History of Plymouth county, Massachusetts, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Part 48

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton)
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, J.W. Lewis & co.
Number of Pages: 1706

USA > Massachusetts > Plymouth County > History of Plymouth county, Massachusetts, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men > Part 48

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TOWN CLERKS FROM 1739 TO 1884.

1739. Jonathan Hunter. 1818. Jeremiah Bumpus.

1746. John Bishop. 1821. Ichabod Leonard.

1750. Israel Fearing, Jr. 1828. Silvanus Bourne.

1751. William Blackmer. 1830. Ebenezer Crocker.

1754. John Bishop. 1833. William Bates.

1736. Benjamin Fearing. 1842. Ebenezer Croeker.

1760. Rowland Swift. 1845. William Bates.

1761. Benjamin Fearing.

1848. G. A. Shurtleff.

1770. Noah Fearing.

1849. Isaae S. Lincoln.

1773. Andrew Mackie.

1854. Alvin Gibbs.

1805. Joshua Gibbs.

1871. Alvin Francis Gibbs.

1806. Jeremiah Bumpus.

1884. William H. Fearing.

1816. Curtis Tobey.

REPRESENTATIVES TO THE GENERAL COURT.

By reason of the smallness of the town, no representative was chosen until 1790.

1790. Jeremiah Bumpus.

1812. Jeremiah Bumpus.

1812. Benjamin Bourne, dele- gate to revise the Constitu- tion.

1824. Bartlett Murdock.

1827. Ichabod Leonard.

1841. Nathaniel Crocker.

1828. Ichabod Leonard.

1842. Stephen C. Burgess.

1829. Ichabod Leonard. 1843. Stephen C. Burgess.

1830. Bartlett Murdock.

1844. H. G. O. Ellis.

1831. Thomas Savery.

1845. H. G. O. Ellis.

1846. Benjamin Savery.

1847. Benjamin Savery.

1848. Jedediah Briggs.

1849. Jedediah Briggs.

1834. Silvanus Bourne. Darius Miller.

1851. Darius Miller.

1852. James R. Sproat.

1853. James R. Sproat.

1854. Jason F. Murdoch.

Lewis Kinney.

' 1837. Win. Bates. Lewis Kinney.

1838. Abisha Barrows. Bartlett Murdock.

1839. Thomas Savery. 1840. Nathaniel Crocker.

1832. Perez F. Briggs. Melville Otis.

1833. Thomas Savery. Levi Washburn.

1850. Lewis Kinney.

1835. Lewis Kinney.

1836. Silvanus Bourne. Win. Bates.

1855. Jason F. Murdoch.

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HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

1856. John M. Kinney.

1870. Alden Besse.

Perez F. Doggett.

Lurana A. Chubbuck.

Samuel Shaw.

Marshall V. Simmons.

Benjamin F. Burgess.

James B. Robinson.

Joseph O. Parkinson.

Frank F. Marsh.

James Edward Bruce.

Benjamin F. Bailey. John C. Shaw.

PRESENT PHYSICIANS.

Benjamin Fearing.

Sarah L. Hathaway.

Frederick A. Sawyer.

George C. Earl.

Wareham has furnished for the professions the following :

CLERGYMEN.

Ebenezer Burgess.

Noble Warren Everett.

Jonathan Nye. Freeman Ryder.

Homer Barrows.

Asa B. Besscy.

Asa Nye Bodfish. Lemuel K. Washburn.

LAWYERS.

Zephaniah Swift.

Seth M. Murdock.

Thomas Burgess.

Gerard C. Tobey.

William Bates. James G. Sproat.

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS.

John Mackie. Ebenezer Swift.

Andrew Mackie. Benjamin Fearing.

Peter Mackie. Charles Gibbs.

Warren Fearing. Phineas Savery.

Elisha P. Fearing. John E. Kinney.

William Everett. Sarah L. Hathaway.

Industries and Corporations .- Nov. 15, 1796, Benjamin Fearing, Esq., granted a lease of the water privilege where Parker Mills now stand to Rev. Noble Everett, for the purpose of erecting a fulling-mill. The mill was at once built by Mr. Everett, and oper- ated by him and his sons until the death of the former, which occurred Dec. 30, 1819.

Among the different manufactures of Wareham that of making cut-nails has always held the chief place. Passing over the feeble attempt to make nails by cutting points and heading them single by hand, in a common nail tool, the first nailing by machinery was commenced by Isaac and Jared Pratt & Co., in the year 1822. They built a small rolling-mill at the lower dam, where they carried on a thriving business until 1828 or 1829, when they built the Tihonet Works, which consisted of one of the largest and best rolling-mills in the country, a puddling-machine for making iron, and fifty nail-machines. This ma- chinery was driven by the Wankinco River, which was raised by a stone dam twenty-eight feet high, forming an extensive pond as a reservoir in case of drought. A canal was dug from the works to the head of the lower pond, a distance of two hundred rods, through which scows passed to the lower dam, and through this, by the aid of two locks, to the sea and shipping. All these works were carried on by the aforcsaid company, under the name of the Wareham

NOTARIES PUBLIC, WITH THE DATES OF THEIR APPOINTMENT.

Benjamin Fearing. June 5, 1828.

Silvanus Bourne. Aug. 27, 1829.

William Bates. May 17, 1837.

David Nye .. May 21, 1851.

Emory F. Ilolway Dec.

29, 1859.

Stephon Ellis .. Aug.

28, 1863.

James G. Sproat. Jan. 4, 1869.

William L. Chipman . May 11, 1870.

PAST PHYSICIANS.

Josiah Stovens, Jr.

Charles W. Harris.

Andrew Mackie.

Henry M. Knowles.

Noah Fearing.

Androw J. Runnels.

Peter Mackio.

M. F. Dolano.

Eliphalet W. Hervey.

Edwin R. Eaton.

1 Wareham and Marion united, as Sovonth Plymouth Dis- trict.

23, 1777.

Israel Fearing. Feb.

28, 1798.

Benjamin Fearing. June 16, 1800.

John Fearing Jan.

31, 1804.

Rowland Leonard May

16, 1810.

Wadsworth Crocker Feb.

5, 1811.

Benjamin Bourne. Feb. 12, 1812.

Bartlett Murdock Feb.

1, 1819.

William Fearing .. Feb.

11, 1820.

Curtis Tobey. Feb.

17, 1824. Seth Miller, Jr. June 29, 1826.

Silvanus Bourne. Aug. 27, 1829.

David Nye.

March 12, 1830.

Charles C. Ellis Feb. 14, 1832.

Thomas Savery Jan. 29, 1836.

William Bates. March 3, 1836.

Darius Miller March 30, 1838.

H. G. O. Ellis.

Sept. 21, 1839.

Nathaniel Sherman

.Sept. 20, 1843.

Joseph P. Hayden Feb. 23, 1859.

James G. Sproat. June 30, 1860.

Adolphus Savery May

9, 1866.

John M. Kinney Oct.

1, 1866.

Stephen Ellis ..

April 22, 1868.

William L. Chipman. Oct.

14, 1869.

Noble Iloward ..

May

3, 1871.

Alden Besse. Dec.

13, 1877.

Benjamin F. Gibbs Dec.

27,1878.

Galen IIumphrey. Feb.

23, 1882.

Charles F. Washburn. March 2, 1882.

Frederick A. Sawyer. April 5, 1882.

M. C. Moroncy. .Jan.

1, 1884.

1857. John M. Kinney.1

1859. Silas T. Soule.

1860. Silas T. Soule.

1862. Benjamin F. Gibbs.

1863. Benjamin F. Gibbs.

1865. Timothy F. Clary.

1876. Sixth Plymouth District formed, comprising Ware- -ham, Mattapoisett, Roches- ter, and Marion.

1866. George Sanford.

1867. George Sanford.

1877. Noble Warren Everett.

1868. Ezra C. Brett. 1881. Noble Warren Everett.

1869. George Sanford.

Representatives to General Court in Massachu- setts, as is well known, are elected in the month of November of one year, but do not take their seats until the month of January in the year following. The above figures indicate the year of election.

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE, WITH THE DATES OF THEIR APPOINTMENT.

Israel Fearing. -, 1747.

Noah Fearing .. Jan.

1871. Alden Besse.

1873. John Savery.

1874. John Savery.

Charles Harris.

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213

HISTORY OF WAREHAM.

Iron Company, until 1834, when they unfortunately failed and the works passed into the hands of John Avery Parker, William Rodman, and Charles W. Morgan. of New Bedford. In 1836, Bartlett Mur- dock & Sons rented the works upon the lower dam. and after making nails for a few months, the works took fire by accident and were nearly all consumed, a small building with seven nail-machines only es- caping. About the same time John A. Parker & Son run the Tihonet Works until the autumn of 1837, when they stopped. In 1838 these works again started. and were operated the next seven years by the following partics. viz .: Nyc & Bent, Nye & Lothrop. and Nye & Fearing, they running the works by contract, John A. Parker & Son still own- ing the property.

In 1845 the Parker Mills Company was incorpo- rated. They purchased the works at Tihonet and continued the manufacture of nails at that place for about two years. In 1848 the present large and commodious nail-factory at the lower dam was com- pleted, and quite a number of machines were started before the close of that year. This factory was kept in operation by the aforesaid company, with scarcely any intermission, until the year 1878, they making their plates at the rolling-mill at Tihonet. During all these years William A. Caswell, Esq., was super- intendent of the factory, and under his skillful super- vision Parker Mills nails secured a reputation that commanded ready sales in the markets of the world.

In 1881 this entire property was purchased by the Bridgewater Iron Company, and the factory is oper- ated by them at the present time.

In 1822, Bartlett Murdock & Co. built the Wash- ington Iron Company's works on the Weweantit River. These consisted of a large rolling-mill and a nail-factory containing thirty-five nail-machines. In 1828 a second dam was erected about half a mile above the former dam, upon the same river, where a forge was built for making bar-iron out of scrap-iron by the process of rolling. In 1832 these works passed into the hands of Barnabas Hedge, Esq., of Plymouth, and were carried on by his agent, John Thomas, Esq., until 1837. In 1837 the works were sold by B. Hedge to William B. Swett, of Boston, Charles H. Warren, of New Bedford, and Thomas Russell, of Plymouth. From 1837 to 1845 the works were in operation but a small portion of the time, and there were changes in the ownership. The Tremont Iron Company acquired the property by purchases as follows :

Deed from William Thomas and others, March 31, 1845.

Deed from Uriel A. Murdock, Aug. 22, 1846. Deed from Eliphalet Bumpus, March 16, 1847. Deed from Anselm D. Robinson, March 7, 1849.

Before the ownership of the Tremont Iron Com- pany there were near the dam at the village of Eng- land, and at the dam at what is now called Tremont village, works as follows: Blast-furnaces for making pots and kettles, which were made of iron run di- rectly from the smelting (blast) furnaces into the moulds, a rolling-mill for rolling and slitting nail-plate, and for rolling hoops, and a nail- and tack-factory. These works werc all on a small scale and old-fash- ioned, and were never used by the Tremont Iron Company, which replaced them all with modern machinery.

The Tremont Iron Company was organized at Boston, March 29, 1845. Its first directors were Nathan Carruth, William Thomas, John Williams, Charles L. Hayward, and James T. Hayward, all of Boston. Its first president was William Thomas. This company built the present stone dam at Tremont, in the place of a low dam formerly there, and after this the old dam at England was disused and went to decay ; some traces of it still remain.

The Tremont Iron Company erected puddling-fur- naces and a rail-mill. Ou March 22, 1847, the agent reported to the directors that " about two thousand one hundred tons of nails had been made since the works had been in operation, and that during the last wcek one hundred and one tons of iron had been puddled." Also, that "two double and two single puddling-furnaces are now in process of erection, and all proper measures are being taken to increase the manufacture of rails."

The manufacture of rails was found to be unprofit- able, and in January, 1849, it was decided to pur- chase machinery for the manufacture of nails upon a large scale. Accordingly a nail-plate mill was pur- chased, and a contract made for a large number of nail-machines.

In May, 1849, the manufacture of nails was com- menced, and has continued uninterruptedly down to the present time. In the same year a large store- house for nails was built east of the branch track of the Cape Cod Branch Railroad Company, at Tremont, and a number of tenements were built.

In 1854 a train of rolls for manufacturing hoops was set in operation, a new pair of Corliss engines furnishing the power for them. In 1858 the Tremont Iron Company sold its entire assets to a new corpo- ration, the Tremont Nail Company, by which corpo- ration the business was continued until 1860, when the works were entirely destroyed by fire. The com-

214

HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

pany then hired the rolling-mill and factory at South Wareham, and used them for nail-making until 1866, while gradually rebuilding a new mill and factory at Tremont, upon the site of the old ones. The re- building was fully completed in 1867.

This company continucd the manufacture of iron nails until the year 1883, when it made such changes in its machinery as were necessary for the manufac- ture of nails from plates made by welding worn-out Bessemer steel rails, being the first manufacturers in the world to adopt that process. Its present equip- ment is a thirty-ton Siemens gas-furnace, six double puddling-furnaces, a serap-furnace, and eighty-three nail-machines.

The first officers of the Tremont Nail Company were Richard Soule, of Boston, president, and Joshua B. Tobey, of Wareham, treasurer. Present officers are Gerard C. Tobey, of Wareham, president, and Horaee P. Tobey, of Wareham, treasurer.

The nail works at South Wareham, which are sit- uated on the Weweantit River, at the lower dam, were built by Bartlett Murdock and George Howland in the year 1827, and consisted of a rolling-mill and nail-factory. They were first carried on by the firm of Murdoek, Howland & Co., and so continued until 1831, when some change took place, and they were afterwards carried on by the Weweantit Iron Com- pany, J. B. Tobey, agent, and run till 1838. In 1835 they had the misfortune to have their nail-fac- tory burnt, but it was rebuilt and put in operation again in the short space of four weeks. From 1838 to 1854 the works were owned by J. B. Tobey & Co., and kept in operation by them most of the time. In February, 1848, they were burned, but were at onee rebuilt. In 1854, Lewis Kinney & Co. purehased the entire property, and the works were operated by this company until 1860, when they were leased to the Tremont Nail Company, and by them kept in operation until the autumn of 1866, at which time the property passed into the hands of the Wareham Nail Company, who have owned and kept these works in operation until the present time. The rolling-mill was burned July 22, 1882, but was at once rebuilt.

In 1836 the Agawam Nail Company built a good rolling-mill and nail-factory upon the Agawam River, at the Agawam village. Here they commenced making nails in 1836, and after running the works for five months suspended on account of the embar- rassment of business.

In 1838 they recommenced business, and continued until the works were burned in 1841. They were immediately rebuilt, and in the year 1845 an addi- tional rolling-mill was creeted some two miles higher

up on the same stream. It was called the " Glen Charley" mill, and cost thirty thousand dollars. All these works were kept in operation most of the time by their enterprising builder and chief owner, Mr. Tisdale, until his death in 1869.

After his decease the works were leased and oper- ated for about two years by Leeds, Robinson & Co., sinee which time they have remained idle. Most of the machinery has been removed, and the buildings, together with the houses formerly rented to work- men, are in a state of sad deeay.

This once beautiful part of the town now reminds one of Goldsmith's " Deserted Village."

Nails .- As the making of cut nails has been the leading industry of this town for more than sixty years, it may be well to describe briefly the process of nail-making.

In the rolling-mill the rolls are graduated by serews to make the nail-plates of any thickness re- quired, and the plates take the several names which are given to the nails, viz., twopenny, threepenny, fourpenny, and so on to fortypenny. The nail-plates are taken from the mill to the factory, where they are cut by a machine into pieces about two feet long ; these pieces are taken and one end placed in a pair of nippers, which have a wooden handle about four feet long. The nail-machine is now put in motion of about one hundred and fifty turns in a minute, making a nail every turn. The plate in the nippers is introduced into the machine; a rest under the handle of the nipper, which may be moved a little to the right or left, makes the nails either sharp or blunt, as is required, and also elevates the plates to such a height as will eut the nails square. The plate is turned over by the workman at every cut of the tool, that the heads and points of the nails may be cut from the plate alternately. The nail, being cut from the plate, is carried by the moving cutter or knife directly into the dies, while another die, called the header, moving laterally, presses against.the end of the cut nail and forms the head, when one die, falling baek, leaves the nail at liberty, and it falls into a box underneath the machine finished. The smaller sizes of nails are made as above described, and are called edge-gripe nails. The larger nails are made differently, as follows : the plates, after being cut, are heated to a black heat, or a little less than red heat ; the nail is then made in the same way as the smaller nail, except, after being cut, the nail is turned one- quarter round before it is griped, after which it is griped and headed as before deseribed, it being griped flatwise instead of edgewise; and hence it is called the flat-gripe nail. "A skillful workman will run from

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215

HISTORY OF WAREHAM.

three to fonr machines; he grinds the knives and dies, and keeps the machines in order ; employs usu- ally boys to turn the plates and cut the nails, and the profits divided between them. the man, of course, ob- taining the larger share. A boy from twelve to six- teen years of age will cut three hundred pounds of fourpenny. or ten hundred pounds of tenpenny, or two thousand pounds of spikes in a day, and the in- termediate sizes in proportion. When the box which is placed underneath the machine to receive the nails is full it is emptied into a bin ; the packer here re- ceives them and packs them into casks containing one hundred pounds each ; these being branded, are ready for the market. Within a few years self-feed- ers, so called, have been used to some extent, but they have not as yet come into general use. In making the smaller sizes of nails, it is claimed that by the use of this modern invention one boy can cut more nails than three could by the usual way.

The nail-machine is built by first having the shapes cast of iron, after wooden patterns, and then about one hundred holes are drilled for the purpose of fast- ening the different parts together by steel screws.

It has a balance-wheel which runs in brass boxes to prevent its heating. Upon this balance-wheel a wooden pulley is fixed, which drives the machine by means of a leather belt. The joints of the machine are all made of cast steel, being from one and a half to two inches in diameter, which pieces of steel are called centres. A cam gives the gripe, and the ma- chine is fitted with cutters or knives, dies, and many other contrivances which make the whole a powerful and complicated machine. This machine was invented by Jesse Reed, of Marshfield, Mass., ahout the year 1818, and has since been improved by Mellville Otis and Stephen Chubbuck, of Wareham, and others.

Franconia Iron- and Steel-Works. - These works, situated at the lower end of the Narrows vil- lage, were erected by the Franconia Iron and Steel Company in the year 1864, and were run about two years under the management of Mr. Warren Bil- lings, then lay idle some two years. In 1868 they came under the management of James C. Warr, Esq., and he, in 1879, leased the works, and since that time they have been run under his proprietorship.

Hollow-Ware .- This article was formerly manu- factured in blast-furnaces. The first one in Ware- ham was built about the year 1805, upon the We- weantit River, near the place where the Tremont Nail- Works now stand, and was owned and managed by four brothers of the name of Leonard. In the year 1822 this furnace came into the hands of Bart- lett Murdock & Co., and afterwards was owned by

the Washington Iron Company. About the year 1825 it was burnt, immediately rebuilt, and continued in operation until 1833, when it was changed into a cupola-furnace. In the year 1825, Ellis, Murdock & Co. built a blast-furnace at Agawam, where they manufactured hollow-ware upon a large scale until the introduction of hard coal, when the business was abandoned and the buildings pulled down.

About the year 1826, I. & J. Pratt & Co., under the superintendence of Thomas Savery, Esq., built a cupola-furnace at Tihonet, where ware was made for a short time, when the nail-works being built at that place, the cupola was employed in making castings for the various machinery used in the works, and Mr. Savery removed to Agawam, where he built a small cupola-furnace, and continued to make warc for a few years, when Charles C. Ellis, Esq., who had been concerned in the blast-furnace at that place, abandoned it and formed a company under the name of C. C. Ellis & Co., of which Mr. Savery was a partner. Mr. Savery's cupola was abandoned, and the company built a new cupola on a large scale upon the easterly side of the Agawam River, at which place they continued to make much ware for many years. In the year 1833, Col. Bartlett Murdock built a cupola-furnace upon a large scale at the lower end of the Narrows village, upon a wharf built for that purpose. This furnace was blown by steam- power, and kept in operation many years, not only by Col. Murdock, but by Moses S. F. Tobey and others. The manufacture of hollow-ware in blast-furnaces was at one time the most thriving business carried on in this vicinity ; although most of the furnaces were situated in Middleboro' and Carver, yet the greater part of the iron ore was brought from New Jersey and landed at Wareham, from thence it was hauled to the different furnaces, and the ware returned to Wareham to be shipped to market. The business gave employment to about one dozen sloops and a large number of teams, many of which belonged to the citizens of Wareham.

Cotton-Factories .- The first cotton-factory in Wareham was built on the Wankinco River at the lower dam in 1812. This factory was built when the improvements of spinning cotton in this country were in a state of infancy, and after being partially burned, in 1814, by the English, and contending with many other difficulties arising principally from the unstable manner in which the works were built, and the roughness of the machinery, it was abandoned in 1821.

In 1816, Curtis Tobey, Esq., built a cotton-factory on a small brook running into the Wewcantit River.

216

HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

It was kept running for several years, but had to con- tend with the serious difficulty of lack of water, and did not prove profitable.

In 1823, Benjamin Lincoln and others built a cotton-factory on the Weweantit River, where all the improvements of the day were introduced and put into successful operation, but the company soon be- came embarrassed, and in 1830 the factory passed into other hands and was carried on for a while by Ezra Thompson & Co.

In 1824, Pardon Tabor built a paper-mill on the Weweantit River, which was kept in operation for many years.

About the year 1864, Wheelwright & Co. engaged in the manufacture of paper where B. Lincoln and others had formerly carried on the cotton business. For a series of years the product of their mill was large, and they gave employment to many. There being some dissatisfaction about their lease, they re- moved their business to another part of the State, and the manufacture of paper ceased to be one of the in- dustries of Wareham.

Staves .- All the nail casks used in Wareham and vicinity for many years were made by Lewis Kinney, Esq., who was the owner of the patent right for using the cylinder saw. His stave-mill was built on the Weweantit River, about half a mile above Tabor's paper-mill, and is operated at the present time by his grandson, Charles L. Kinney. Mr. Kinney, together with several other persons, tried various projects to make staves by machinery, and, after intense thought and many experiments, in 1829 they succeeded in sawing the staves. They next invented one machine to shape them, and another to cut and shave the heading, all of which is done with great precision and speed, so that the manufacturer has nothing to do but shave his hoops and lock them, and then put the dif- ferent parts together, each of which is sure to fit. Mr. Kinney built many other mills in this and other States, and the invention has proved very useful to the public.

Salt .- During the Revolutionary war, when salt was in great demand, the citizens of this town en- gaged largely in manufacturing this article by boiling sea-water. This they did at the following places, viz. : Pig's Point, the point near where Leonard's Salt-Works subsequently stood, Nobska, Barney's Point, Little Harbor, Griffen's Field, Tom's Narrows, Henry's Creek, Old Pan, and the east and west side of Muddy Cove. At each of these places they boiled the sea- water in large kettles set in stone or brick, under which they burnt wood, and made from thirty to forty bushels a week at each place for about six months in

each year during the war. Salt at that time sold at the works for a dollar a bushel, silver money, all the works yielding an income of eight thousand one hun- dred and forty dollars per annum. As soon as salt could be obtained from abroad these works were abandoned. About the year 1806 or 1807 the making of salt by evaporation in vats was commenced in this town by Asa and Hallet Swift. They built about four thousand feet on Asa Swift's farm. When the price of salt rose during the war of 1812, Na- thaniel Doty built fifteen hundred feet (a foot of salt- works is about ten square feet) upon Quasuit, and Hallet Swift built one thousand feet at Pig's Point. From 1821 to 1826, Abraham Gibbs built one thou- sand feet ; Stephen Swift, five hundred feet; Peter Smith, one thousand feet; Ichabod Leonard, two thousand feet; David Nye, fifteen hundred feet ; William Fearing, Esq., two thousand feet; and Ben- jamin Fearing and Stephen Gibbs, one thousand feet. The larger portion of these works were kept in opera- tion for a long series of years, but at the present time there are none of them in existencc.

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History of Plymouth county, Massachusetts, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Part 48

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Philadelphia, J.W. Lewis & co. Number of Pages: 1706

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton)
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, J.W. Lewis & co.
Number of Pages: 1706