USA > Massachusetts > The pre-revolutionary Irish in Massachusetts, 1620-1775 > Part 11
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Waltham, with a population of six hundred and sixty-three,120 had only ten inhabitants of Irish origin in 1765, a percentage of .015. The ten were, David, born in 1731, George, in 1734, Hannah, in 1742 Samuel, in 1743 and Sarah in 1737, all, children of David McConoughey and his wife, and John and Ruth Mc- Nemarrow, the parents of Susanna, born in 1755.121 A rather unusual case was that of Nelle Donahew, a negress, who was
112 THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISH IN MASSACHUSETTS
married on December 12, 1758.122 Waltham numbered more Irish than Warren, where Robert Cunningham was married in 1763 and Robert Kelley in 1771,123 a total of two Irishmen out of a popula- tion of five hundred and eighty-three,124 a percentage of .003.
Watertown early was identified with Irish settlement in Massa- chusetts. On December 22, 1690 Alexander Bulman, an Irishman, married Margaret Taylor. Bulman stated in reference to Miss Taylor "she is one of my Ireland friends and was once my servant. . . The next Irish residents were Esther and Eliza- beth, the daughters of John Kinningham, who were baptized in 1699.126 A son of John was baptized in 1700,127 his name also John. On February 16, 1715 John Cunningham was married to Elizabeth Cooledge by the Reverend Henry Gibbs of Watertown128 and in 1732 a Mary Wright, who was living in the home of John was "warned out of town."129 Another and earlier instance of a "warning" was that of Robert Sturgeon, an Irishman. At a meet- ing of the selectmen of Watertown on August 20, 1722 it was
Ordered, That the Town Clark do forth- with give a warrant to one of the constables of sª Town to warn out Mr. Robert Sturgeon who is come to dwell and sojorn in sd Town, who is a per- son that the Selectmen do Refuse to accep of as an Inhabitant in sd. Town who hath proved alredy a great charge and Trouble to sª Town, and may yet prove Troublesome and chargeable if not timely prevented, said Mr. Sturgeon came from the Township of Wooborn to dwell in Watertown in the Month of December last past and is a stranger Arrived from Ireland as we understand within twelve months last past."130
On December 13, 1745 Joseph Killy "of his majesty's Castle William and Mary Chenry of Watertown" were married by Reverend Seth Storer.131 Other Irish persons in Watertown were Mary Kelly, who was baptized in 1750,132 and John and Caty Cockran, born in 1773 and 1775, respectively, being the children of William and Mary Cockran.133
A very small number of Irish was to be found in Wayland
113
CENTRAL AND WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
before the Revolution. One Irishman, Henry Cogin died in 1725, another Irishman, Henry Coggin, in 1756. Another Cogin, John, lost his wife, Elizabeth, in 1725.134 By 1765 there were five in- habitants of Irish origin in Wayland. As Wayland was not a separate town in that year no percentage can be obtained. In Westford a Joseph, son of James Dunn, was born in 1737.135 Out of a population of nine hundred and sixty-two136 in 1765 there were only two Irish persons in Westford, a percentage of .002.
In contrast to Wayland a large number of persons of Irish origin find mention in the records of Woburn. The first Irishman in Woburn was probably James Butler, whose name appears on the tax lists for 1676, 1677 and 1678. His ancestry is not known but Caleb Groton, a descendant of Groton, says, "The Emerald Isle, however, was undoubtedly the country from which their ancester, (James Butler) emigrated and the Irish nation with whom they share nationality." John Butler, the son of James, was born in Woburn on July 22, 1677.137 Caleb Butler, a descend- ant of James was first taxed in Woburn on August 8, 1698 and last taxed in 1721. On March 8, 1721 Caleb received indeed from Jonathan Tyng of Woburn four hundred and fifty acres of land in Dunstable, an addition of one hundred and fifty acres being made later to the first lot. Caleb moved to Dunstable during 1721, building on the purchased lot a house of pine logs which lasted for eighty years. Later in the first town meeting of Nottingham (now Hudson) he was chosen town clerk and a selectman which offices he held for "several years" during which time he was addressed as "Deacon." Caleb Butler had ten children, four sons and six daughters. On a simple gravestone in Pelham, New Hamp- shire is the following inscription, identifying John Butler the first of the Butler family to be born in Massachusetts :
D Iohn Butler 1759. A 82138
The first Burying Ground of Woburn has in its records mention of another early Irish family, the Coggers. The parents were John and Elizabeth, their children being John, died March 10, 1693, Henry, died March 19, 1694, Henry, who passed away
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114 THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISH IN MASSACHUSETTS
on August 21, 1697, Joseph, who was born and who died on the same day, September 12, 1698 and Henry, born on March 27 and died on March 29, 1703.139 One other Woburn Irishman was Robert Cunninghan, whose death occurred in 1745.140
Worcester, the last town in central Massachusetts to claim at- tention numbered some two hundred and sixty-eight persons of Irish origin. Among the first Irish settlers in Worcester were Hugh annd Sarah Coley, who had one daughter, Susannah, born in 1733; David and Eleanor Cunningham, whose daughter Re- becca was born in 1760, and Thaddeus and Mary Maccarty, who were the parents of a large number of children, comprising the following with dates of birth: Francis (1756), Francis (1763), John (1752), Lucretia (1762), Lucy (1760), Mary (1750), Nathaniel (1758), Samuel (1755), Thaddeus (1747), Thomas (1749), and William (1753). There were also William and Mary Mahan, whose children were David (1769), Elizabeth (1761), John (1759), Mary (1756), Mary (1757), Rebeckah (1763), Samuel (1760), Samuel (1761), and William (1748) and John Murphy (1750), the sons of William and Elizabeth Murphy ; and James and Mary Sloan, the parents of John "born in Ireland" in 1733.141 In the marriage records are found the names of the fol- lowing Irish : Mary Coggin (1732), John Conloy (1745), Mary Killey (1757), Timothy Sullivan (1763), Lawrence Kelley (1770) and Anne Hart and James Kelley, who were joined in wedlock in 1774.142 McGee asserts that sometime between 1730-1776 there came to Worcester two Irishmen whose names may be read today on headstones over their respective graves, John Young, a native of Derry, Ireland, who died in 1730, being then one hundred and seven years old, and David Young, a native of Donegal, Ireland, who died in 1776 in his ninety-fifth year.143
Table XIII is similar in scope and arrangement to the table accompanying the studies of the other sections of Massachu- setts. Only towns the total population of which was known in 1765 are listed. This rule was the guide in the selection of the towns for tabular arrangement in the other sections under con- sideration.
The table reveals some interesting data. The average percentage, .015, is very low. The highest percentage, .082, is found in Sud- bury, which likewise has the largest number of Irish inhabitants,
.
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CENTRAL AND WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
one hundred and forty-six, which is nearly one-third of the total number of Irish in the entire section. The lowest percentage, .001, is in Dudley and Newton. Dudley also counts the smallest number of Irish inhabitants, the number being one.
TABLE XIII. TOTAL POPULATION, IRISH POPULATION AND PERCENTAGE OF IRISH, IN SELECTED TOWNS IN CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS IN 1765
Towns
Total Population
Irish Population
Percentage of Irish
1. Acton
611
5
.008
2. Bellingham
468
5
.010
3. Brookfield 1811
21
.013
4. Brookline
338
3
.008
5. Cambridge
1571
4
. . 002
6. Chelmsford
1012
5
.004
7. Chelsea
462
5
.010
8. Dudley
748
1
.001
9. Dunstable
559
7
.012
10. Framingham
1305
11
.008
11. Groton
1423
12
.008
12. Holliston
705
3
.004
13. Hopkinton
1027
51
.049
14. Lincoln
649
9
.013
15. Medfield
628
11
.017
16. Medford
790
11
.013
17. Mendon
1838
13
.007
18. Newton
1308
2
.001
19. Roxbury
1487
27
.018
20. Rutland
1090
3
.002
21. Shirley
430
13
.030
22. Shrewsbury
1401
17
.012
23. Spencer
664
11
.016
24. Stoneham
340
14
.041
25. Stow
794
9
.011
26. Sturbridge
896
9
.011
27. Sudbury
1773
146
.082
28. Tewksbury
781
20
.025
29. Uxbridge
1213
22
.018
30. Walpole
785
16
.020
31. Waltham
663
10
.015
32. Warren
583
2
.003
33. Westford
962
2
.002
Total
31515
Total
503
Average .015
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116 THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISII IN MASSACHUSETTS
2. WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
Of all the Massachusetts sections investigated the western will be found to have the smallest number of Irish, a circumstance due principally to the fact that this section of the colony was the last to be settled.
Ashfield had only one Irish settler before the Revolution, a Richard Ellis, a native of Dublin, Ireland, and Ashfield's first in history who settled there about 1745. Ellis felled the first tree and built for himself and family a log house in the northeastern por- tion of the town.144 In Chester there were seven Irish persons by 1774, Patrick Bulkley and Anna Williams, who were joined in wedlock in 1773, and Abraham and Mary Fleming, the parents of Abraham born in 1770, Peggy, in 1771, and James, in 1774.145 There were, according to Holland, five Irishmen in Chesterfield before 1775, Charles and Benjamin Kidd, Robert Hamilton, George Buck and Prince Cowing. George Buck's family was the first one to winter in the town, living on what is known as "Ire- land street," which was the first town road established. At one time getting short of provisions, Buck started for Northampton to obtain food. Delayed by a snow storm, his family were forced to kill and eat the dog. John Cowing was the son of Prince Cow- ing, the first white child born in Chesterfield.146 Of six hundred and thirty births recorded in Colrain between 1761 and 1800, four bear Irish names, Mary, born on June 23, 1761, Sarah, on Novem- ber 23, 1763, John, on October 6, 1766 and Robert Cochran, on December 11, 1768, a percentage of .006.147 A James Barry is referred by Holland to the period 1735-1741, as being one of the "Scotch-Irish" who had settled in Colrain, but the assertion is not proved.148
Deerfield was one of the few towns in central Massachusetts the Irish element of which ranked rather high in numbers and influence. One of the first Irish settlers of Deerfield was Matthew Clesson "from Ireland," who took the oath of allegiance on Febru- ary 8, 1678 and became a freeman in 1690. Clesson's will made in 1713 was proved in 1716. He was married twice, first in 1670, to Mary Phelps, who died in 1687, and again in 1701 to Susanna Hedge, ten children resulting from the two unions.149 Then came Richard Ellis, who was born in Ireland on August 16, 1704, com- ing to Boston in 1717, but moving to Easton in 1736 and to Deer-
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CENTRAL AND WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
field in 1741. He served in the last French and Indian war in the capacity of assistant commissary. Ellis married Mary Philips of Easton, eight children being born to them, Reuben, Mary, Re- member, Jane, Matthew, John, Hannah and Caleb. On October 11, 1797 Richard died in his ninety-fourth year.150 In 1752 a daughter, Ruth, was born to John and Sary Burk and in 1747 Jane Mc Gee, daughter of Thomas, was born.151 In the marriage records of Deerfield are found the names of Mehitable Burk (1742), Hannah Harroon (1755), Mary Harroon (1761), and Mary Farley (1766), all married to non-Irish partners.152 Another Irishman was William Alexander, who came to Deerfield from Londonderry, Ireland, in 1765 with his son, John, and his daugh- ters, Gin and Lydia. They were all "warned out of town" in the same year and after that time nothing more was heard of them.153 Hugh Quin was another Irish settler in Deerfield. A record says that he was born in 1770, which date is incorrect, for Hugh had a son, Hugh, a tailor, who left Deerfield in 1771. Hugh Sr. was kidnapped in northern Ireland and brought to New England where he was sold for £20, the amount of his passage money. His mar- riage to Meribah Rose resulted in seven children, Meribah, Mariah, Nancy, Sophia, Hugh, Electa, and Naomi, all showing in their names traces of Puritan influences.154 In 1765 Deerfield with a total population of seven hundred and thirty-seven,155 was the home of thirty persons of Irish origin, a percentage of .047.
The little town of Granville had only one Irish inhabitant be- fore 1775, a Kate Sullivan,156 who died in the town in 1760, repre- senting the very low percentage of .001 out of a total population in 1765 of six hundred and eighty-two.157 Hadley sent to the last French and Indian war during the years 1757-1763, three soldiers who are called "Scotch-Irish" by the town's historian but who were probably Celtic-Irish, John Clark Sr., John Clark Jr., and William Clark.158 McGee mentions two alleged facts about Hamp- den County of interest in this study. One Rielly was the first white man in the country to receive by deed a transfer of Indian lands to white ownership. Again, there was an "Ireland Parish" under Mt. Holyoke before the Revolution. Although both of these statements may be true, no primary sources are drawn upon by McGee in establishing their truth.159 There were three Irish- men, Hugh and Thompson, the sons of Hugh Maxwell, in Heath
118 THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISH IN MASSACHUSETTS
before 1775. Hugh Maxwell Jr., was born in Ireland on April 27, 1733 and was brought by his father in the same year to Heath. He was in service in five campaigns of the Old French and Indian Wars. Hugh's brother, Thompson, was born in Bedford, Massa- chusetts, served in the French and Indian War during 1758-1763, and was a member of the famous Boston Tea Party (1773).160 James Moore, who was born in northern Ireland, came to Holland, Massachusetts, in 1718, but settled later in Union, Connecticut. A son, John, born in 1718, married Sarah Bliss of Springfield, Massachusetts, their son, Samuel, being born in Union. The older Moore, James, died when he was eighty-three years of age.16
One of the earliest settlers of Middlefield was James Hamilton "of Scotch-Irish descent" (?) who came from Worcester, where he was also one of the first settlers, to Middlefield in 1718. James married twice, his first wife being Margaret -, who died on February 14, 1761, in her thirty-seventh year. Margaret Mahon, his second wife, he married on August 20, 1761. She died on May 20, 1808 at the age of eighty-three. The children of the two unions were Moses (1750), Samuel (1752), Jane (1753), John (1757), Samuel (1759), Margaret (1762), William (1764) and David (1769).162
The town of New Salem had four residents of Irish extraction by 1774, William and Mary Hays, and their Children, Charles and Sarah, both baptized in 1766.163 The four members of the Hays family were probably living in New Salem in 1765 when the provincial census was taken up according to which the town had a population of three hundred and seventy-five souls, 164 the Irish group amounting to .01 of the whole population.
A rather unusual light is thrown upon the general desire of the Irish settlers to retain their independence in a letter from John Stoddard of Northampton, dated December 6, 1739. Al- though only the section of land around Northampton is in ques- tion, the opinions expressed may be taken as typical of the in- tentions of the Puritans in general to suppress Irish initiative everywhere in Massachusetts. Speaking of the proposed Irish settlement, Stoddard says
Mr. Livingston has an inclination to
Lease out the Lands between North- ampton and Albany, but we may cer-
119
CENTRAL AND WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
tainly know that we can't find Tenants in this Country, unless we should ex- tend large sums to make the land tenantable, and it is very questionable, whether the Irish will submit to it, for their design in coming into this Country is that they may have some- thing of their own; and in Case any Number should settle there, the Town must be filled with them, for our Country people will not mix with them. Sending to Ireland is an uncertain way and will Cause Considerable delay.165
Palmer was another town in western Massachusetts which had a fairly large number of Irish in its population. Birth records reveal the names of David (1756), Mary (1758), Sarah (1760) and Jan Flining (1763) ; Elizabeth and Margaret Fleming (1766), the twin daughters of David and Sarah; James (1770), Mary (1772) and Sarah (1774), the children of William and Sarah Fliming; and Margaret McMarcos (1717) "in county Derby- Ireland," the wife of Deacon John Smith.166 In the marriage records are found the names of Timothy Farrell (1760), Sarah Farrel (1762), Isaac Farrel (1762), Jolitha Conley (1771), Joseph Farrel (1768), Luke Walsh (1771) and Hannah Fliming (1772).167 In the death register are three Irish persons, Alexander McNitt (1746) and his wife, Sarah (1744) both of whom came from "county Dunigell, Ireland," and John Spence (1753), who was born in "Antrim County, Airland."168 By 1765 the Irish group numbered fifteen souls, which number would probably be larger if the names of the forty-eight unidentified females in birth records and the four unknown females in the marriage lists were known.169 Palmer had in 1765 a population of five hundred and eight,170 the Irish element showing a percentage of .029.
Pelham before the Revolutionay War also had a sizeable Irish population. Among the first Irish settlers were Thomas and Mar- garet Cochran, who were the parents of a large family, John, born in 1759, Patience, in 1762 and seven others, whose names have been lost, born in 1741, 1744, 1746, 1748, 1752, 1754 and 1764. David, born in 1762, Mary in 1760 and Jonathan, in 1764, Cald- well (1751), and four others, unidentified, in 1752, 1754, 1756 and
120 THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISII IN MASSACHUSETTS
1758.171 Other Irish residents of Pelham were Mary Cunningham, married in 1759, Agnes Cochran, in 1766, Robert Cochran and Mary Gillmore, joined in wedlock in 1767 and Elizabeth Heas, married in 1770.172 The twenty-two Irish inhabitants of Pelham in 1765 represented a percentage of .059 in a total population of three hundred and seventy-one.173
One of the early settlers of Springfield was John Riley, to whom there was granted on May 5, 1664, "four acres of meddow lying near the great pond." On October 12, 1670 Riley, by order of the town, paid two shillings for the support of Mr. Glover, the minister, and on February 5, 1677, he was absent from the town meeting and, giving no reason, was fined. From 1656 to 1684 he lived in Springfield, where he died at the end of that period. Riley was an active and important man, serving as fence viewer and laying out a new highway, and he had a seat in the meeting-house, being "in general quite a respectable man."174 William Mack Cronney, who married Margaret Riley on July 8, 1685, was prob- ably another Irishman. He had ten children by his first wife and after her death married the widow, Mary Miller, by whom he had four children. Mack Cronney died on October 25, 1725.175 A Ruth Cogan was married to Samuel Taylor on June 24, 1675.176 As early as 1725 Springfield had as many as eighteen inhabitants of Irish birth or origin.
Tyringham had only two Irish residents before 1775, Peleg Cuningham, parent of a child born in 1772.177 In Williamstown there was born in 1774 Margaret, the daughter of William and Margaret Keeger, who were probably of Irish extraction.178 Wil- liamstown's roll of Irish would undoubtedly have been a longer one if the names of the seventy-nine unknown persons in the birth records of the town and the three unidentified parties in the mar- riage register were divulged.179
From the Journal of Dr. Caleb Rea, of Danvers, written while he was returning from an expedition to Ticonderoga in 1758, some interesting data may be gathered on Irish settlers in western Massachusetts and eastern New York. On June 20 the Doctor wrote : "Got acquainted with Parson Johnston at Carry's Brook and many other Irish who call themselves New England People and treated with all ye kindness possible." On June 21 he jotted down
CENTRAL AND WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS 121
A Hot Day a Plentyful shower & Thunder Towards Night. Rode to Carry's Brook with Mr. Johnston-his Spouse and Doc- tor Thompson, this is 10 miles W.S.W. from Schenactady a fine Tract of Land, Mr. Carry ye Pattantee. Settled by the Irish a kind people. as we passed a Hill had a prospect of Schenectady Intervale (which ye Dutch call flatts the Irish Homes) about 4 miles long & 3 wide on ye extreams, a mear Garden of Eaden. Cituate on ye mowhawk River, ye Town built on South Side. Stockaded about half mile square, King's Hospital & Barricks and fort."
TABLE XIV. TOTAL POPULATION, IRISH POPULATION AND PERCENTAGE OF IRISHI, IN SELECTED TOWNS IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1765.
Town
Total Population
Irish Population
Percentage of Irish
1. Deerfield
737
30
.047
2. Granville
682
1
.001
3. New Salem
375
4
.010
5. Pelham
371
22
.059
4. Palmer
508
15
.029
Total
2673
Total
72
Average .026
Later on June 28 Dr. Rea noted "here near Albany I fell in company with a Swedish and Irish Gentleman bound on the Cam- paign very Civil and Curteous Gentlemen."180
TABLE XV. SUMMARY OF TOTAL POPULATION, IRISH POPULATION AND PER- CENTAGE OF IRISH, IN SELECTED TOWNS IN NORTHEASTERN, SOUTH- EASTERN, CENTRAL AND WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1765
Section
Total Population
Irish Population
Percentage of Irish
1. Northeast
41,293
1,085
.023
2. Southeast
29,069
170
.005
3. Central
31,515
503
.015
4. Western
2,673
72
.026
Total
104,550
Total 1,830
Average .017
This table does not include Boston and various other towns throughout Massachusetts. The northeastern section had the
-
122 THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISH IN MASSACHUSETTS
largest number of Irish, 1,085 and western Massachusetts, the highest percentage, .026. The smallest number of Irish residents, seventy-two, is found in the western part and the lowest per- centage, .005, in southeastern Massachusetts.
Deerfield had the largest number of Irish, thirty, but not the highest percentage, which is to be credited to Pelham with .059. Granville had the smallest number of Irish, one, and the lowest percentage, .001. Strangely enough, the average percentage, .026 is higher by .011 than the average percentage for Central Massa- chusetts towns which was only .015.
REFERENCES
CHAPTER III <
1 Vital Records of Acton, pp. 81, 160. The number of Irish inhabitants in 1765 is determined by counting all the Irish persons who were residents in or before 1765 deducting those Irish, who have died or moved away. The number of Irish, then, is not accurate but only approximately correct depending upon the number and authenticity of the sources consulted.
% Ibid., p. 3.
" Vital Records of Arlington, pp. 77, 124, 159.
+ Vital Records of Bellingham, pp. 19, 47.
" Ibid., p. 3.
" Vital Records of Brookfield, pp. 54, 73, 78.
Ibid., pp. 282, 295.
'Ibid., p. 282. Early Massachusetts Marriages, Book I, p. 156.
" Ibid., p. 304.
" Ibid., p. 305. Early Massachusetts Marriages, Book I, p. 150. " Ibid., p. 406.
" Ibid., p. 5.
13 Vital Records of Brookline, pp. 20, 46, 110.
" Ibid., p. 4.
13 Vital Records of Cambridge, I, pp. 444, 456.
1 Ibid., I, p. 4.
"; Ibid., 1, pp. 792-936.
"> Clemens, American Marriage Records Before 1699, p. 63.
" Vital Records of Charlton, p. 172.
" Vital Records of Chelmsford, pp. 59, 344, 387, 401.
21 Ibid., p. 4.
22 Vital Records of Chelsea, pp. 192, 362, 416.
23 Ibid., p. 3.
" Concord Births, Marriages and Deaths, pp. 13, 14.
"3 Ibid., pp. 80, 152, 161.
"" T. McGee, A Ilistory of the Irish Settlers in North America, pp. 34, 35.
2: Sewall, S., The History of Woburn, p. 592.
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CENTRAL AND WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
" Early Records of Dedham, 1636-1673, pp. 68, 69, 291.
20 Clemens, American Marriages Before 1699, p. 75.
30 Ibid., p. 163.
31 Records of Births ... Dcdham, p. 70.
32 Ibid., II, p. 62.
" Ibid., pp. 109, 121.
" New England Historic and Genealogical Register, LX, pp. 387-392.
"% Vital Records of Dracut, p. 164.
2" Vital Records of Dudley, p. 165.
Ibid., p. 5.
Vital Records of Dunstable, pp. 29, 126, 129, 188.
" Ibid., p. 4.
4º Vital Records of Framingham, pp. 57, 58, 259, 269, 272, 347.
" Ibid., p. 3.
# New England Historic and Goncalogical Register, LXXXI, pp. 24, 26. These notes are taken from Middlesex Decds, XLV, p. 728; L, p. 25; Middle- sex Probate Files, 4910. A genealogy of the Conn family carried up to the 20th century is in LXXXI, pp. 25-45.
43 Vital Records of Groton, p. 4.
H Vital Records of Holliston, pp. 69, 102, 200.
4& Ibid., p. 3.
A Vital Records of Hopkinton, pp. 67, 68, 120, 129.
" New England Historic and Genealogical Register, XIV, pp. 155-160, 209-214.
" Op. cit., pp. 262, 263, 311, 350, 355, 358.
59 Ibid., p. 3.
"" Early Massachusetts Marriages, Book I, p. 115.
"1 Records of Births, Marriages and Deaths, Lexington, pp. 38, 56, 135.
2 Vital Records of Lincoln, pp. 53, 55.
"3 Ibid., p. 3.
"+ Ibid., pp. 81-83, 148.
" W. Davis, Early Records of the Town of Lunenburg, p. 229.
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