History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. II, Part 214

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) ed
Publication date: 1888
Publisher: Philadelphia, J. W. Lewis & Co.
Number of Pages: 1672


USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. II > Part 214


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1838. Benjamin Edwards. Moses Carr.


1839. None.


1840. George Hosum.


1841. Moses Newell.


1827-28. Daniel Emery. 1820. Eliphalet Emery.


1830. Daniel Emery. 1831-32. Eliphalet Emery.


1833. Samuel Carr. 1834. Samuel Carr. Eliphalet Emery.


1848. None. 1849. None.


1836. Moses Carr. Moses Emery.


1837. Hanson Ord way. John C. Carr.


Moses C. Smith. 1882-SG


1860


HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.


the older ones combined. These two are those of S. C. Noyes & Co. and H. G. O. & T. M. Chase. The largest of these is that of S. C. Noyes & Co., in which are some machines invented by Haydn Brown, by which horn-combs are made equal to ivory in appear- ance and beauty of finish.


The manufacture of carriages, once quite extensive, has to a large extent disappeared and become estab- lished at Amesbury, on the other side of the river.


The manufacture of shoes is carried on to a moder- ate extent, the only establishment at present being that of James Durgin & Son, an enterprising and successful firm.


The two parishes existing at the time of the incor- poration of the town have been already referred to. At the present time there are other religious societies which should be mentioned. On the 15th of Feb- ruary, 1832, Micajah Poor, Joseph Perry, Jesse Noyes, Samuel Gould, Simeon Pilsbury, William W. Perry, Giles Woodman, Joseph J. Bailey, David Clefford and Samuel Stickney and their associates were incorporated into a society by the name of the First Methodist Episcopal Society in West Newbury and Newbury. This society built a meeting-house in West Newbury, near Great Rock; but the society is now located over the line in Newbury, and the meeting-house was either taken down or moved.


On the 16th of April, 1868, Moses P. Stanwood, Moses HI. Poor and Jamies B. Kelley and their asso- ciates were incorporated as a religious society under the name of the West Newbury Chapel Association. This association was merely auxiliary to the First Parish, and the chapel is used in connection with its Sunday-school and other parochial services.


A Baptist society was organized not many years ago, which is situated on one of the many pleasant spots on the land formerly owned by the Poore family. Many years ago the trustees of Andover Theological Seminary bought the same lot for the location of their building; but, for some cause, the deeds never passed. The land was presented to the Baptist So- ciety by Sewell S. Chase, and the meeting-house erected on the lot is creditable to the society and the town. At present the society has no settled min- ister.


A Catholic Church has also been erected within a few years, and is now presided over by Father Mur- phy, in connection with other neighboring churches.


The other associations worthy of note are the West Newbury Farmers' Club-an enterprising association which holds annual meetings of great interest-and the West Newbury Mutual Fire Insurance Company, incorporated March 22, 1849, of which William Mer- rill is president, and Henry T. Bailey secretary.


In the War of the Rebellion West Newbury per- formed her full part. Soon after the incorporation of the town, a company of infantry was raised and attached to the regiment of which Colonel Samuel Tenney, of that town, was commandor. This company


was successively under the command of Captains Bailey, Otis Little, Joseph Goodrich and Hanson Ordway. About the same time, a company of cav- alry was organized under Captain Uriah Bailey, and attached to the regiment commanded by Colonel Moses Newell. This company was subsequently com- manded by Thomas Chase, John Pearson and Joseph Little. Both of these companies were disbanded long before the war.


In 1852 a battalion of rifles was raised by Ben : Perley Poore, of which Company A, of West New- bnry, commanded by Moses P. Stanwood, was a part. Major Poore was made its commander.


On the 29th of April, 1861, the town appropriated ten thousand dollars for a war-emergency fund, and voted to pay to each member of the rifle company belonging to West Newbury ten dollars a month while in active service and ten dollars a monthi to the family of each. In addition to this appropria- tion, one hundred and fifty dollars was appropriated for uniforms. The rifle company was afterwards the nucleus of Company A of the Nineteenth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers for three years.


In July, 1862, it was voted to pay $150 to each soldier enlisted for three years, and on the 15th of August it was voted to pay the same bounty to nine months' men. On the 30th of August it was voted to increase the bounty to $300. During the whole war the number of men furnished by the town was two hundred and sixty-seven, of whom twelve were commissioned officers. The quota of the town was two hundred and thirty-three. The war expendi- tures, exclusive of State aid, were $36,240. The amount of State aid paid, which was reimbursed by the State, was 821,058. The population of the town at the time was two thousand and eighty-eight, and its valuation less than a million dollars. The follow- lowing is a list of separate enlistments in the town taken from the rolls at the State- Ilouse and contain- ing only two hundred and thirty enlistments.


It is probable that the remaining thirty-seven covered credits for the town's share of enlistments made by the State,-


Ben: Perley Poore, Major.


Joshua Ordway, Musician.


Daniel B. Abbott. Hosea W. Ordway, Wagoner.


George H. Chase.


Daniel B. Abbott,


David Atkinson.


Jeremiah M. Adams,


Calvin F. Brown.


Horace N. Bailey.


Daniel P. Brock.


Warren Balch.


Francis B. Emery.


Daniel 1. Brock.


Edward Knight.


Richard T. Carter.


George H. Morrill.


David W. Clary.


Lewis F. Morrill.


Daniel F. Counell.


Charles L. Noyes.


John Donavan.


Samuel Oliver. Francis B. Emery.


Riland W. Sawyer.


Charles S. Gilman, Joshua Hills.


John W. Stevens.


John McAleer. Thomas G. Hills.


Eben P. Stanwood, Lieut .- Col.


Richard Hudson.


Moses B. Merrill, Capt.


Wm. B. Jewett.


Win. T. Woodburn, Sergt. Harlan P. Johnson.


John W. Hogg, Sergt.


Lucius C. Johnson.


Ebenezer Carlton, Corp.


James E. Kelley.


WEST NEWBURY.


1867


Henry G. Marsh. John A. Morse. Joseph Morse. Thomas E. Moylan. Wm. II. Nelson. Jos. O. Noyes. John O'Langhlin. Charles E. Preble. Elbridge A. Richardson. Wm. Ryan. Isaac A. Short.


Charles Culver. Patrick Nulty, re-enlisted. John M. Brown. Daniel Farrington. Luke Dolan, Corp. John Smitlı. Isaac H. Boyd, Major. Moses P. Stanwood, Capt.


Francis Oshorne, Ist Lieut.


Gilea D. W. Johioson, Ist Lt.


Sherman S. Robinson, 2d Lt. Samuel A. Bridges, 2d Lieut. John McCannon.


Wm. Atkinson, sergt. Edward W. Bartlett. Charles Bradley. Gorham Coffin.


Patrick Dunn.


Rufus H. Chase, corp.


Charles P. Coffin, corp.


W'm. A. Kennett, corp.


Charles L. Noyes, corp.


Wm. C. Tuson, corp.


W'm. Young, corp.


Charles H. Fowler, wagoner.


Charles F. Appleton.


Edward B. Bartlett.


James Booth. Osgood Brown. Daniel W. Carleton.


Everett Carleton.


Samuel Carleton.


Moses F. Carr.


Owen Carr.


John G. Coffin.


Wm. J. Curtis.


Nathaniel W. Davis.


Angnstns Grant.


Isaac G. Hagar.


Charles 1Indson. Jonathan Hudson.


Joseph Rhodes. Patrick Dunn, Sergt.


Aboer Gould, Sergt.


Horace Ruddock, Sergt. Thos. B. Parker, Corp. Ira W. Poor, Corp.


Charles W. Merrill.


Theron P. Newhall.


Gilmao F. Nichols.


Stephen Noyea.


Otis Pearson.


James Porter.


John Preble. Philip Roth.


John W. Sargent, Jr.


Alexander L. Short. Ogden H. Smith.


Samuel Sylvester. Irving E. Walker.


Ilugh M. Osborne, corp. George Y. Bradley. W'm. Fee.


Wm. Osborne.


George W. Rogers.


Sbubael D. Rogers.


Wm. T. George, sergt.


Wm. C. Foster, corp.


Eben Colby, re-enlisted.


Samuel Downer. John F. Fowler.


Henry E. Palmer.


Edmnad H. Jacques, corp.


John J. Jacques, corp.


Wm. Dawkin 8.


Moses C. Little.


Abram A. Dow, corp. George F. Coffin.


Simeon S. Steale, unassigned. Charles Kelley.


War. Bohanon.


Charles S Brigham. W'm. P. Goodwin.


Henry Curtis, unassigned.


James Ilarmon, unassigoed.


Peter Johnson.


Orin Warren, assist. surg.


George Thompson.


Lowell S. Bullens. Jeremiah Canva.


Edward Finley. Edward Greenwood.


Luke Dolan, corp.


Lyman H. Hardie.


John Smith.


James Hickey.


Orin Warren, surg.


Martin H. Lawless.


Frank Duggin.


James Robinson.


Wm. Dawkins, Jr.


Robert Archibald. Warren K. Bailey.


Hugh O. Toy. James Tracey. Edward Turner.


West Newbury is chiefly distinguished as a farming town and few towns in the State can boast of better farms or better methods of tillage. There are so many of these farms that it is difficult to mention any without doing injustice to those which may be omitted. It will be sufficient, in order to show the extent of the farming interest, to mention the farms of Cyrus K. Ordway, George J. Pierce, Richard Newell, Charles S. Bradley, Dean R. Stanwood, Thomas C. Thurlow, Thomas G. Ordway, William Bryant, Horace Moody, E. Moody Boynton, Moses M. Ridgeway, Moses H. Poor, and the Indian IIill farm and the Jennings farm on Silloway Hill.


Among those who were born either in West New- bury or within its territory before its incorporation, there are a few the incidents in whose lives are acces- sible and may without any invidious distinction be mentioned in this narrative.


REV. JOHN TUFTS, to whom reference has been already made as pastor of the First Church in West Newbury from 1714 to 1738, published during bis ministry a small book of tunes, entitled "A very Plain and Easy Introduction to the Art of Singing Psalm Tunes, contrived in such a Manner as that the Learner may attain the skill of singing them with the greatest ease and speed imaginable." This was the first publication of the kind in New England and was severely criticised by those who were wedded to old customs. The singing in the churches at that time was usually by rote and not more than four or five tunes were used. The most common were "York," "Hackney," "St. Mary's," "Windsor" and " Martyrs." The book of Mr. Tufts contained twenty- eight tunes, with rules which made their learning easy, and was looked upon as a daring and unjustifia- ble innovation. One critic said concerning it, "Truly I have great jealousy that if we once begin to sing by rule the next thing will be to pray by rule and preach by rule, and then comes popery."


DEAN ROBINSON was born at Andover, Mass., on the 18th of April, 1788. He studied in the common schools, in the North Parish Academy at Andover, and finished his classical education under the tuition of Rev. Dr. Peter Eaton, of West Boxford, a graduate of Harvard in 1787. For a time he taught school at Danvers, and then studied medicine with Dr. Thomas Kittridge, of Andover. In April, 1811, he made a per-


James H. Short. Calvin J. Stevens. Charles A. Whiting. Julius R. Wilson.


Luther P. Blaisdell, Sergt.


Wm. N. Gould. George E. Cottia. George A. Jewett. Henry C. Logan. Frank McGuire. George Robinson. John Ryan. Wm. Thompson. John Watson. Wm. H. Wilson, Jr. James Foye. re-enlisted. Laurentiu Bailey, Corp. John Donovan. Charles W. Gowen. Richard Lyncb. Jamea Porter. Edmund T. Pillsbury. John G. Coffin. George T. Smith. Phineas B. Carleton.


John Clancy.


Michael Clancy. Benj. T. Noyes, Capt. Warren A. Galencia. Wm. W. Reed.


George A . Kennett.


Stephen D. Kennett. John McCannon, re-enlisted.


James McIntoshi.


Levi C. McKiastry.


Wm. M. Nichols, Mnaician. Benj. A. Applebee. Charles W. Bradstreet.


Alfred H. Dennet. Benj. W. Edwards. Daniel W. Hoyt. Nathaniel Rogers. Sawyer Rogers.


Augustne H. Spiller. Franklin L. Walker. George Woodbury. John Bradley. Jos. W. Gilman. Wm. H. Nelsoa. Jos. Elbridge, Corp. Wm. Atkinson, Sergt. Wm. B. Carleton, Corp. Frank W. Bailey.


Charles C. Bridges. Inther C. Bridges. Charles S. Gilman. Walter J. Pope. Robert S. Edison. Charles Notting. James Flaherty. Joseph 11. Somith. Joseph Smith. Wm. Ilenry. Joha Leonard. Paul Giddings.


John Towser. Daniel Farrington .


Charles F. Appleton, 2d lient. Walter Sneadon.


1868


HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.


manent settlement in the West District of Newbury, Harvard in 1834, at one time president of the Phila- and there for fifty years he devoted himself to the delphia, Wilmington and Balitimore Railroad, was his brother, and the latter was the father of Samuel M. Felton, Jr., who, at the age of thirty-one years, was made president of the Erie Railroad corporation. practice of his profession. He became a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1815 and was entered as a retired member in 1848. Ile was a prominent member of the Masonic order and one of the founders of the Essex County Agricultural So- ciety, of which he was for many years an officer.


He continued his practice until he was so feeble in hody as to be obliged to be carried to the bedside of his patients, a chronie spinal affection having induced partial paralysis of his limbs. He was looked up to as authority by his brothers in the profession, es- teemed by the community and beloved by those who had been cured or solaced by him in their sufferings and pains. He died at his residence on Pipe-Stave Hill, in West Newbury, on Saturday, the 24th of Au- gust, 1863, at the age of seventy-five.


SAMUEL MOODY was born in West Newbury in 1837, and through life devoted himself to the culti- vation of an inherited estate, on which he died on Wednesday, July 25, 1877. He was one of the leading agricultorists in Essex County, and met with success in his occupation, which his judgment and skill deserved He was a man of the purest charac- ter, a devoted son, a kind friend, an estimable and respected citizen. It was said of him after his death that there was a " a daily beauty in his life that dis- pensed contentment, happiness and joy to all within its reach."


CORNELIUS CONWAY FELTON was born in that part of Newbury which was incorporated in 1819 as West Newbury, November 6, 1807. He was the oldest son of Cornelius and Anna (Morse) Felton. The residence of his father was in the Lower Parish of West Newbury, next to the house in which Moses Brown, a wealthy merchant of Newburyport was born. and not far from the birthplace of Bailey, the author of Bailey's Algehra, in the neighborhood of Brown's Springs, and near Pipe-Stave Hill. He attended the Bradford Academy, and afterwards the town school of Saugus, to which place his father removed in his boyhood. In 1822 he was sent to a private school at LEONARD WOODS was the son of Rev. Leonard Woods, who was settled over the Second Church in Newbury (now the First Church in West Newbury) in 1798, and was born in what is now West Newbury November 24, 1807, in the same month with Professor Felton. Ile graduated at Union College in 1827, the same year that Mr. Felton graduated from Harvard, and, after acting as tutor at the Andover Theological North Andover, under the charge of Simeon Put- nam, where he fitted for college. He graduated at Harvard in 1827, having during a portion of his junior year taught mathematics in the Round Hill School, at Northampton. After leaving college he taught in the Livingston County High School, in Geneseo, New York, and occupied the position of tutor in Latin at Harvard in 1829, of tutor in Greek in | Seminary and professor of the Bangor Theological 1830, and Professor of Greek in 1832. In 1834 he was appointed Eliot Professor of Greek, and oc- cupied that position until 1860, when he was inan- gurated president of the college. Ile received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Amherst in 1848, and from Yale in 1860. He died at the house of his brother in Chester, Penn., February 26, 1862.


flis brother, Samuel Morse Felton, a graduate of


Mr. Felton was widely known among scholars, not only as a professor, but as an author, editor and translator of foreign literature. In 1833 he publish- ed an edition of Homer with notes, in 1840 a trans- lation of Menzel's "German Literature," a Greek rea- der with notes, in 1841 the "Clouds of Aristophanes," in 1845 the "Panegyricus of Isocrates " and the " Agamemnon of Eschylus," in 1849 a translation from the French-Guyot's "Earth and Man"-and the " Birds of Aristophanes," in 1852 a selection from the writings of Professor Popkin and a volume of selections from the Greek historians, in 1855 a revised edition of Smith's "History of Greece " and an edition of "Lord Carlisle's Diary " in Turkish and Greek waters, in 1856 a selection from modern Greek writers, a compilation of a work on Greek and Roman metres, and a memoir of General Eaton in Sparks' " American Biographies." He was also a prolific writer for the North American Review, the Christian Examiner, and other magazines.


At the reception of the sons of Newburyport in that city on the Fourth of July 1855, Mr. Felton one of the invited guests, thus alluded to the place of his birth :-


" It is now nearly forty years-' how my heart trembles while my tongne relates!'-since, in early childhood, I was borne away from the place of my birth, caring little or nothing to what distant shores the currents of life were drifting me. I have but seldom visited Newbury since ; but the scenes which first met my eye were impressed on my memory too deeply to be forgotten. The old training-field, where an ancestor of mine distinguished himself as sergeant in a military com- pany, was to me another Campus Martins ; the beautiful Merrimac flowed in my imagination, like the broad and boundless Hellespont of Ilomer ; and Pipe-stave hill rose like the Grecian Olympus to the sky. Indeed, when recently I had the rare pleasure of dashing on board a British steamer through the allied fleets of France and England, as they stretched, in double line from Tenedos to Troy-the most magnificent spectacle the eye of man ever gazed upon-it seemed to me the renown- ed Hellespont was hardly so broad and boundless as my native river in the memories of my childhood."


Seminary, became president of Bowdoin College in 1839, and, serving until 1866, was oceupying the president's chair of one of our leading colleges while Mr. Felton was occupying the chair of another. Like his townsman, he was the author and translator and editor of several works, though in a somewhat differ- ent field of literature from that in which Mr. Fel- ton was engaged.


1869


WEST NEWBURY.


COLONEL DANIEL MOULTON was born in the West District of Newbury in 1792. Ile died at the old family homestead near Great Rock, in West New- bury, September 13, 1878, having occupied the home- stead eighty-four years. He was one of the most prominent, active and enterprising men in that com- munity, and was the last in that neighborhood of the old militia colonels, among whom were Colonel Cole- man, Colonel Adams and Colonel Newell. His wife, who was a Spofford (of Georgetown), died two years before him, and three children survived him-Daniel E. Moulton, of Georgetown; Mrs. H. Sawyer and Mrs. I. Titcomb, of West Newbury.


EBEN CARTER BAILEY was born in the West Dis- trict of Newbury March 15, 1818, the year before its incorporation as a separate town. After leaving the public schools he was apprenticed to George Hosum, a leading shoe manufacturer, and when he had ar- rived at his majority he was employed a year by Mr. Hosnm, and then taken into partnership. He subse- quently married a daughter of Mr. llosum, and the firm was removed to Boston. After the final dissolu- tion of the partnership Mr. Bailey continued the business in Boston, retaining his residence in his na- tive town.


Aside from the vocation of a busy and successful merchant, Mr. Bailey pursued the avoeation of an agriculturist and was deeply interested in the Masonic order, of which he was a prominent member. Major Poore said of him, in the Newburyport Herald, after his death, which occurred at West Newbury, that " he was an affectionate husband, a kind brother, a sincere friend and a cheerful giver to the deserving poor." He died April 29, 1881.


the last James married Prudence, daughter of Ed- mund Little, whose estates also have come down in a line of Edmund Littles, and are now owned by his great- great-grandson. A sister of the last James Smith married Edward Toppan, of Newburyport, whose chil- dren live now, or have until very recently lived, on the same farm to which there has never been a deed. It has remained in the family ever since the first di- vision of lands, and has always borne the name of the Toppan farm.


EBENEZER BAILEY was born in what is now West Newbury June 25, 1795. He was the son of Paul and Emma (Carr) Bailey, and on both his father's and mother's sides belonged to families which had for many generations lived in the valley of the Merri- mac. He was the youngest of four children, and was selected by his father, who was a small farmer, for a collegiate education. He graduated at Yale College in 1817, and shortly after opened a private school at New Haven, where he also entered his name for the study of law in the office of Hon. Seth P. Staples. After only a short residence in New Haven he accepted the position of tutor in the family of Colonel Carter, at Sabine Hall, Richmond County, Va., where he remained a year, returning to West Newbury in the winter of 1818 and '19. IIe then opened a private school at Newburyport, and married Adeline, daughter of Allen Dodge, of that town. In 1823 he was appointed head master of the Franklin Grammar School in Boston, and in 1825, the year of his marriage, was the author of the prize ode read at the Boston Theatre on Washington's birthday. In November, 1825, he was appointed teacher of the Boston High School for girls, and in December, 1827, Lane, in Boston.


JAMES SMITHI was born in the West District of | opened a young ladies' private high school in Spring Newbury in 1792, and died in the old homestead at Crane Neck April 23, 1882, at the age of ninety years. In 1830 he was one of a committee to draft a con- stitution for the organization of the American Insti- tute of Instruction, and about the same time was a member of the Boston City Council and a director of the House of Reformation. While living in Boston he was also a frequent contributor to the Boston Courier, and, becoming a popular lecturer, was for a time president of the Boston Lyceum. In 1831 he compiled the "Young Ladies' Class-Book " and " Bakewell's Philosophical Conversations," and in 1833 he published what is known as " Bailey's Alge- bra," a work on which his fame chiefly rests. In 1838 he opened a private school for boys in Roxbury, which he removed in 1839 to Lynn. He died of lock- jaw in Lynn July 28, 1839. Mr. Smith was the sixth in direct descent bearing the name of James, and the fourth who lived on the Crane Neck farm, his great-grandfather James hay- ing hought it of John Kent, of Kent's Island, in Newbury, about 1720. The first American ancestor of the Newbury family was Thomas Smith, who came in the ship " James," and settled in Ipswich in 1635. Three years later he went to Newbury and located and occupied the farm on which the subject of this sketch died, it having passed in its descent through John Kent, above mentioned. The son of Thomas Smith was James, who was drowned at Anticosti in the expedition against the French at Quebec in 1690. James, the son of James, was born in 1670, and mar- ried Jane Kent, of Kent's Island. His son James The native of West Newbury whose name is more familiar to the readers of this sketch than that of any other was Major Ben : Perley Poore. He was born in that town November 2, 1820, and was the son of Col. Benjamin Poore, who was the sixth lineal owner of Indian Hill farm, of which Major Poore was the seventh and last. In 1650 the broad acres of "Great Tom Indian " came into the possession of was born in 1696, and inherited from his grandfather, John Kent, one hundred acres of land on Crane Neck Hill in the Upper Woods,-then a hunting- ground of the Indians. The last James built the house which formed the back part of the house which descended to his son James, whose sixth son was the James whose sketch is here written. The father of


1870


HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.


John Poore, the first American ancestor of the family, who built the house on the farm, which, with ad- ditions and alterations, has been held under the original Indian deed, and has passed from father to son through seven generations. The farm derived its name of Indian Hill from early battles on that spot between the Indians and the settlers. The Poore family is said to have been of Norman origin, and John Poore, the emigrant ancestor, was descended from Philip Poore, a brother of Richard Poore, bishop of Salisbury, who planned and caused to be erected the famous Salisbury Cathedral. The original house on the Indian Hill farm was a copy of an old English manor, and as wing after wing and tower after tower have, from time to time, been added to it, it has as- sumed a shape and appearance unlike any structure to be seen elsewhere, but strictly in harmony with the broad cosmopolitan and antiquarian tastes of its late proprietor, and suggestive of the rich and rare col- lection of ancient furniture and relics and curiosi- ties crowded in its rooms and halls. It would be an alinost endless task to describe the collection, an ade- qnate idea of which nothing but an exhaustive descriptive catalogue could give. The portraits of his ancestors, their coats-of-arms and the swords they wore, Franklin's printing press, portions of Egyptian mummies, relics of the Pilgrim Fathers, stair-cases and fire-places from historic houses, pulpits and pews from famous meeting-houses, a bedstead on which Napoleon slept, ancient armor, cross-bows of an early age, Masonic' emblems and jewels, albums of countless autographs, vases from Herculaneum, old china by Watteau, swords of Bunker Hill, and order-books of the Revolution are but few of the articles making up this rare museum, but are sufficient to suggest its extent and quaintness and value.




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