USA > Massachusetts > Commonwealth history of Massachusetts, colony, province and state, volume 5 > Part 61
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MASSACHUSETTS RELIGION
St. Paul thought that the men of Athens were "too reli- gious," and many writers of history have applied the same dictum to early Massachusetts. The education of the Com- monwealth, the organization of its government, the system of laws, were closely bound up with the formal religious organ- ization of the community. The Massachusetts people who came over as a protest against Bishop Laud and his restric- tions on religion, applied Laud's principle of conformity to Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson and to the Baptists and the Quakers (Volume I, chapters xiv and xvii). In the public mind, the witchcraft episode (Volume II, chapter ii) is supposed to have been animated by the clergy who, under Cotton Mather's leadership, did push on the trials; but belief
681
LITERATURE AND EDUCATION
in witchcraft was imported from England, and Massachusetts was the first community in the world to abandon the frightful doctrine. Cotton Mather (Volume II, chapter xi) and Jona- than Edwards (Volume II, chapter x) have been accepted as the typical colonial New England ministers, but the popular spirit of toleration completely outgrew their theology; and in the nineteenth century Massachusetts was one of the earliest States to grant genuine freedom of worship (Volume IV, chapter ix). The present status of the churches is set forth in Volume V, chapters xv and xvii, one of them by a Protes- tant clergyman and one by a Catholic clergyman.
LITERATURE AND EDUCATION
From the start, Massachusetts was under the guidance of men of education-not merely book men, but men of intellec- tual power, who knew how to record what they experienced. Indeed, the greatest colonial author, Benjamin Franklin, was a son of Massachusetts. This interest in things of the mind took two forms: the first was the training up of the rising generation, evidenced by the early founding of Harvard Col- lege (Volume I, chapter xii) ; then by the legal requirement of schools for boys, which, however, did not lead to girls' schools until after the Revolution. An account of colonial education can be found in Volume I, chapters x and xi, and for the post-Revolution period in Volume III, chapters x and xvii. To nineteenth-century education is devoted a long chapter (Volume IV, chapter vi), while in Volume V gen- eral education is discussed in chapter viii, and educational reform in chapter x.
A high degree of education may exist without literature, and a flourishing literature with very little general education. However, nobody could succeed in public life in Massa- chusetts without the ability to express in speech and writing the ideas which eventually took shape in the American Revo- lution. It was no accident that the second governor of Plymouth and the first governor of Massachusetts both wrote admirable personal histories of the origin and early days of their Colonies. Those two works are a part of an excellent, though scanty Colonial literature, an account of the origins
682 THE COMMONWEALTH'S TERCENTENARY
of which may be found in Volume I, chapter xiii. It in- cludes the first American poetess, Anne Bradstreet. Much of the controversial literature over the rights of the Colonies is well written and worthy of study.
Massachusetts eighteenth-century literature (Volume II, chapter x) is characterized by Cotton Mather and later non- clerical writers. A special chapter on Cotton Mather (Vol- ume II, chapter xi) shows how that man stood for the spirit of his half century of activity. The letters and statements and arguments of the revolutionary period (Volume II, chapters xv-xviii) are examples of good literature. So are the state papers and protests of the movement toward in- dependence (Volume III, chapter iv). So is the State Con- stitution of 1780 (Volume III, chapted vii). John Adams wielded a mighty pen (Volume III, chapter viii). Webster's speeches are a part of the best literature (Volume IV, chapter iv). Nineteenth century literature is summarized in Volume IV, chapter vii. The depositaries of literature-the libraries -are described in Volume V, chapter x; and chapters xv and xvii deal with the clergy-Protestant and Catholic. The modern development of publishing and periodicals is the subject of Volume V, chapter xvi.
THE PROFESSIONS
The first recognized profession in the Colonies was that of the ministry, and for more than two hundred years the ministers were the most powerful and best organized body of men in the community.
Every town supported one and (in early days) sometimes two ministers to a parish; while in the more populous towns additional churches were set off, each with its dominant min- ister. The situation of the clergy is made clear in Volume I, chapters iv, xii, xxi; Volume II, chapters ii, viii, ix, xi; Vol- ume III, chapter x; Volume IV, chapter ix; Volume V, chapters xv, xvii.
Ever since the Revolution, and superior in their influence on public affairs, the profession of the law has been next in importance to the clergy. John Winthrop was a lawyer in England. The original charter (Volume I, chapter v) was
683
THE PROFESSIONS
drawn up by lawyers. Harvard College in the middle of the eighteenth century began to educate lawyers. Principles of public law, and to some degree private law, entered into the controversy with England over the Charter from 1664 to 1689 (Volume I, chapter xx). To the colonial bench and bar in the pre-Revolutionary period is devoted Volume II, chapter vi. The controversies over the Stamp Act and the tea duties involved difficult questions of public law and led (Volume II, chapter xv) to the great constitutional argu- ments on the Writs of Assistance and the legal basis of taxa- tion. Lawyers were active in the organization from colony to State, as is shown in the violence of legal discussion (Volume II, chapters xvi to xviii). So with the violent agitation over the organization of a new government and in- dependence from 1775 to 1780 (Volume III, chapters iii and iv). The highest public law of the new State, the Constitu- tion of 1780, was drawn by one of the greatest constitutional lawyers in the country, John Adams (Volume III, chapters vii, viii). The part of lawyers in the political and constitu- tional development of the State after the Revolution is set forth in Volume III, chapters xiv, xv. To the judicial sys- tem and the bar of the nineteenth century is devoted Volume IV, chapter ii. The attitude of the bar on secession and re- construction is brought out in Volume IV, chapters xvi and xix. The bench and bar of the nineteenth century is the sub- ject of Volume V, chapter iv. Thus education for the bar, the personalities of leaders of the bar, the great constitutional issues of a hundred years and the development of a system of constitutional law are made a part of the Commonwealth History.
Allied with the bar and the pulpit throughout Massa- chusetts history has been the profession of medicine. Long based on tradition rather than on experimentation, the pro- fession nevertheless included many leading men, among them Dr. Joseph Warren, the Revolutionary patriot. Some attention is paid to the medicine of early times in the chapters on social conditions ; and the present state of the profession is set forth in Vol. V, chapter xviii.
684 THE COMMONWEALTH'S TERCENTENARY
ARTISTIC MASSACHUSETTS
Throughout the series, in the discussion of local and colonial government some attention is paid to public buildings, which were in colonial times almost the only evidences of public appreciation of art. A few remaining town halls and churches, such as the Old State House and the Old South Church, bear witness to the architecture of the colonial period. In the State House, in museums and in some private collec- tions are excellent portraits of men and women, public char- acters and private. Many families cherish ancestral and artis- tic silver, furniture and carved fittings of rooms. Aside from these limited evidences of wealth and taste, the artistic development of Massachusetts is set forth in Volume IV, chapter viii, ARTISTIC MASSACHUSETTS. A later chapter of the work (Volume V, chapter ix) gives an account of libraries in Massachusetts both in their educative and architectural effects.
POLITICAL HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS
Most of the 101 chapters of the five volumes of this History deal directly or indirectly with the action of the people of Massachusetts through their duly constituted public authority, for the protection of the individual, the maintenance of im- partial courts, and the workings of primary assemblies and representative bodies authorized to express the public will. This action of popular government early resulted in the amendment of the First Charter in 1791 and the substitution of a State government for the Colonial government in the Revolution; and also for the relation of Massachusetts to the whole United States of America.
The study of this free government in action is one of the main purposes of this series. It begins with the Mayflower Compact (Volume I, chapter iv) ; and the Massachusetts Charter, and the controversy over its authority (Volume I, chapters v, vii, xx and xxi. In the next century it involves the workings of the Province Charter, and the long contro- versies with the royal governors (Volume II, chapters i, v, xv, xvi). It accounts for the provisional constitutional govern-
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 685
ment of Massachusetts (Volume II, chapter xviii; Volume III, chapter iii). It includes the contemporaneous throwing off of dependency on England (Volume III, chapter iv) ; the participation in the national government (Volume III, chap- ter vi) ; the adoption of the new Constitution (Volume III, chapter vii) ; and the entrance into the Federal Constitution (Volume III, chapter xiii). It involves indirectly the separa- tion of Maine (Volume III, chapter xix).
In the same field belong the chapters on constitutional changes (Volume IV, chapter i) and the internal political history of the State down to 1861 (Volume IV, chapters iii, x, xi and xvi. This discussion carries Massachusetts through the Civil War (Volume IV, chapter xviii) and thence to 1889 (Volume IV, chapters xviii-xx). The relation of the State to the welfare and betterment of the people is the subject of Volume V, chapter ii. An account of the workings of the General Court is detailed in Volume V, chapter i, and the political readjustment of recent Massachusetts in Volume V, chapter vi.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS
The modern school of history justly insists that there is no adequate or true history of a community which does not include the economic field. In the Commonwealth History will be found, from volume to volume, accounts by competent writers of the pursuits and organizations through which Massachusetts first supported the population; and then al- lowed them a profit out of which they could expand their business and put part of their capital into wharves and ship- yards and textile mills and a great variety of modern eco- nomic pusuits. This discussion is crystallized in Volume I, chapter xv ; Volume II, chapter vii on finance, and chapter xiii on business and transportation; Volume III, chapters xii and xviii; Volume IV, chapters xiii to xv, including agricul- ture; and Volume V, chapters xi, finance ; xii, manufactures ; xiii, transportation; and xiv, labor. These chapters read in sequence furnish a business history of Massachusetts from the beginning to the present day.
686 THE COMMONWEALTH'S TERCENTENARY
MASSACHUSETTS IN WAR
The possibility for the development of such a self-govern- ing community came through the civil war in England, which for twenty years prevented royal intervention. At the same time, in America the Colony was at once plunged into Indian wars (Volume I, chapter xix), which, after the practical subjugation of the home tribes, were renewed in the long French and Indian Wars (Volume II, chapter xiv). The armed Revolution broke out on the soil of Massachusetts at Lexington and Concord (Volume II, chapter xix). The first battle between organized Massachusetts forces and the Eng- lish was at Bunker Hill; and the first capture of a British stronghold was in Boston (Volume III, chapter i). Massa- chusetts had an honorable part in the continental forces (Vol- ume III, chapter v). Its people participated by land and sea in the War of 1812 (Volume III, chapter xvi). In the Civil War, Massachusetts was the first to the front and steadfast to the end (Volume IV, chapters xvii, xviii). So in the World War, Massachusetts troops bore an honorable part (Volume V, chapters xix, xx).
SUCCESSION OF HISTORICAL TOPICS
The method adopted in this work brings out the principal phases of the progress of the State. That story might have been arranged in volumes-say, one on Massachusetts gov- ernment; one on social life in Massachusetts; one on eco- nomics and trade; one on the intellectual side, literature and education; one on the great human spirits of the Common- wealth ; and one on the wars in which Massachusetts has been engaged. That method of procedure would have left the impression that the history of any State in the Union can be written and read and studied in watertight compartments. In every period since the founding of Massachusetts in 1630, all these various phases of public and private life have been going on side by side. They can best be treated in successive epochs of the history of Massachusetts. Hence the work is divided into five chonological eras :
I. The Colony of Massachusetts Bay (1605-1689)
II. The Province of Massachusetts (1689-1775)
SUCCESSION OF HISTORICAL TOPICS
687
III. The Revolution and Political Reorganization (1775- 1820)
IV. Nineteenth Century Massachusetts (1820-1899)
V. Twentieth Century Expansion (1889-1930).
Subdivisions neither begin nor end at arbitrary dates. Authors have been free to bring in preceding events, and to follow a little beyond their chronological boundary whenever that is necessary to make their subject clear. Many subjects -such as art and education and manufacturing and race ele- ments and religion-cannot be fitted into exact chronological periods. Nevertheless it is possible to arrange a system of monographic chapters which will fairly fit in with their pre- ceding and succeeding neighbors and at the same time will make clear the general progress of the topics which they describe. This is a flexible method. It is not necessary to read the whole of a volume in order to understand clearly what goes on in the next volume.
There is throughout the work a chronological progress; but the Commonwealth History is not a staircase of a hundred and one steps of uniform height. It is a progress from one to another to five platforms, on each of which will be found monuments to a variety of people and of human efforts. Taken all together, these hundred and one chapters might be likened to five connecting halls each paved with twenty marble slabs, commemorating some field of Massachusetts history ; yet all assembled together. The purpose of this final chapter is to make clear to the reader what are the important lines of research and historical statement throughout the work, and how different chapters may be linked together to bring out the progress of the work and the variety of its contents.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
No important historical work nowadays can be considered complete unless it has a proper apparatus of bibliography refer- ences. Sometimes it takes the form of "Works cited by the author." Frequently the bibliography is an assemblage of titles, arranged alphabetically or classified, of books and peri- odical articles and sometimes manuscripts, which have been
688 THE COMMONWEALTH'S TERCENTENARY
the foundation of the writer's work. The bibliography of the Commonwealth History is arranged on a somewhat different plan. Each author has cooperated with the editor in preparing an alphabetical list of titles of books, periodical articles and governmental material which would assist a reader or searcher to extend his knowledge on the subject of any one of the chapters in the work. That is, the classification is in the 101 successive chapters of the work. The form and arrangement of titles is the same throughout, and is intended to follow the usage of the best bibliographers. All authors are in small capitals; all titles are in italics. The place and date of publica- tion are carefully indicated so as to make it easy to find the book or periodical or pamphlet or public report that may be desired. The method of notation is familiar to all the libraries of the State.
Through this careful bibliographical system it is hoped that investigators, teachers in universities and schools, and students in colleges and high schools and even in the upper grammar grades, may find it possible and convenient to go further into the details of some of the two thousand or more sections of the work. Studies of the character and achievements of indi- vidual men and women are particularly useful for this kind of work. Through the bibliographies also it will be possible to find material on many interesting subjects in social and eco- nomic life, which heretofore have been very difficult to ap- proach. School plays, titles, representations of historical events, can be aided by a judicious, however brief, bibliography of the most useful and accessible works in that field.
INDEX
A subject so rich, so varied, so abounding in interesting detail as the history of Massachusetts, cannot be surmounted without the aid of a suitable Index. A great number of per- sons and events are mentioned in the five volumes, and it is impossible that all of them should be indexed; but it is in- tended to make an index note of every person and event which can be reached conveniently by indexing, and also to index subjects on a uniform system so that the reader may follow out any particular topic that interests him and be reasonably sure to find everything important upon that subject within the covers of the work.
APPENDIX A
LIST OF HIGHEST STATE EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS (1890-1930)
GOVERNORS (1890-1930)
1890-1891 John Q. A. Brackett
1909-1911 Eben S. Draper
1891-1894 William E. Russell
1911-1914 Eugene N. Foss
1894-1896 Frederic T. Green- 1914-1916 David I. Walsh
halge **
1916-1919
Samuel W. McCall
1897-1900 Roger Wolcott
1919-1921 Calvin Coolidge
1900-1903 W. Murray Crane
1921-1928
Channing H. Cox
1903-1905 John L. Bates
1928-1929 Alvan T. Fuller
1905-1906 William L. Douglas
1929- Frank G. Allen
1906-1909 Curtis Guild, Jr.
** Died in office.
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS (1890-1930)
1890-1893 William H. Haile 1913-1914 David I. Walsh
1893-1897 Roger Wolcott *** 1914-1915 Edward P. Barry
1897-1900 W. Murray Crane 1915-1916 Grafton D. Cushing
1900-1903 John L. Bates 1916-1919 Calvin Coolidge
1903-1906 Curtis Guild, Jr. 1919-1921 Channing H. Cox
1906-1909 Eben S. Draper
1921-1925 Alvon T. Fuller
1909-1912 Louis A. Frothingham
1925-1929 Frank G. Allen
1912-1913 Robert Luce
1929-
William S. Youngman
*** Acting Governor for part of the period.
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT (1890-1930)
1881-1891
Charles Devens 1
1902-1929 Henry King Braley **
1881-1891
William Allen **
1905-1915 Henry Newton Sheldon *
1882-1898 Charles Allen *
1906- Arthur Prentice
1882-1902 Oliver Wendell
Rugg ***
Holmes *** 2
1911-1924
Charles Ambrose
1887-1911 Marcus Perrin
DeCourcy **
Knowlton
1913
John Crawford Crosby
1890-1913
James Madison
1914- Edward Peter Pierce
Morton *
1915- James Bernard Carroll
1891-1906
John Lathrop *
1919-1923
Charles Francis
1891-1905
James Madison
Jenney **
Barker **
1923- William Cushing Wait
1898-1914 John Wilkes
1924-
George Augustus
Hammond *
Sanderson
1899-1919
William Caleb
1929-
Fred Tarbell Field
Loring *
* Resigned.
** Died in office.
*** Promoted to Chief Justice.
1 In 1881 appointed Attorney-General of the U. S .; and reappointed to the bench in 1881. 2 Appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S.
689
690
APPENDIX
APPENDIX B
LIST OF FEDERAL OFFICERS FROM MASSACHUSETTS (1890-1930)
PRESIDENT
August 3, 1923 - March 3, 1929 Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States
CABINET OFFICERS (1889-1930)
1889
William C. Endicott, Secretary of War * (President Harrison)
1892
1893
William F. Wharton, Secretary of State (President Harrison) (Acting ad interim as Assistant Secretary) William F. Wharton, Assistant Secretary of State (President Harrison) (Acting ad interim as Secretary of State)
1893-1895 Richard Olney, Attorney-General (President Cleveland)
1895-1897 Richard Olney, Secretary of State (President Cleveland)
1897-1902 John Davis Long, Secretary of the Navy (President McKinley; President Rosevelt)
1902-1904 William Henry Moody, Secretary of the Navy (President Roosevelt)
1904-1906 William Henry Moody, Attorney-General (President Roosevelt)
1907-1909 George von Lengerke Meyer, Postmaster-General (President Roosevelt)
1909-1913 George von Lengerke Meyer, Secretary of the Navy (President Roosevelt)
1909-1913 Frank Harris Hitchcock, Postmaster-General (President Taft)
1921-1925 John Wingate Weeks, Secretary of War * (President Harding)
1928-1929 William Fairfield Whiting, Secretary of Commerce (President Coolidge) 1929- Charles Francis Adams, Secretary of the Navy (President Hoover)
UNITED STATES SENATORS (1890-1929)
1875-1893 Henry Laurens Dawes 1913-1919 John Wingate Weeks
1877-1904 George Frisbie Hoar ** 1919-
David Ignatius Walsh
1893-1924 Henry Cabot Lodge ** 1924-1926 William Morgan Butler 1904-1913 Winthrop Murray 1925- Frederick Huntington Gillett
Crane
UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVES
(1890-1929)
1884-1891 Francis W. Rockwell 1889-1891 Nathaniel P. Banks
1887-1895 William Cogswell ** 1889-1891
John W. Candler
1887-1893 Henry Cabot Lodge * 1889-1891 Frederic T. Greenhalge
(Later a Senator) 1889-1897 Elijah Adams Morse
1889-1893 John Forrester Andrew
1889-1895 Joseph H. O'Neil
1889-1895 Charles S. Randall
* Resigned.
** Died in office.
APPENDIX
691
1889-1899 Joseph Henry Walker
1907-1911
Joseph Francis O'Connell
1891-1893 Frederick Spaulding Coolidge
1907-1914
Andrew James Peters Eugene Noble Foss **
1891-1893
John Crawford Crosby
1891-1893
Sherman Hoar
1911-1914
1891-1895
Moses T. Stevens
1891-1893
George Fred Williams 1911-1913
1893-1895
Lewis Dewart Apsley
1911-1914
1893-1897
William Franklin
Draper
1911-1913
John Alden Thayer
1893-1913
Samuel Walker McCall
1893-1895
Michael J. McEttrick
1913-1915
Frederick Simpson Deitrick
Wright **
1914-1928
James Ambrose Gallivan **
1893-1925
Frederick Huntington Gillett
1913-1915
Edward Gilmore
(Later a Senator)
1913-1915
John Joseph Mitchell
1895-1899
Harrison Henry Atwood
1913-1921
Michael Francis
1895-1899
William E. Barrett
Phelan
1895-1901
John F. Fitzgerald
1913-1925
1895-1903
William Shadrach Knox *
1913-1925
John Jacob Rogers Samuel Ellsworth Winslow
1895-1902
William H. Moody **
1915-1919
William Henry Carter
1895-1898
John Simpkins **
1915-1925
Frederick William
1897-1899
Samuel June Barrows
Dallinger
1897-1913
George Pelton Lawrence
1915-1921
Richard Olney
1897-1910
William C.
1915-1919
Peter Francis Tague (First service)
1897-1901
Charles Franklin Sprague
1915-
George Holden
1898-1924 ' William Stedman
1915-
Allen Towner Treadway
1899-1903
Henry Francis Naphen
1917-1921
Wilfred Weymouth Lufkin *
1899-1903
John R. Thayer
1917-1921
Alvon Tufts Fuller * John Francis
Weymouth
Fitzgerald * (March- October; superseded)
1902-1917
Augustus Peabody Gardner *
1919-1925
Peter Francis Tague
1901-1903 Samuel Leland
1919-
Robert Luce
Powers
1921-
Abram Piatt Andrew, Jr.
1901-1910 Charles Quincy Tirrell
1921-1928
Louis Adams
1903-1913 Butler Ames
Frothingham **
1903-1911
John Austin Keliher
1921-1923
1903-1905
William Sarsfield McNary 1921-
Charles Lee Underhill
1903-1905 John Andrew Sullivan
1922-
1905-1906 Rockwood Hoar **
1923-
Charles L. Gifford William Patrick Connery
1907-1911 Charles Grenfill
1924-1925 Robert Milton Leach
Washburn
1925-1929
Henry Leland Bowles
* Resigned.
** Died in office.
1910-1911
John Joseph Mitchell James Michael Curley * Robert Orr Harris
William Francis Murray *
1893-1895
William Everett
1911-1913
William Henry Wilder **
1893-1897
Ashley Bascom
1913-1925
Calvin DeWitt Paige
Greene **
1915-1922
Joseph Walsh *
1899-1917
Ernest W. Roberts
1899-1901
George Warren
1919
1901-1903
Joseph A. Conry
(Second service)
Robert Sarsfield Maloney
1905-1913 John Wingate Weeks *
(First service)
Lovering **
Tinkham
1889-1891 Rodney Wallace
1910-1911
692
APPENDIX
1925
George Bosworth
1926-
Frederick William Dallinger
1925-
John Joseph Douglass
(Second service)
1925- Frank Herbert Foss 1928-
John W. McCormack
1925- Joseph William Martin 1929-
William Kirk
1925-
Mrs. Edith Nourse
Kaynor **
1925-
Rogers George Russell Stobbs
1928-
Richard B.
Wigglesworth
1925-1926
Harry Irving Thayer '
** Died in office.
Churchill **
INDEX
A BBEY, EDWIN, iv, 248. Abbot, Benjamin, iv, 106. Abbot, Grace, iv, 150.
Abbott, Gilbert, v, 440.
Abbott, Jacob, iv, 231, 369; v, 150, 517; (illus.) opp. iv, 196.
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