USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. I > Part 114
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On April 20, 1775, the day following the battle, the Rev. Mr. Marrett records that he " rode to Lexington, saw the mischief the regulars did, and returned home." On the 21st he rode to Concord, and records on that day the statement that "the country is coming in fast to our help." On the 22d he was "at home; all quiet here," he records, but "our forces are gathered at Cambridge and towns about Boston." He records other items of news. On the 23d of April (Sunday) he mentioned that " soldiers are traveling down and returning," that some of them brought their arms and warlike accoutrements with them to meeting- " a dark day." "In the forenoon service," he records, "just as service was ended, Dr. Blodget came in for the people to go with their teams to bring provisions from Marblehead out of the way of the men-of-war."
Mr. Marrett records nothing further of moment, till on Saturday May 27, 1775, he distinctly heard the cannon in an engagement at Noddle's Island, now East Boston, which occurred on that day. He men- tions hearing the cannon at that time all day, and in
the night, and in the time of morning service on the Sabbath following. From his account the firing of the cannon throughout the entire siege of Boston was always plainly heard at his home in Woburn Precinct.
According to the contemporary lists the number of wounded men from Woburn in the battle of April 19, 1775, was three, viz., George Reed, Jacob Bacon and one Johnson. The number of killed, as we have already stated, was two-Daniel Thompson and Asa- hel Porter. The following is a list of men from Woburn who died in the military service during the Revolutionary War. The number, however, may be only an approximate one, like that of the number of those from the town who entered active service; the number in both cases being indefinite for want of sufficient records.
KILLED AT LEXINGTON AND CONCORD BATTLE. 2. Asahel Porter and Daniel Thompson.
DIED FROM THE EFFECT OF WOUNDS AND EXPOSURE IN BUNKER HILL BATTLE. 2. Samnel Russell and George Reed, Jr.
DIED IN THE SERVICE AT TICONDEROGA, AUTUMN OF 1776. 3. Wil- liam Locke, William Stratton and Abram Alexander.
DIED IN THE ARMY AT NEW YORK, 1776. 2. Jonas Wyman and Lieut. Samuel Thompson.
DIED OF SMALL-POX IN THE ARMY AT THE JERSEYS. 1. Solomon Wood, on March 16, 1777.
DIED IN SERVICE AFTER 1777, BEFORE THE END OF THEIR ENGAGE MENT. 3. Jabez Brooks, Ebenezer Marion, and Charles Mason.
Making a total of 13 deaths, so far as discovered. Killed in battle, 2. Died of wouuds, 1. Of disease, or exposure to hardships, 10.
BUNKER HILL BATTLE .- Colonel Loammi Bald- win wrote a letter on the subject of this battle, but he was an eye-witness only, and not an actual participant. Samuel Thompson and Mr. Marrett incorporate accounts of it in their memoranda, but neither were present or even eye-witnesses apparently. Mr. Mar- rett says of himself that he was at home. The day was Saturday, June 17, 1775, and fair, and very warm and drying. While he was writing, he says, "the adjacent country had gone down," meaning to the scene of action. On Sunday, June 18, 1775, the day following, he had, at service, a "very thin meeting ; the men gone down to the army on the alarm yes- terday." On June 22, following, the weather being fair and drying, in the morning the good pastor of the Second Parish was "at home ; " but in the after- noon attended the funeral of Samuel Russell, aged twenty-one, belonging in the First, or Old Parish, who had died, having been "mortally wounded in the battle at Charlestown." Again, on the afternoon of June 26, 1775, a fair day, he attended the funeral of George Reed, Jr. (probably in the Second Parish), " who died of a fever, which was occasioned by a surfeit, or heat, he got in Charlestown Fight, on the 17th instant." Esquire Thompson records concern- ing Samuel Russell, this : June 17, 1775, Sam- uel Russell, son of Jesse Russell, was that day " wounded in the shoulder at the fight in Charles- town," and he was brought home and there died " with his wounds and a fever." Aside from tradi- tion, this is all that we can glean of the participation of Woburn men in this famous battle.
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HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.
THE SIEGE OF BOSTON .- Samuel Thompson con- tinued his account of events, being items of news, to September 2, 1775. Mr. Marrett's account is, however, more interesting, because he gives some items of his own personal experience. The ministers of the neighboring parishes often rode to Cambridge and Roxbury during the siege and viewed the intrench- ments, surveyed the situation of the. forces, and prayed publicly with the regiments, and they appear- ed also at the trainings of their own local military companies and showed their arms or weapons for in- spection with the rest. On Sunday, March 3, 1776, the people were in great anxiety about some import- ant events soon to take place between the armies, and during that night, from eight in the evening to morn- ing, cannon-firing was heard, and on March 4 con- tinued. Between twelve and one on that day it con- tinued so vigorously that a general battle was imagin- ed, or a smart skirmish, as Mr. Marrett judged, from the report of small arms and cannons combined. So strong was this feeling that Mr. Marrett's people collected rags, etc., for the use of the army. On the night of March 4 " the mortars and cannon played very fast most all night." After the evacuation of Bos- ton by the British, Mr. Marrett rode to Charlestown ferry, March 20, and viewed Bunker Hill, the works of the enemy and the ruins of the town. He returned home by the way of Cambridge. On April 23, 1776, he rode to Boston and returned home; "first time," he said, "I have been to Boston since the enemy evacuated it;" and later, on June 3, 1776, he "went to the Castle with Woburn militia to intrench." He lodged that night at Roxbury, and on the morning of June 4 sailed from Boston to the Castle, and " in- trenched all day," and at the close of the day " re- turned home with the militia." ·
One or two other incidents from Mr. Marrett's memoranda only remain to be quoted in connection with the events of this period.
1. "Sunday, July 14, 1776: Five o'clock P.M. Preached at lecture at home to a party of soldiers going on the Canada expedition."
2. "July 25, 1776. Woburn company of soldiers for the Canada expedition marched for Crown Point. Prayed with them at Deacon Blanchard's."
Two hundred or more men from Woburn were in active service in the Revolution during the first two years of the war, and nearly as many were afterward in service from the town in the regular Continental line. Quotas of her men served at Ticonderoga and New York, 1776 ; at the northward against Burgoyne in 1777, and in guarding his imprisoned army at Cambridge, 1777-78; at Rhode Island, 1777-80 ; on guard-duty at Bunker Hill, 1778, and elsewhere near Boston, in duties frequent and various, in time of the war. The record of much of this service is now prob- ably lost. Much of it also, as is usual in wars, was not deemed worthy of distinguished mention, though useful in its way. There are very many receipts and
military papers preserved in the Wyman Collection of MSS. in the Woburn Public Library, relating to this subject, and Woburn had its representatives in the navy as well as in the army of the Revolution. The most remarkable instance of naval service was that of Ichabod Richardson, of Woburn, who, from a long absence, proved to be a veritable "Enoch Arden." The tale is told in an original document presented in the Woburn Journal for June 12, 1885. Having en - listed himself on board a provincial privateer during the Revolution, leaving behind his young wife and child, the voyage undertaken proved to be an. uufor- tunate one, and he was captured by the British and carried a prisoner to England, and thence to the East Indies. An absence of six or seven years followed, with no tidings of his being alive. The wife, being courted by a widower and relative of her first hus- band, married the latter snitor. After hostilities ceased the missing husband returned to find his wife had married another. The document already referred to as containing an account of the affair, is a stipula- tion, and dated February 15, 1783. The parties are the husbands-Ichabod Richardson and Josiah Rich- ardson. The wife was named Sarah and the child was a son. To settle the difficulty, the wife chose for her mate her former husband, because of their child, she having had no other child by either marriage. The unhappy affair for the participants, by the terms of the stipulation, was amicably adjusted as to matters of property, the second husband also surrendering the wife to the first. The name of Ichabod Richardson is found in a journal of American sailors imprisoned at Forton, near Portsmouth, England, where he was committed June 26, 1777. There are other details concerning him, but he appears to have effected his escape from that prison. One James Richardson, of Woburn, was a prisoner in the Mill Prison, England, in 1777, but was later exchanged.
NOTE .- On the subject of the earlier events of the Revolution in their connection with Woburn, articles were published by W. R. Cutter and others, in the Woburn Journal, notably iu Feb. and May, 1875, in view of the centeonial observances of that year. One or two matters of general interest might also be mentioned in connection with the Revolution. Action on the formation of a volunteer military company, or society, in Woburn, on account of the warlike outlook, occurred as early as Jan. 4, 1775, and at a meeting at the house of James Fowle, Esq., on that date, several votes were passed relating to its organization as a company of minute-men, or picked men. They voted on that occasion " to show arms once a month, according to law," nnd something was done about the town-house, so-called, as a house "to exercise in." Cf. Woburn Journal, for March 31, 1882. There is framed and preserved in the an- tique department of the Woburn Public Library a document dated April 6, 1775, about two weeks before Lexington Battle, from the field officers of the local regiment urging the Woburn minute-men to action. Some old papers belonging to the Johnson family in Woburn Second Parish have an especial interest in relation to affairs that occurred during the Revolution in that precinct. Among them is a list of the preachers and texts in this parish from the ordination of Rev. John Marrett, Dec. 21, 1774, to July 16, 1775, and minutes of parish meetings, receipts showing tliat the people of this parish donated the sum of £2, 118. 2d. to the suf- ferers in the war of South Carolina and Georgia in 1782, and the sum of £1, 158, 10d, in 1783, for the purpose of building a meeting-house in Charlestown, burned by the British, June 17, 1775. There are "war " papers, and a receipt dated Nov. 24, 1776, signed by Timothy Jones, re- lating to the keeping of a portion of the valuables of Harvard College
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WOBURN.
during the first year of the war, which were deposited in the care of Dencon Joseph Johnson in the precinct. The receipt enumerates the fol- lowing articles :- " Of the college library and apparatus, two hogsheads of books, one largo box containing glass, two boxes containing a pair of globes, one large pack of carpets." One of the papers in this collection relates to Lieut. Joseph Johnson, an officer who was seventy-five years old when recommissioned in 1776. It was dated from hospital at "Pau- pasquash," A. D., 1778, and was signed by "Jona. Arnold, Director," and gave Lieut. Johnson, of Cul. McIntosh's regiment, " unfit for present duty," leave of absence on a furlough of six days. Pappasquash is the neck of land in front, or to the west, of the harbor of Bristol, in Rhode Island, and about fifteen miles from Newport. Here a hvepital had been erected. Cf. Green's Deux Ponts's Campaigns in America, 1780-81, p. 90, note ; N. E. Hist. Gen. Reg., xxxvi. 79-80. The original journal of the Forton prisoners iu Englaud is in the present writer's possession, and was contributed by him, with the addition of notes, to the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, and published in the volumes of that periodical for the years 1876, '77, '78 and '79 a hundred years after it was written. There are many particulars regarding Ichabod Richard- son in the article in the Woburn Journal for June 12, 1885.
The following is a list of the principal military characters of the pe- riod mentioned. It is a partial list, at best, made up from such sources as could be easily found in Woburn.
MILITARY OFFICERS DURING THE REVOLUTION AND FROM THAT PERIOD TO 1830.
Major-General.
John Walker, ensign, 1791; capt., 1792; lieut .- col., 1793-1796 ; brig .. gen., 1796-1797 ; maj .- gen., 1798. Died 1814. Brig .- gen., 1st brig., 3d div., Middlesex, 1797, 198 and '99, per Mass. Register.
Brigadier-General.
Abijab Thompson, capt., 1827-1828 ; major, 1829; lieut .- col., 1830; colonel, 1832-1835, all of the artillery ; brig .- geo., 1836. Died, 1868.
Colonels.
Loammi Baldwin, major, 1775 ; lieut .- col., 1775 ; col., 1775-1777, all In the Revolutionary Army. See en extended notice elsewhere.
Robert Greuton, 1777, Cont. Army. Nou-resident. One of Woburn'e quota in the Revolutionary Wer ; Col. of 3d Massachusetts regt., C. A. (?).
Bill Russell, lieut., 1801-1803 ; capt., 1804; major, 1805-1806; lieut .- col., 1807-1828, all of the cavalry ; a Revolutionary pensioner, residing at Billerica, 1840, aged 77.
Abijah Wheeler, col., 1807-1809. Died 1812. " Col." on gravestone in Woburn second burying-ground. Removed to Woburn from Tem- ple, N. H.
Benjamin F. Baldwin, capt., 1800-1805; major, 1807-1811; lieut .- col., 1811-1816. Died 1821. Lieut .- col. commandant of 2d regt., let brigade, 3d div., Middlesex County.
Joho Wade, capt., 1810-1811 ; commissioned major, Sept. 17, 1811 ; lieut .- col., May 30, 1815 ; col., July 1, 1816. Lieut .- col. commandant of the 2d regt., 1st brig., 3d div., Midd. Co. till such officers were changed to colonels, when he received a colodel's commission. He was in office, 1820. Died 1858.
Samuel Tidd, lieut., discharged from the East company, 1803 ; capt., discharged from samue co., 1815; major, 1815-1816 ; lieut .- col., 1818-1821; samue regiment as named in the two preceding notices. Died 1826.
William Wiun, major, 1816-1821 ; lieut .- col., 1822; col., 1823-1830, of the same regiment as the above three officers. Died 1856. Resided in Burlington and in Woburn.
Leonard Thompson, capt, July 15, 1815: major, Aug. 24, 1821 ; lieut .- col., Sept. 24, 1822 ; discharged as lieut .- col., May 7, 1823. All offices in 2d regt. infaotry, 1st brig., 3d div , same regiment as the preceding offi- cers in this list. Died 1880, sged 92. Cummissioos and other mili- tary papers extant, kindly loaned for examination ty bis son, Leonard Thompson, Esq.
Samnel B. White, Jieut .- col., 1839 ; Charlee Carter, col, 1842-1843 ; William T. Chonte, major, 1842, lieut .- col., 1843 ; and Charlee Choste, lieut .- col., 1846, were some of the field officers of a later period.
Thomas Dawes, col., of Boston, 1784, and Samuel Hopkins, lieut .- col. of Wilmington, 1812, are named in Woburn tax-liste.
Majors.
Joho Hastings attained the rank of a major in the Revolutionary army, and resided in Woburn, 1784-1790. He was a graduate of Har-
vard, 1772, son of Jonathan Hastings, of Cambridge, the college stew- ard.
Samuel Tay, lient., 1775 ; capt., 1776-1784 ; major, 1784-1797. Died 1804. He commanded a company of about fifty men, who marched June 24, 1776, to Ticonderoga, from Woburo, where the company re- muined five months in service .- Sewall's Woburn, 370-71.
Robert Douglass, Jr., capt., 1787 ; major, 1788-1793, of the 2d regt., Ist brig., 3d div., etc. Removed to Portland, Me., 1794. Robert Doug- lass, a young man, accompanied Sylvanus Wood to Lexington, early in the morning of April 19, 1775, and on the invitation of the captain of the Lexington company, paraded with the company on the green on that morning and received the first fire of the British troops. The Doug- lassee, father and 800, lived on the Sylvanus Wood farm in Woburn, corner Cambridge and Locust streete, Wood having apparently bought it of them before 1800.
Jolin Radford, ensign, 1792; capt., 1793-1796 ; major, 1797-1799 ; of the 2d regt. above named. Resided in Burlingtoo.
Jeremiah Clapp, lieut., 1791-1796 ; brigade major, 1797-1813 ; of let . brig., 3d div., Middlesex County. Died 1817.
Alijah Thompson, lieut., 1796 ; capt., 1796-1799 ; major, 1800-1816; of 2d regt. above named. Died 1820. " Major" on gravestone.
Benjamin .Wyman, lieut., 1795-1797; second lient. of company of cavalry, 1st brig., 3d div., Middlesex, July 14, 1794 ; captain of a com- pany in the squadron of cavalry, same brigade, July 6, 1797 ; major of & battalion of cavalry, same brigade, January 13, 1800. Three commie- sione and his discharge from the service have been preserved. Hie dis- charge as major is dated March 24, 1802. He was styled major in the town records as late as 1816. Died 1836.
Francis Johnson, capt. of the East company, according to its records, from 1798-1805, when he was chosen major of the regiment-the well- knowo 2d regt., Ist hrig., 3d div., Middlesex County. The latest nieo- tion of him by his military title in the town records is 1816. Died 1846.
Wymau Richardson, adjutant, 1820 ; brigade major, 1823-1836. Died 1841.
Moses F. Wino, aide-de-camp, 1836 ; adjt., 1843 ; major, 1845. Died 1875.
Staff (other than Adjutants).
William Tidd, adjt., 1823-1830; brigade quarter-master, 1836. Died 1837.
Benjamin Coolidge, assistant commissary of clothing at Ticonderoga during the Revolution, became late in life a resident of Woburn. An abstract of a deposition of his, before Jobn Roorback, of Albany, N. Y., dated July 18, 1777, is given in a note. He had been a merchant of Bos- ton, but retired from business, and died in Woburn in 1820.
Rufne Thompson, quarter-master of the 2d regt., let brig., 3d div., Middlesex, was discharged Sept. 11, 1820.
Captains.
Samuel Belknap, lieut. 1775 ; capt., 1776, and styled capt. in the Wo- burn records till 1785, about which time he remuved to Newburgh, N. Y. He was a member of Brooks'e regiment in the Continental army prior to 1777, and he commanded one of the three stated military foot companiee of Woburn at that period. The towo, by vote, on March 22, 1779, granted him fifteen pounds out of the treasury, ae a premium for his extraordinary trouble in procuring men for the war in 'ila fow years past. An attested copy of thie vote has been preserved, also the namee of the members of his local company. A grandson, William Gold :mith Belknap, was a brigadier-general in the United States regular army. Cf. towa order dated March 20, 1777; Sewall'e IVoburn, 566, 568 ; BelkLap genenlogy in Winchester Record, ii. 276-78.
Benjamin Edgell, a soldier from Lexington, in the French war, 1755 and 1757, capt., 1776, in service from Woburn prior to 1777, and agaio 88 captain in the Rhode Island campaign , 1778. Styled captain in the Wo- burn records till 1816, when the fashion of mentioning officers by title io the records apparently ceased. Died 1819. Some interesting detaile regardiog hie early career have beco preserved.
Thomas Locke, capt., 1775 (?). Died 1792. He resided in Woburo precinct in a purt latterly annexed to Lexington. There is doubt of his beiog a captain at a period so early as the Revolution, but he appears to have been a member of Wood'e co., Baldwin's regt., C. A, 1775-76.
Joshua Reed, lieut., 1775 ; capt., 1776 ; in Revolutionary army before 1777; capt. in Woburo records, 1800. Died 1805. A wooden moonment to his memory was standing in the second burying-ground as late aB 1847.
Jonas Richardson, ensign in the provincial period, 1758-1759 ; lieut., 1700-1774 ; capt., 1775-1776 ; in the Revolutionary service, 1775. " Capt. Jonas Richardson died January 10, 1776."-Thompson's Diary. Cf. Richardson Memorial, 263.
396
HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.
Joshua Walker, lient. in the French war, 1758, also 1759-1774 ; capt. (capt .- lient., ?) 1762 and 1775; capt. 1775-1781, in command of one of the three stated military companies of Wobura during the Revolution- ary period. In active service in the Revolution. Styled captain in the Woburn records till 1796. Died 1798.
Jolin Wood, ensign in the provincial period, 1774 ; capt. in active ser- vice in the Revolution, 1775-76. Styled captain in the Woburo records till 1798. Died ja Burlington, 1809. When very young ha was deter- mined to enlist in the army during the French war and succeeded in doiog so, and an interesting anecdote of him connected with his service in that war is preserved in Sewall's Woburn, 348-50. Ha commanded a company composed principally of Woburn men in Baldwin's regt., C. A., 1775-76, and appears to be also in the army three years after 1777. His company wasstationed with Baldwin's regt. at Medford, 1775. Cf. Sew- all, 386,-and a roll of his company is published in the Woburn Journal for March 11, 1854. His house is shown on a curious road map of date about 1797.
Jesse Wyman, who had heen a soldier in the French war with Samuel Thompson, the diarist,-cf. Sewall, 554, 556,-and whose name was also found in a list of twelve men impressed for the military service in 1757 - Woburn Journal, Aug. 19, 1887-was a capt. 1776-1781, per tax-lists. Died 1782. During the Revolution he commanded one of the three stated military companies of foot soldiers in Woburn. Ele was in active service before 1777, and two mooths at Rhode Island in 1777, and three months on guard duty on Bunker Hill in 1778.
The names of Charles Anderson, 1779-1782, Samnel Doggett, 1775, and Nathaniel Greenwood, 1777-1778, are mentioned with the title of cap- taio in the town records, but these persons were probably ouly tempor- ary residents on account of the war.
Abraham Andrews, of the Cont. Army, Whitney's regt., for Wobnro, was a lient. 1777-1778 ; capt., 1779-1780.
Nathaniel Brooke, in Revolutionary service before 1777, was lieut. 1776-1781 ; capt., 1781-1783. Died 1783.
Reuben Kimball, in the Revolutionary service for a long period, was a lieut. 1776-1782 ; capt , 1782-1798, in Woburn records. Died in Burling- ton, 1814.
Thomas Dean, Jr., a sergeant in the Revolutionary army, was styled a captain in the records from 1783-1787, and died in the West Indies jo 1790. Lieut., 1781-1783.
Josiah Richardson, lient., 1782-1784 ; capt., 1784-1793, in town rec- ords. Died 1795. Resigned his office of captain, 1787. A number of interesting papers regarding his period of service are extant.
Benjamin Eaton, capt., 1786-1790. Died 1796.
Joseph Wyman, lieut., 1787 ; capt., 1787-1791.
Joseph Brown, lieut., 1785-1787 ; capt., 1787-1807. Died 1808. "Capt." on gravestone. He was elected Ist lient., June, 1784.
James Reed, lieut., 1777 and 1781-1787, io tax-lists ; capt., 1788-1798, in Woburn records. Served in Revolution with Capt. Ford, at Cam- bridge, 1777-78. Resided in Burlington .- Hist. Reed Family, 470.
Joseph Bartlett, capt., 1789-1796. Noticed under lawyers.
William Green, capt., 1790-1791.
John Johnson, ensign, 1787 ; lient., 1787-1792 ; capt., 1792. Died 1792. Detailed as an officer of a detachment to rendezvous at Marlborough, Feb. 9, 1787, during Shays's Rebellion.
Nathaniel Brooks, ensigu, 1787-1792 ; capt., 1793-1797, and 1804. Died 1820.
Jednthun Richardson, Jr., capt. of the East company, 1793 (of Med- ford, 1794); discharged May 24, 1794-per orderly book of that company.
Nathan Richardsen, 1794; Jonathan Thompson, 1796-discharged 1797 from East company ; Jesse Tay, 1796-died at Bedford, N. H., 1797 ; John Wood, Jr., 1797-98 ; Joseph Bond, 1790-1801 ; Nathan Harrington, 1800-1814; Calab Richardon, 1806-1809 ; William Fox, ensigo, 1801 ; lieut., 1805 ; capt., 1807-1816 ; Nathan Simonds, 1811 ; Joho Eames, 1812; Jobn Edgell, 1812-25 ; Isaac Richardson, 1812-17 (lient., 1809) -discharged from East company, 1813; John Cutter, 1812-16 ; John Eames, Jr., 1813-18 (lieut, 1814)-discharged from East company, 1818 ; George W. Reed, 1814-15 (of the cavalry) ; Josiah Richardson, sergt., warrant dated Aug. 25, 1801 ; ensign, commission dated April 1, 1803 ; lieut., Nov. 10, 1806; capt., March 25, 1803, all of n company in thie 2d regt., 1st brig., 3d div. ; certificate of resignation as captain dated March 15, 1809 ; capt. in town records, 1814-18; Joseph Gardner, 1814- 16; John Hastings, 1814; Joseph Eaton, lient., 1797 ; capt., 1797-98,- discharged from East company, 1798 ; capt., in town records, 1815-16 ; John Tidd, sergt., warrant dated Sept. 27, 1809 ; ensign, commission dated Dec. 22, 1813 ; capt., Feb. 13, 1818 (ensigo in 1814, and lient., 1815) all in a company in the 2d regt., 1st brig., 3d div .- discharged
from East company, 1821-all are captains of this period named in the towo records. The following also were captains of the East military company, which suffered extinction about 1830, from want of actual in- terest in the militia :- Stephen Nichols, discharged in 1822; Benjamin Wood (2d), discharged 1827 ; Isaac Huffmaster discharged do. ; William Reed, elected 1827 or '28, being the last officer named in the company's extant records. The company had existed, it is supposed, withont inter- ruption from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century.
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