USA > Massachusetts > Berkshire County > History of the county of Berkshire, Massachusetts, in two parts > Part 4
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The bot-fly or bot-bee, is well known to originate from the nits deposited on the hairs of the horse, which are taken into the stomach of the animal, transformed into a grub, voided in winter and spring, and finally changed into the bot-fly.
The ugly worm, a caterpillar on the nettle, when put under a tumbler and fed with the leaves to its satisfac- tion, fastens itself by the its tail to the upper part of the tumbler ; drops off its head, and changes into a rude
41
REPTILES.
saek : from which in a few days issues the common black butterfly, with scolloped wings, spangled with reddish-yellow spots.
The worm found upon silk-weed, by a similar pro- cess, becomes another beautiful butterfly.
The canker worm, or apple-tree caterpillar, rolls it- self up in a leaf, and in a few days comes out a brown miller or moth, so common about our lights in the eve- nings of July.
The cut-worm changes also into a brown moth, which annoys people in the same way.
The yellow cabbage worm, often abundant on this plant in September and October, after having eaten suf- ficiently, drops its head; changes into a kind of bot- worm or grub ; slowly works a passage into the earth ; lies till spring, and then works upwards to the surface ; changes also into a brown but very different moth, and deposits its eggs upon the cabbage for another genera- tion.
The horn-bug, so annoying in our summer evenings, is produced from the grub, found in the rich earth of our chip-yards and rotten wood.
The large brown butterfly, whose wings are spangled with large golden spots, and are often four or five inch- es across, is produced from the larva found in the strong webbed covering attached to the limbs of the oak. This covering is often four inches in length and near an inch in diameter.
The Libellula or dragon fly, darting with such ra- pidity on its four horizontal wings of most delicate net- work, is produced from the larva, or kind of worm, which is found in the mud on the sides of ditches and the like.
4. REPTILES. The Rattlesnake, whose bite is so com- monly fatal, is occasionally found in the mountains, both black, and yellow or spotted. The Black Snake, or Racer, sometimes with a white ring about the neck, has become much more rare, or has retired to less frequented places. The black Water Snake is frequently seen ; the Striped or streaked Snake, common ; the Green Snake, rather rare ; the short and little black or green Snake, considered by many people as indicating foul *
42
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
weather by his appearing in the hot days of summer, frequent ; the Spotted or Milk Adder, rare.
Various species of the Frog and Toad are common, as well as of Evets or Lizards. The Bull-frog raises his loud notes, while the chorus is followed by the va- rying sounds of many of the less species. This frog, when caught and tied by a leg, will imitate to great per- fection the crying of a child. The whistling sounds of the lizards fill the air of many marshes in the evenings of April. The Hair-worm, commonly so called, be- cause it is supposed to be produced from horse hair, is frequent in stagnant waters. It is well known to be a distinct species of vermes, and no more to originate from a horse hair, than an elephant does from a bull- rush. Often several of these worms are found united in a kind of knot, making together some feet in length.
5. FISH. Offish, only a few varieties are found in the streams and ponds, and these in very limited quantities. The Sucker, common in the large streams; the Trout, not abundant ; the Perch, Dace, Bull-head, Flat-fish, Red- fish or Shiners, Eels, &c., common. Within a few years, Pickerel have been brought from Connecticut and put into several ponds in the County, which are connected with the Housatonic, and they have become plenty in that river and its ponds. The Falls on the Housatonic at Canaan, Con., prevent the ascent of salmon, shad, &c. These have in a few instances been seen to attempt unsuccessfully a passage up the Falls.
The Shell fish are of little consequence. Three kinds of Tortoise, or Mud Turtle, as they are famil- iarly called, are found. The black and muddy Tor- toise, six to ten inches long, is abundant ; the striped or spotted, much less common ; and the large Tortoise, sometimes weighing 20 or 30 pounds, whose flesh is considered by epicures as so great a luxury, is occa- sionally found in the ponds and in the Housatonic.
A species of Clam, two or three inches long, is fre- quent-never used for food. Many species of clam, or of shell-fish resembling them, very small, are found in the streams and muddy waters ; also of water snails.
The small Craw-fish, or fresh water Lobster, (asta- cus Bartoni) three or four inches in length, is often found in the cold mountain rivulets:
-
43
VEGETABLES.
VEGETABLES. The County was originally well tim- bered and fruitful in vegetables. Except the higher parts of Taconic Mountain, the hills were. and many still are, covered to their summits. Saddie Mountain is covered with a complete forest. Most of the original vegetables still remain ; probably all of them. Some plants have been introduced from Europe, which are now growing spontaneously ; others of this character are cultivated. In the following enumeration of plants, the latter will be marked with the letter C. The plants will be arranged under the Natural Orders of Jussieu. The English name will also be given ; but the reader should be aware that, in different parts of the country the same plant has different names, and that the same name is also often given to very different plants, so that little dependance can be placed upon many of the. common names of plants.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS
FOUND IN THE
COUNTY OF BERKSHIRE, MS.
NOTE .- In the following list of plants, there is given, under the several Natural Orders, 1. the botanical name; 2. the common name; 3. the time of flowering ; and 4. the locality.
NAT. ORDER. AROIDEÆE-(Wild turnip-like.) POTHOS. 4. 1.
fætida. Skunk cabbage. April. Low, wet places. CALLA palustris. 20. 13. Water arum. May. Wet, muddy bottoms ; woods.
ARUM triphyllum. 20. 13. Wild turnip. do. Light moist soil ; woods and on rivers.
var. virens. do. do. do.
TYPHÆ-(Cat-tails.) TYPHA latifolia. 20. 3. Cat-tail. July. In water ; muddy bottom. SPARGANIUM. 20. 3. ramosum. Bur-reed. July. In standing and running water.
-
.44
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
ASPARAGI-(Like asparagus.)
ASPARAGUS. 6. 1.
officinalis. C. Asparagus. Gardens.
CONVALLARIA. 6. 1.
racemosa. Large Solomon's seal.
May.
Allu-
vial soil, and rich hedges.
multiflora.
do.
-
do.
do.
caniculata.
Solomon's seal.
do.
pubescens.
do.
do.
bifolia. Small
do.
May.
Woods and hills ;
common.
trifolia. do.
do.
do.
Pittsfield.
stellata. do.
do.
Alluvial ; Sheffield
and Great Barrington.
umbellata. Dragoness plant. May. Woods on
hills ; common.
MEDEOLA. 6. 3.
virginica. Indian cucumber. June. Moist light soil; woods.
TRILLIUM erectum. 6. 3. False wake-robin. do.
cernuum. Nodding
do.
do.
Moist light
soil ; S. part of County.
pictum. Painted
do.
do.
Hills and
woods ; light soil.
SMILAX. 21. 6.
peduncularis. Jacob's ladder. June. Alluvial soil.
herbacea.
do.
July.
do.
rotundifolia.
do.
June.
do. S.
part of County.
LILIACEA-(Lily-like.)
'LILIUM canadense. 6. 1. Meadow lily. July. Allu- vial sóil.
philadelphicum. Large do.
do.
do.
ERYTHRONIUM. 6. 1. americanum. Adder-tongue. May. woods.
Moist soil ;
UVULARIA. 6. 1.
perfoliata.
Bell-wort.
do.
do.
sessilifolia. do. đơ. do.
-
45
VEGETABLES.
STREPTOPUS. 6. 1. amplexifolia. Rose bell-wort. May. Moist soil ; woods.
roseus. do. do. do.
TULIPA. 6. 1.
gesneriana. C. Common tulip. May.
3 Gardens. suaveolens. C. Sweet do. do.
IRIDES-(Iris-like.)
IRIS versicolor. 3. 1. Wild flag or iris. June. In water and marshy places. virginica. Boston iris. June. In water and marshy places; Gt. Barrington. plicata. C. Flower de luce. May. Gardens and yards.
SISYRINCHIUM. 16. 3. anceps. Blue-eved grass. June. Wet soil; up- land meadows.
CYPEROIDEÆE-(Like Cyperus.)
RHYNCHOSPORA. 3. 1. alba. False bog-rush. July. Wet meadows.
CYPERUS. 3. 1. po@formis. Cyperus. July. Wet, sandy places ; upland.
strigosus. do. do. Low wet soil.
flavescens. do. do. do.
DULICHIUM. 3. 1. T
spathaceum. Galingale. July. Low marshy places. SCIRPUS tenuis. 31. 1. Club-rush. May. Low grounds. capitatus. do. July. Marshy places.
acutus. Great rush. do. do. and about ponds. triqueter. Pond rush. Aug. Pond on Taconic Mt. trichodes. Small do. July. Wet margins of large streams. atrovirens. Large do. do. Low pastures. planifolius. Little rush. June. Dry pastures.
ERIOPHORUM. 3. 1. virginicum. Cotton grass. June, Low, marshy places,
46
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
polystachium. Wool-heads. May. Low, marshy places.
«espitosum. do. July. Marsh in Peru. hudsonianum. Small do. June. Marsh in Stock- bridge. TRICOPHORUM. 3. 1. cyperinum. Brown wool-heads. July. Low, wet places ; ponds.
CAREX. 20. 3. Sedge-grass. sterilis. do. May. Wet; about small
streams .: bromoides. Bog do.
do. Wet marshy places.
cephalophora. Head do. do. Along base of hills. do. Low, wet płaces. do. do. June. Wet places. do. Low land.
var. radiata. retroflexa.
stipata.
multiflora.
sparganioides.
do.
disperma. hills.
do. Wet places about
setacea.
Williamstown.
paniculata.
teretiuscula.
do. Ponds and waters. do. do.
muricata.
var. cephaloidea. hedges.
do. Upland meadows ;
deweyana.
do. Light soil ; woods.
trisperma. scoparia.
do. Dried marshes.
do. Pastures and upland
meadows.
lagopodioides.
straminea. hills.
do. Marshy places. do. Upland meadows ;
cristata.
do. do.
stellulata.
do. Wet places.
scirpoides.
do. do.
curta. Bog do.
May. Marshy places.
festucacea. do. Meadows; hedgęs.
tenera.
June. do.
do. Upland meadows ;
rosea.
47
VEGETABLES.
novæanglia. New Eng. sedge. June. Saddle Mt. open woods.
aurea. June. Wet soil.
acuta.
do. Low and wet places.
cespitosa. Turfy sedge. May, Along streams.
ayuatilis.
June. Marshy places.
stricta.
do. do.
crinita.
do. Wet places.
var. paleacea.
do. Alluvial soil.
polytrichoides. Hair-like sedge. May. Cold, wet soil ; meadows.
pedunculata. April. Light soil; woods.
virescens. Greenish sedge. June. Foot of hills ;
hirsuta.
June. Light soil ; woods.
formosa. Beautiful sedge. June. Wet upland meadows ; Stockbridge.
gracillima. June. Wet soil ; hedges and
meadows.
torreyana. do. Alluvial; Sheffield.
pubescens. Hairy sedge. do. Alluvial and upland. meadows.
varia. May. Woods.
marginata. do. do.
flava. Yellow sedge. June. Wet places; high and low ground.
tentaculata. May. Wet do.
folliculata. Inflated sedge. May. do.
xanthophysa. June. Wet upland meadows.
lupulina. Hop-like sedge. June. Low wet places. davisii. Dry sedge. June. Dry soil ; Williams- town.
collecta. Bog sedge. May. Peru ; wet.
plantaginea. Plaintain-leafed sedge. April. Dry woods and hedges.
anceps. Two-edged sedge. May. Woods and hedges. alba.
var. setifolia. White sedge. May. Limestone Hills ; dry; Pownal, Vt.
oligocarpa. Few-fruited sedge. May. Woods and hedges. conoidea. Cone-fruited sedge. do. Alluvial soil ; Sheffield.
48
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
granularis. do. do. upland meadows ; moist soil. scabrata. Rough-fruited sedge. June. beside hill brooks ; light soil. blanda. Smooth sedge. May. Alluvial, and up- land meadow. lariflora. Loose-fruited sedge. May. Alluvial, and upland dry hedges.
flexuosa. May. Upland, moist meadows sylvatica. do. Woods ; light soil.
tetanica. do. Upland meadows; Stock- bridge.
miliacea. do. Wet meadows; upland. umbellata. Umbel-fruited. May. Light soil; hills; Monument Mt.
var. vicina. do. do. do. Stone Hill.
pallescens. Pale sedge.
do. Alluvial and upland
meadows; light soil.
hystericina.
June. Wet places.
limosa. do. Marsh in Stock-
bridge and Becket.
var. irrigua. do.
var. rariflora.
do.
var. oblonga. do.
pseudo-cyperus. False cyperus. June. Low, wet
places ; ponds ; in clusters.
hitchcockiana. do. West side Saddle Mt.
trichocarpa. Hairy-fruited. June. Beside ditches;
wet places.
filiformis. Slender. do. Marshes.
ampullacea. do. Beside ditches & in marshes.
bullata. Swollen-fruited. May. Low marshy ponds schweinitzii. June. Sandy, wet places; Williamstown.
retrorsa. Inverse-fruited. do. Standing water ;
marshes.
lacustris. do. Low, wet, marshy.
longirostris. Long-bearded. May. Light soil ; meadows ; Sheffield.
49
VEGETABLES.
GRAMINÆ-(Grasses.)
CINNA. 1. 2. arundinacea. Indian reed. July. Low grounds ; woods.
ANTHOXANTHUM. 3. 1. odoratum. Sweet vernal grass. June. Meadows; upland.
ORYZOPSIS. 3. 2. asperifolia. Mountain rice. April. Dry woods on hills. melanocarpa. Black-fruited do. June. Dry hills. DIGITARIA. 3. 2. sanguinalis. Finger-grass. Aug. Roads and fields; common. LEERSIA, 3. 2.
virginica. Cut-grass. Aug. Wet; marshy. oryzoides. do. do. do.
MUHLENBERGIA. 3. 2. erecta. Dropseed-grass. July. Moist, low woods. -
TRICHODIUM. 3. 2.
lariflora. Thingrass.
do. Dry fields.
scabrum.
do.
do. Dry, open woods.
AGROSTIS. 3. 2.
vulgaris. C. Redtop. do. Fields; light soil. alba. White or yellow top. June. do.
lateriflora. Aug. Wet woods, swamps, &c.
diffusa.
do. Fields.
setosa. do. do. sericea. do. do.
ARUNDO. 3. 2. canadensis. Reed-grass. July. Wet; marshy. phragmites. Large do. Aug. Negro pond in Stoc. PHLEUM. 3. 2. pratense. C. Timothy grass. June. Fields.
ALOPECURUS. 3. 2. geniculatus. True foxtail-grass. July. Wet, mud- dy bottoms. PHALARIS. 3. 2. americana. Wild Canary grass. July. Marshy. var. picta, C. Ribbon-grass. July. Gardens ; yards. 5
50
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
DACTYLIS. 3. 2.
glomerata. Orchard grass. June. About yards, POA. 3. 2.
annua. Rooting grass. May. Gardens and fields. compressa. Blue grass. July. Dry soil. pratensis. Meadow grass. May. Fields; meadows. dentata. Wet do. July. Muddy bottoms. aquatica.
var. americana. Great do. Aug. Wet meadows. trivialis. False redtop. July. Moist meadows. nemoralis. do. June. do.
nervata. Large spear-grass. June. do.
elongata.
July. Borders of wet meadows.
canadensis.
do.
do.
quinquefida. Huge redtop. July. Wet places. AIRA. 3. 2.
flexuosa. Hair-grass. June. Dry, rocky hills. truncata. do. do. Dry woods.
FESTUCA. 3. 2.
elatior. Fescue-grass. do. Wet meadows.
pratensis. do. do. Dry banks of meadows.
tenella. July. Sandy soil.
fluitans. Sarge do. do. Marshes and ditches.
DANTHONIA. 3. 2.
spicata. Wild oats. do. Sandy, dry hills.
TRISETUM. 3. 2. purpuroscens. False hair-grass. June. High mead. BROMUS. 3. 2.
secalinus. Chess. June. Cultivated fields. purgans. False chess. May. Alluvial banks. ciliatus. do. Aug. do. on streams. pubescens. do. do.
ARRHENATHERUM. 3. 2.
pennsylvanicum. False oats. June. Light soil. LOLIUM. 3. 2.
perenne. Darnel-grass. July. Roads and fields. TRITICUM. 3. 2.
@stivum. C. Summer wheat. June. ? Rarely grow- hybernum. C. Winter wheat. do. S ing wild. repens. Wheat or quack-grass. do. Gardens; fields
VEGETABLES,
AVENA. 3. 2. .
sativa. C. Oats. June. Rarely growing wild. sterilis. C. Animated oats. July. Gardens. SECALE. 3. 2.
cereali. Rye. June. Rarely growing wild.
ELYMUS. 3. 2.
hystrix. Lime.grass. July. ? Alluvial banks; rivers. villosus. Wild rye. do.
canadensis. do. Lime-grass. July. · do.
virginicus. do. June. do. and dry hills. glaucifolius. Great wild rye. July. do. PANICUM. 3. 2.
crus-galli. Cockfoot-grass. July. Cultivated fields latifolium. Panic-grass. June. Open woods. capillare. Hairy do. Aug. Cultivated fields. depauperatum. Short do. July. Moist pastures. nitidum. Slender do. June. Fields and pastures. glaucum. Bottle-grass. July. Cultivated fields. italicum. C. Large do. do. Gardens. ANDROPOGON. 3. 2.
purpurascens. Broom-grass. Aug. Light san. soil. furcatum. Forked spike-grass. do. Alluvial. nutans. Beard-grass. Aug. do.
HORDEUM. 3. 2. vulgare. C. Barley. June.
SORGHUM. 3. 2. saccharatum. C. Broom-corn. Aug. Gardens and fields.
vulgare. C. Coffee-corn. do. Gardens.
ZEA. 20. 3. mays. C. Indian corn. July.
JUNCI-(Rush-grasses.)
JUNCUS. 6. 1.
effusus. Bull-rush. June. Wet places; low streams. setaceus. Slender do. June. Low meadows. tenuis. Common bog-rush. July. Low grounds. nodosus. Tall bog-rush. do. Low meadows. bufonius. Frog-rush. July. Low, sandy wet places. polycephalus. Strong bog-rush. Aug. Wet past's. pilosus. Hairy rush. April. Border of moist woods
52
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
campestris. Large rush. May. Moist pastures. ACORUS. 6. '1.
calamus. Sweet flag. May. Beside lowland brooks: TRADESCANTIA. 6. 1.
virginica. Spider-wort. June. Gardens.
HELONIAS. 6. 3.
dioica. False unicorn-wort. May. Moist woods ; Stockbridge.
VERATRUM. 6. 3.
viride. Itch-weed. June. Alluvial soil; also on high brooks. ₹
ALISMA. 6. 3.
plantago. Water plaintain. July. Low, wet places. SAGITTARIA. 20. 13.
sagittifolia. Arrow-head. June. Low brooks.
latifolia. do. do. do.
heterophylla. Diverse-leafed do. Aug. Pond on Taconic Mt. graminea. Grassy do. do. do.
SCHEUZERIA. 6. 3.
palustris. Flowering rush. June. do.
ERIOCAULON. 20. 13.
gnaphaloides. Pipe-wort. July. do.
POTAMOGETON. 4. 4.
natans. Pond-weed. June. Aquatic; rivers, ponds. fluitans. do. do. do. do. gramineum. Grassy do. July. do. low, muddy bottoms ; ponds.
perfoliatum. do. Ponds ; Pittsfield.
NAIADES-(Aquatics.)
CAULINIA. 20. 1.
flexilis. Water knot-grass. July. Immersed in standing pools.
CHARA. 20. 1. vulgaris. Feather beds. July. Immersed in stand- ing pools ; Stockbridge.
Alexilis. Stiff do. July. do. do. 1
53
VEGETABLES.
NAJAS. 20. 1. canadensis. Water-nymph. July. Immersed in ponds; Stockbridge.
LEMNA. 20. 2.
polyrhiza. Water flaxseed. July. Floating in standing water. minor. Duck-meat. do. do.
trisulca. do.
do.
do. Ne-
gro Brook; Stockbridge.
ASPHODELI.
HEMEROCALLIS. 6. 1. flava. C. Garden lily. June. Gardens and yards. fulva. C. do. do. do.
ALLIUM 6. 1.
canadense. Meadow garlic. June. Alluvial mead- ows; Sheffield.
tricoccum. Woods-garlic.
do. Moist woods; low
grounds. Injures milk of cows in spring.
sativum. C. Garlic. June. Gardens.
cepa. C. Onion. July. do. schænoprasum. C. Cives. July. Gardens.
NARCISSI.
GALANTHUS. 6. 1. nivalis. C. Snow-drop. April. Gardens.
HYPOXIS. 6. 1. erecta. Star-grass. June. Sandy woods and fields.
PONTEDERIA. 6. 1. cordata. Pickerel-weed. July. Ponds ; Pittsfield ; Stockbridge.
HYDROCHARIDES.
VALLISNERIA. 21. 2. spiralis. Tape-grass. Aug. Pond ; Stockbridge. PROSERPINACA. 3. 3. palustris. Mermaid-weed. July. Pond; Pittsfield.
ORCHIDEÆE-(Orchis-like.)
ORCHIS. 19. 1. spectabilis. Orchis. May. Light soil; woods; hills, orbiculata. Round-leafed do. May. do. do.“ 5*
54
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
bifolia. May. Light soil ; woods; hills.
fimbriata. . June. Low, wet meadows
tridentata. July. Sandy places about springs
psycodes. Aug.
bracteata. Satyr. May. Light soil; woods.
dilitata. Greatorchis. July. Low, sandy, wet places NEOTTIA. 19. 1.
@stivalis. Ladies' tresses. June. Light soil; mead. cernua. Nodding do. Aug. Wet, highland meadow pubescens. Rattlesnake violet. Aug. Woods; moist soil ; low.
ARETHUSA. 19. 1.
ophioglossoides. Snake-arethusa. July. Wet places verticillata. Whorled do. June. Wet woods and meadows; Gt. Barrington.
CYMBYDIUM. 19. 1.
pulchellum. Grass pink. July. Low, marshy places coorllorkizum. Corol-root. May. Open woods ; hills ; light soil. odontorhizum. Corol-teeth. July. Low woods; wet hyemalis. Adam-and-Eve plant. July. Woods, do. MALAXIS, 19. 1.
liliifolia. Ivory blade. June. Low meadows and pastures.
CYPRIPEDIUM. 19. 2. spectabile. Ladies' slipper. May. Light soil ; woods ; hills.
pubescens. Yellow do. May. Open woods on hills. humile. Low do. June. do. light soil.
LAURI.
LAURUS. 9. 1. benzoin. Spice-bush. May. Low grounds. sassafras. Sassafras. do. Hills. Small tree.
THYMELEÆE.
DIRCA. 8. 1. palustris. Moose or leather wood. April. Lowland of hills.
55
VEGETABLES.
€
ARISTOLOCHIÆE.
ASARUM. 11. 1. canadense. White snake-root or wild ginger. Apr. Alluvial, or hills.
ARISTOLOCHIA. 19. 6. serpentaria. C. Virginia snake-root. June. Gar- den of the Shakers in Hancock.
ÆLEAGNI.
THESIUM. 5. 1. umbellatum. False toad-flax. May. Wet grounds. NYSSA. 21. 5.
villosa. Pepperidge. June. Wet woods; large tree,
1
POLYGONEÆE.
POLYGONUM. 8. 4.
aviculare. Knot-grass. June. In fields.
' punctatum. Water pepper. July. Wet, low places. coccineum. Pond knot-grass. Aug. Pond in Pitis'd. persicaria. Hearts-ease. June. Gardens and fields pensylvanicum. Great knot-grass. July. Fields. sagittatum. Heart-leafed do. Aug. Wet places. convolvulus. Great birdweed. June. Hills; dry soil scandens. Wild climbing buckwheat. July. Fields and gardens.
arifolium. Aug. Wet places.
fogopyrum. C. Buckwheat. Aug. orientale. C. Prince's feather. do. Gardens.
RUMEX. 6. 3.
acetosella. Sorrel. May. Fields.
crispus. Dock. June. Cultivated fields; gardens patientia. Garden do June. do. RHEUM. 9. 3.
rhaponticum. C. Pie rhubarb. June. Gardens. palmatum. C. Rhubarb. do. do.
ATRIPLICES.
BLITUM. 1. 2. capitatum. Strawberry blite. June. About houses.
56
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
CHENOPODIUM. 5. 2.
album. Pigweed. July. Gardens and cultivat. fields.
nigrum. Rusty do. do. do.
hybridum. do. About houses. botrys. Oak of Jerusalem. June. Sandy soil.
PHYTOLACCA. 10. 5.
decandra. Poke-weed. July, Roads and fields.
NYCTAGINES-(Night Flowers.)
MIRABILIS. 5. 1. jalapa. Four-o'clock. June. Gardens; for ornament longiflora. C. do. do. do.
AMARANTHI.
AMARANTEUS. 20. 5. oleraceus. Pot amaranth. July. Gardens and yards retroflexus. Rough do. Aug. do. and roads and several exotic species in gardens.
GOMPHRENA. 5. 1. globosa. Globe amaranth. Aug. Gardens.
PLANTAGINES-(Plaintain.)
PLANTAGO. 4. 1. major. Plaintain. July. Gardens, roads, &c. lanceolata. Ribwort. do. Moist meadows and past.
VITICES.
VERBENA. 14. 1, hastata. Vervain. July. Roads and fields. urticifolia. Nettle do. July. do.
LYSIMACHIA.
LYSIMACHIA. 5. 1. racemosa. Loose-strife. June. Low grounds. . quadrifolia. Four-leafed do. June. Open woods on hills. ciliata. Hairy do. July. Low lands ; hedges. capitata. Headed do. June. Wet, low places. TRIENTALIS. 7. 1. europæa. Chick-wintergreen. May. About woods and hedges ; light soil.
5%
VEGETABLES.
PEDICULARIS
PEDICULARIS. 14. 2.
canadensis. Lousewort. May. Light soil ; hills. VERONICA. 2. 1.
serpyllifolia. Speedwell. do. Roads and fields. beccabunga. Brooklime. June. Low, small, run- ning brooks. arvensis. Rock speedwell. May. Gardens and dry fields.
peregrina. Purslane do. do. đo.
scutellata. Scullcap do. July. Sandy soil. virginica. Culver's root. do. Alluvial meadows ; in gardens also.
MELAMPYRUM. 14. 2. americanum. Cow-wheat. June. Open woods.
OROBANCHE. 14. 2.
uniflora. Squaw-wort. June. Light soil; woods. americana. Aug. Woods. virginiana. Beech drops. July. Beech woods. POLYGALA. 6. verticellata. Wild snake-root. July. Woods.
· rubella. do. do.
sanguinea. do. do.
JASMINEÆE.
SYRINGA. 2. 1. vulgaris. C. Lilac. May. Gardens and yards.
LIGUSTRUM. 2. 1. vulgare. C. Prim. June. Yards.
1
FRAXINUS. 21. 2. acuminata. White ash. May. Low grounds. Large tree.
juglandifolia. Swamp ash. May. Swamps. do.
sambucifolia, Black 7 do. do. do. do.
LABIATÆE-(Lipped Flowers.)
LYCOPUS. 2. 1.
virginicus. Water horehound ; Bugleweed, July. Low, moist soil. var. quercifolius.
58
HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE.
MONARDA. 2. 1.
didyma. Oswego tea. July. Fields; light soil. oblongata. do. do. do.
clinopodia. do. Hills ; woods.
SALVIA. 2. 1.
officinalis. Sage. June. Gardens.
sclara. Clarry-rough sage. June. Gardens.
COLLINSONIA. 2. 1.
canadensis. Horse balm. Aug. Hedges; rich soil. LAMIUM. 14. 1.
amplexicaule. Dead nettle. June. Moist places.
PYCNANTHEMUM. 14. 1.
incanum. Mountain mint. July. Light soil ; hills. verticillatum. Aug. do.
NEPETA. 14. 1.
cataria. Catnip or mint. July. Yards and gardens HYSSOPUS. 14. 1.
nepetoides. Great hyssop. Aug. Hedges; san. soil scrophularifolius. do. do. officinalis. Garden hyssop. July. Gardens.
MENTHA. 14. 1.
borealis. Horse-mint. July. Sandy soil ; fields. viridis. Spear-mint. Aug. Low, wet places.
piperita. C. Pepper-mint. Aug. Gardens and fields ; growing native.
STACHYS. 14. 1.
aspera. Hedge nettle. July. Moist soil ; hedges. GALEOPSIS. 14. 1.
tetrahit. Flowering nettle. July. Yards.
SATUREJA. 14. 1.
hortensis. C. Summer savoury. June. Gardens.
LEONURUS. 14. 1.
cardiaca. Mother-wort. July. About gardens. MARRUBIUM. 14. 1. vulgare. Horehound. do Sandy streets. HEDEOMA. 14. 1. pulegioides. Pennyroyal. do. Fields.
GLECKOMA. 14. 1. hederacea. Gill-over-ground. May. About gardens and in light soil. 1
59
VEGETABLES.
MELISSA. 14. 1. officinalis. C. Balm. July. Gardens.
ORIGANUM. 14. 1. majorana. C. Sweet marjoram. Aug. Gardens ; Shakers', Hancock.
CLINOPODIUM. 14. 1. vulgare. Field thyme. July. Gardens and fields.
PRUNELLA. 14. 1. pensylvanica. Heal-all. June. Low meadows. PHRYMA. 14. 1.
leptostachia. Lopseed. July. Along fences.
SCUTELLARIA. 14. 1. galericulata. Scull-cap. do. Wet hedges.
· lateriflora.
do.
do.
do.
SCROPHULARIA.
GRATIOLA. 2. 1.
virginica. Creeping hedge hyssop. June. Alluvial
bank ; Williamstown.
UTRICULARIA. 2. 1. vulgaris. Bladder-wort. July. Aquatic; standing water. cornuta. Leafless do. do. do. Pond on Ta- conic Mountain.
gibba. Small do. do. do. Pond in Pitts- field.
SCROPHULARIA. 14. 2. marilandica. Fig-wort. July. Fields.
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