, 87 Whitman, Walt, 75 Whittier, J. G., 201, 202 Wide Awake, 206 Wiget, Bernard, 174, 219


Williams (of London), 74 Wilmot Proviso, 200 Wilson, Henry, 201, 208, 210, 21I Winchester, 161


Winnisemet Ferry, 105 Winthrop, John, 3 Winthrop, R. C., 202 Winthrop Railroad, 105 Women, employment of, 66; in indus- try, 13, 14, 78, 86, 87; property rights, 201 Women's clothing industry, 87


Women's rights, 138, 139


Women's rights law, 210 Woodbridge, W. C., 152


Woolen industry, see Textile industry


Worcester, 2II


Worcester Spy, 206


Workhouses, 50. See also Almshouses Württemberg, 38


Young, Arthur, 135 Young Catholics Friend, 178 Young Catholics Friend Society, 173, 175 Young Ireland, 141, 142, 144, 158, 179 Young Italy, 142 Young Men's League, 207


Zerrahn, Carl, 153 Zeuner, Charles, 74, 152 Zion Church, 169





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