USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Ipswich > Town annual report of Ipswich 1945 > Part 10
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Samuel W. Abbot, Secretary
7
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
This was in the year 1904 and this report is quoted to show that since the establishment of the water system there have always been complaints as to the quality of the water supply in the Town of Ipswich.
Nothing further was done at that time but in 1924 the supply of water in the Dow's Brook basin was found to be insufficient during the drought seasons and after a survey there was added a cement wall on top of the spill- way, thus increasing the storage from 55,000,000 gallons to 62,000,000 gallons.
In 1924 an automatic chlorinating engine was installed at the pumping station and all water received a dose of chlorine before entering the water mains. This chemical killed any bacteria that might be in the water but did not and could not destroy objectionable color-tastes and odors in the water.
Again in 1927 the supply was nearly exhausted during a severe drought season and the bed of Bull Brook was dug out and an additional storage of 18,000,000 gallons of water was obtained. This water from Bull Brook was used at in- termittent periods but the quality was very poor as the water was highly colored.
In 1940 the water system of the Town was forty-five years old and during that period the Town had grown and the consumption of water had grown in proportion so that another study was made and after careful consideration and advice from the Public Health Department of the State a system of gravel packed wells were installed and put in operation in the spring of 1944. These wells have been in operation since that time and supply to the Town water of excellent quality but somewhat harder than the average.
As the result of considerable agitation in respect to the hardness of the water a survey of this supply was begun in
8
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
the early summer of the year 1945 and as a first step the Public Health Department of the State was asked for advice. As a result of this request tests were made by representa- tives of that department and on August 22, 1945 they re- ported as follows :
"The results of the analysis of samples of water col- lected from a tap in the Cogswell Apartment showed that the water being supplied to this apartment at the time of the examination was being derived from the Brown Well.
The records of this Department show that there has been some increase in the hardness of the water of the Brown Well since it was placed in use. Tests made to determine the relative corrosive properties of the waters of these wells showed that they should be relatively non- corrosive.
The Department recommends that you give consider- ation to the installation of water softening apparatus at the Brown Well so called."
(Signed) Vlado A. Getting Commissioner.
Upon receipt of this letter your Water Commissioners authorized the Manager to contact a prominent manu- facturer of water softening apparatus and after some time a conference was arranged. From information received from him the problem appeared so complex that it was de- cided to employ an experienced engineer to act for the Town and to obtain estimates as to the costs of a proper plant and to report any or all methods to give the inhabitants of Ipswich a plentiful supply and the best quality of water, especially as to the hardness of the same.
This engineer, Mr. Paul Howard, of the firm of Whit- man & Howard, made a study of the whole water supply
9
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
system, conferred with the manufacturer of the water softening apparatus, prepared statements as to the cost of the apparatus and buildings to house same, and reported in writing to the Commission.
This report is on file at the office of the Water & Light Dept. and any interested citizens are invited to read it.
His conclusions and recommendations are as follows :
The town would not have a sufficient supply in drought seasons if the surface basins were used and the water from these basins would be colored and at certain seasons have an undesirable fishy taste and odor and in order to make it safe for drinking it would be necessary to heavily chlor- inate it unless a filtering system was installed. It is es- timated that a filteration plant would cost $100,000 with a yearly operating cost of $8,400.
The recommended plan of the engineer is to install a water softening plant at the Brown Well on Rowley Road, which has a sufficient supply, at an estimated cost of $48,000 with a yearly operating cost of $3,900. By this method the water supplied to the Town would have a hard- ness of approximately 30 parts per million, which is prac- tically the same as the surface basin waters.
As a result of this report a conference was held in the Public Health Department in the State House with Messrs. Weston and Kingsbury of the State, the Water & Light Commissioners-Messrs. Hodgkins, Mulholland and Bolles, Mr. Mallard, the Manager and Mr. Jerome Richardson of the Finance Committee.
After a full discussion Mr. Weston agreed to give in writing to the Town the recommendations of the State Health Dept. which we received as follows:
10
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Health State House, Boston
January 31, 1946
Vlado A. Getting
Commissioner Municipal Water and Light Department Elm Street Ipswich, Massachusetts
Gentlemen :
In response to the request of Charles A. Mallard, Manager, dated January 9, 1946 and of Whitman & Howard, Engineers, dated January 24, 1946, acting in your behalf, the Department of Public Health has considered a report by these engineers dated January 24, 1946 concerning certain proposed improvements in the water works system of the town of Ipswich.
According to the information submitted by your en- gineers, complaints have been received by the Water De- partment of Ipswich as to odor, taste and color in the water supplied from Dow Brook and Bull Brook Reservoirs and other conditions resulting from the hardness of the water when supplied from the two gravel-packed wells used by the town. Accordingly, your engineers have recom- mended adoption of their "Method No. 3" by the town which provides for water to be supplied in the town from the gravel-packed wells, for the installation of Zeolite type of water softening for use in connection with the Brown Well and that this water softening plant be operated so as
11
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
to permit the use of the Mile Lane Well in connection with the water of the Brown Well when necessary in a manner which will provide that the use of these two wells will not result in a hardness of water in excess of 30 parts per million which is about the maximum hardness of water at Bull Brook.
It is the experience of this Department that the water supply of Dow Brook Reservoir and Bull Brook Reservoir without the use of additional sources of supply is inadequate for the requirements of the town and that in addition the water from these reservoirs is at times considerably colored and a source of complaint due to growth of microscopical organisms and other organic matter in the reservoirs. More- over, the water of these reservoirs is exposed to accidental pollution and as a result the water has been chlorinated in accordance with the recommendations of the Department of Public Health.
Water obtained from the ground, from the Mile Lane Well and the Brown Well, so called, has been shown by analyses of this Department to be of excellent quality for drinking and other domestic purposes except for hardness of the water which in the case of the Brown Well exceeds 100 parts per million. This is one of the hardest waters in the State but it is the opinion of this department that the hardness of the water of this well can be satisfactorily reduced by the use of Zeolite filters as proposed by your engineers.
Taking into consideration the yield of the present ground water sources of supply of the town of Ipswich in comparison with that of the surface water supplies, the character of the water of these sources of supply and the report of your engineers as to first cost and cost of oper- ation of a water softening plant as compared with the cost
.
12
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
of filtration of the surface water supplies and occasional use of the wells, the Department is of the opinion that the most appropriate means of improving the sources of water supply of the town of Ipswich is to install a Zeolite water softening plant as recommended by your engineers.
Mention is made in your engineers' report of the growth of miscroscopical organisms in the distributing reservoir and odor and taste imparted to the water from these or- ganisms, use of chlorine and copper sulphate being men- tioned as possibilities for treatment of the water in the storage reservoir. It is the opinion of this Department that the growth of microscopical organisms in the storage reservoir is due to a great extent to the exposure of this water to sunlight, and the Department concurs with the opinion of your engineers that such growth can be pre- vented by covering the reservoir. The Department also con- curs with your engineers that it is practicable to treat the water in this reservoir to remove the objectionable con- ditions caused by the growth of microscopical organisms. In this connection, the Department will be pleased to assist in any operation for the control of the growth of micros- copical organisms in the storage reservoir if and when necessary.
Respectfully,
(Signed) Vlado A. Getting
Commissioner
13
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
We are in accordance with the recommendation as sub- mitted by the engineer in his report and approved by the State Health Dept. and recommend that a water softening plant be installed as soon as possible.
The Water Dept. has been requested to make the fol- lowing extensions of the main piping system and the various locations have met the requirements in respect to the guaranteeing of a 6 per cent return on the investment:
Topsfield Road from the Minichello place to the
La Salette Seminary 4,500 feet
Great Neck 5,200 feet
Also prospects of constructing the piping from Crockett's Hill to the Crane Estate and possibly to Ipswich Beach.
1
The pipe for the Great Neck and Topsfield Road jobs has been purchased and was delivered last fall before a price increase was put in effect.
14
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
WATER DEPARTMENT
John E. Grant, Temporary Treasurer and Collector
Amounts Received :
Meters $27,391.72
Little Neck
2,023.55
Notes
4,000.00
Miscellaneous
524.71
Water Liens added
to Taxes 1944 242.47
Water Liens added
to Tax Title
232.77
30.415.22
Maturing Debt 15,000.00
Construction
Fund
11,059.60
51,320.38
Cash Balance
January 1, 1945 26,059.60
Cash Balance Dec. 31, 1945
5,154.44
$56,474.82
$56,474.82
The Collector has the following bills for collections:
Meters $ 1,678.66
Miscellaneous 106.16
Little Neck 837.00
Water Lien added
to Tax Title. 32.93
Water Liens 1945
228.52
$ 2,883.27
Commitment
Dec. 31, 1945 6,981.57
$ 9,864.84
Amounts Paid:
Orders
$20,728.28
Interest 532.50
25,260.78
Transfers authorized by vote of Town
Meeting
15
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
Construction Fund
Transferred from Operating Cash Account 1945 $11,059.60
Expenditures ยท9,417.59
Amount of Fund December 31, 1945 $ 1,642.01
16
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
BALANCE SHEET AS OF DECEMBER 30, 1945
EXHIBIT A
Assets:
Plant Investment
Engineering
$ 7,314.71
Land
8,219.12
Pumping Station
15,075.24
Pumps and Machinery
6,607.02
Storage Basin
27,693.59
Distribution Reservoir
17,827.56
Bull Brook Reservoir
50,476.43
New Well System
23,815.12
Pipe Lines
212,472.02
Service Pipes
60,643.70
Store House
178.70
Department building
2,367.97
Miscellaneous
2,834.20
Transportation equipment
and Air Compressor
2,466.56
437.991.94
Less reserve for depreciation
194.150.47
Total Plant Investment
243,841.47
Cash Operating
5,154.44
Construction
1,642.01
Accounts receivable
9,854.84
Inventory (Estimate)
4,000.00
Total current assets
20,651.29
Total assets
$264,492.76
17
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
Liabilities and Surplus :
Appropriation from Tax levy for
note payments and construction $24,083.03
Notes Payable 19,000.00
Total Liabilities
$ 43,083.03
Ipswich Water Dept. property account
215,782.33 5,627.40
Surplus Exhibit C
Total Liabilities and Surplus
$264,492.76
18
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
EXHIBIT B
Statement of Income and Expenses for Year Ending December 31, 1945
Income :
Meter rates
$ 25,486.13
Fixture rates
1,808.00
Miscellaneous
547.74
Total Income
$ 27,841.87
Expenses :
An itemized report of these expenditures will be found in the report of the Town Accountant.
Repairs service
7,852.22
Repairs pipe lines
2,583.69
Administration & Transportation
6,133.58
Maintenance station & grounds
754.42
Electricity for pumps
2,454.95
Interest paid
532.50
Ralph Pickard, Pension
351.00
Total expenses 20,662.36
Net profit for the year to Exhibit C $ 7,179.51
19
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
EXHIBIT C
Statement of Operating Surplus for the Year Ending December 31, 1945
Balance December 30, 1944
$17,215.12
Add Net Profit for the year 1945 from Exhibit B
7,412.28
$24,627.40
Deductions :
Notes paid
$ 4,000.00
Transfer to Town Treasurer-
To Reduce Tax Levy 15,000.00
Total deductions 19,000.00
Balance to surplus Exhibit A
$ 5,627.40
WATER DEPARTMENT LOANS
Sold to Old Colony Trust Co.
Amount
Rate
Date of Issue
Matures
4,000.00
4%
May 15, 1927
1946-47
1st & Ocean Nat. Bank of Newburyport
8,000.00
21/2%
April 15, 1938
1946-53
Merchants Nat. Bank of Boston
7,000.00
11/2%
Dec. 1, 1942
1946-52
$19,000.00
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
21
SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT
Following is the report for the year ending December 31, 1945.
Main Pipes
The number of feet of mains laid to date and sizes are as follows :
14 inch
1,505
12 66
10,963
10
66
8,830
8 66
70,965
6
117,176
4
4,741
3
10,080
2
66
14,850
1
2,696
241,806 feet
A total of 45 miles 4,206 feet
Street Gates
Total now set
261
Hydrants
On Town property
244
On private property
17
Total in use
261
66
66
66
22
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
Service Pipes
There has been added 11 services during the year, making a total of 1,885.
Services in regular use 1,576
Summer services 309
Total 1,885
Service pipes on Town property 34,245 feet
Service pipes on private property 45,848 feet
Total
80,093 feet
These services are either cast iron, transite, lead, galv. iron or copper and in sizes from 34" to 6 inch.
Pumping Record for Year 1945
Number hours pumps operated 6,158 hours
Total number of gallons pumped
136,386,000 gals.
Average amount of water used daily 373,660 gals.
Largest number of gallons pumped in any month was July 18,747,162 gals.
ELECTRIC LIGHT DEPARTMENT STATISTICS
Summary of the K. W. H. output for the year 1945 and comparison with previous years
Kilowatts sold:
1940
1941 2,028
1942 2,032
1943 2,031 264
1944 2,083
1945
Number of domestic consumers 1,986
2,096
Number of Commercial
285
278
289
260
278
2,271
2,306
2,321
2,295
2,343
2,374
Town of Rowley
417,400
450,100
442,000
481,900
526,600
597,500
Town Buildings
74,082
62,368
85,123
78,337
74,453
84,651
Water Dept. pumping
133,880
138,640
134,030
133,306
133,335
136,386
Street Lighting
280,920
283,169
211,970
231,390
281,720
281,880
Station light and power
181,252
183,786
171,749
253,394
256,185
216,050
Commercial power & light 1,074,330
1,389,706
2,369,381
3,487,578
4,082,768
2,888,893
Domestic lighting
1,301,825
1,412,388
1,494,076
1,510,190
1,603,318
1,725,584
3,436,689
3,920,157
4,908,329
6,176,095
6,958,379
5,930,944
Kilowatts unaccounted for
542,299
698,543
608,220
894,305
1,020,726
852,720
Kilowatts hours generated 3,978,988
4,618,700
5,516,549
7,070,400
7,979,102
6,783,664
-
1
ELECTRIC LIGHT DEPARTMENT Balance Sheet as of December 31, 1945 EXHIBIT A
Assets
Liabilities and Surplus
Fixed Assets :
Special Deposits
$
5,361.84
Plant Investment General Equipment
$325,262.95
Loans Repayment 237,000.00
760.51
Construction Appropriation Repaid 1,511.06
Profit and Loss Balance 244,666.97
Current Assets :
Cash 39,338.91
Special Deposits 5,361.84
Accounts Receivable 14,768.13
Material & Supplies 9,597.06
Depreciation 93,450.47
162,516.41
$488,539.87 Plant Investment Accounts as of December 31, 1945
$488,539.87
Land
$ 841.20
Structures
53,308.45
Internal Combustion Engines
130,876.41
Electric Auxiliaries
16,887.43
Transformer Station and Regulators
17,005.34
Poles, fixtures and overhead conductors
45,253.79
Underground conductors
7,196.37
Consumers meters and installations
18,503.38
Line transformers and installations
28,516.05
Street Lighting equipment.
6,874.53
1
$325,262.95
STATEMENT OF INCOME. AND EXPENSE Year Ending December 31, 1945 EXHIBIT B
Operating Income
Metered sales to Private Consumers
$115,463.23
Municipal revenues .
20,599.91
$136,063.14
Operating Expenses 110,979.61
(Itemized list will be found in the Report of the Town Accountant)
Gross income for the year $ 25,083.53
Net income transferred to profit & loss
$ 25,083.53
ELECTRIC LIGHT DEPARTMENT
EXHIBIT C PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT
Dr. Paid to Town Treasurer in Lieu of Taxes $11,000.00
Cr. Credit Balance Jan. 1, 1945 $230,583.44 Credit for Year 1945 as Profit (Exhibit B) 25,083.53
Balance from Exhibit A as Profit in the Liability and Surplus Account 244,666.97
$255,666.97
$255,666.97
27
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
ELECTRIC LIGHT STATEMENT
John E. Grant, Temporary Treasurer and Collector
Dr.
Cr.
Amounts received :
Domestic Light $56,683.55
Domestic Light - Little Neck 3,492.79
Amounts paid :
Orders
$ 99,660.22
Refunds
1,826.40
$101,486.62
Transfer to
Depreciation Fund 1
15,404.21
Transfers Authorized by vote of Town
Meeting :
Maturing Debt 11,000.00
Construction
Fund
14,917.20
141,312.54
142,808.03
Balance January 1, 1945
Balance December 31, 1945 24,421.71
25,917.20
$167,229.74
$167,229.74
Commercial Light 59,935.95
Town Buildings 2,144.30
Water Pumping 2,454.95
Miscellaneous 768.35
Town of Rowley
10,432.65
135,912.54
Street Lighting Appropriation 5,400.00
28
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
The Collector has the following bills for collection:
Domestic Light
$ 2887.86
Town Buildings
102.29
Commercial Light
418.62
Miscellaneous
135.61
Domestic Light- Little Neck
287.53
3,831.91
Commitment December 31, 1945
12,034.17
$15,866.08
DEPRECIATION FUND
Amount of Fund January 1, 1945
$ 78,046.26
Transferred from Operating Cash Account 1945
15,404.21
Amount of Fund December 31, 1945
$ 93,450.47
CONSTRUCTION FUND
Transferred from Operating Cash Account 1945 $ 14,917.20 Amount of Fund December 31, 1945 14,917.20
29
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
SPECIAL ACCOUNT
Electric Light Meter Deposit Fund 1945
Amount deposited in Ipswich Savings Bank January 1, 1945
$ 5,119.44
Meters Income
299.00
115.54
5,533.98
Refunds
172.14
Amount deposited in Ipswich Savings Bank December 31, 1945 $ 5,361.84
30
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
Year
Total
K.W.H.
Town
Cost per
K.W.H.
used for Street
Street to average
output
lights
lights
Domestic Consumer
1924
584568
97445
$10,834.00
.12
1925
662012
103855
11,014.00
.12
1926
716949
115760
11,172.00
.11
1927
833290
115265
10,990.00
.10
1928
949064
156623
11,096.00
.09
1929
1093897
231550
9,700.00
.09
1930
1417658
239820
12,100.00
.071/2
1931
1634098
219140
10,000.00
.071/2
1932
1593265
222650
10,340.00
.071/2
1933
1718691
227300
10,000.00
.051%
1934
1898632
225810
10,000.00
.051/2
1935
2091934
226350
8,700.00
.051%
1936
274467
232400
8,000.00
.051/2
1937
3034658
225520
7,300.00
.04
1938
3038192
238760
6,000.00
.04
1939
3247741
244390
6,200.00
.04
1940
3436689
245000
5,600.00
.04
1941
3920157
283169
6,400.00
.04
1942
4908329
211970
5,800.00
.04
1943
6176095
231390
5,200.00
.033/4
1944
7979105
281720
5,400.00
.033/4
1945
6783664
281880
5,400.00
.0334
paid for
K.W.H.
1
31
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
Returned to Town to Reduce Taxes $
Outstand-
ing
Debt
Total cost of Plant
Value of Plant after Depreciation
$45,000.00
$125,276.38
$107,695.59
39,150.00
133,349.10
112,010.31
33,300.00
140,657.19
113,984.44
67,450.00
195,197.57
175,581.82
58,600.00
203,922.10
179,591.43
50,750.00
215,639.52
192,304.29
78,900.00
277.451.34
269,998.22
78,550.00
282,868.58
269,805.93
66,700.00
297,997.87
278,859.17
3,000.00
54,850.00
301,529.83
272,980.19
68,000.00
301,208.27
266,375.84
55,500.00
316,605.60
273,250.96
38,000.00
332,321.40
278,620.63
8,800.00
56,500.00
404,881.65
340,363.28
10,000.00
45,000.00
409,547.26
332,882.44
11,000.00
33,500.00
418,265.14
329,313.90
11,000.00
23,000.00
428,583.67
329,355.94
11,000.00
16,000.00
485,351.82
376,990.39
8,161.68
9,000.00
505,053.48
380,034.06
13,838.32
2,000.00
505,053.48
357,350.54
29,000.00
None
513,473.81
338,752.89
11,000.00
None
516,148.59
326,023.46
32
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
ELECTRIC LIGHT DEPARTMENT
With the end of the war both in Europe and Japan the war industries in the Town ceased. This department is pleased that it had facilities at hand to care for the tre- mendous demands for power put on the Plant by these war activities. The loss in electric production for the last six months of 1945 was equal to 15 per cent less than for the year 1944, or a loss of $22,443.08 in revenues. A full twelve months period will mean just that much more of a loss with a corresponding loss in revenues. We hope, however, to maintain the present rate schedules notwithstanding these revenue losses and the increased costs of production and maintenance that go hand in hand with other living costs.
We are also happy that restrictions were removed al- lowing us to once again decorate the streets for the Christ- mas holidays. .
Materials are still scarce and hard to obtain which may cause us to curtail some of the extensions and repairs that would ordinarily be made.
GEORGE E. HODGKINS % ALEXANDER B. C. MULHOLLAND CHESTER A. BOLLES
Water & Light Commissioners
Charles A. Mallard, Manager.
33
IPSWICH TOWN REPORT
RATES IN EFFECT JANUARY 1, 1946
Domestic Service
5 c per KWH for the first 25 KWH per month
4 c per KWH for the next 25 KWH per month
3 c per KWH for the next 100 KWH per month
2 c per KWH for allover 150 KWH per month
Minimum charge 50c per month.
10 per cent discount, except on minimum bills, if pay- ment is received on or before the 20th day of the month. No discount allowed when arrears are due.
Commercial Service
5 c per KWH for the first
4 c per KWH for the next
30 KWH per month 70 KWH per month
3 c per KWH for the next 500 KWH per month
2 c per KWH for all over 600 KWH per month
Minimum charge $1.00 per month for the first H. P. or fraction thereof of connected load and 50c per month for each additional H. P.
10 per cent discount, except on minimum bills, if pay- ment is received on or before the 20th day of the month.
No discount allowed when arrears are due.
TOWN OF IPSWICH
Annual Report of the
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
34
THE BIAT HPLACL Of AMERICAN INDIPDOING 1 . 17
FOR THE YEAR
1945
Stanley A. Hull Printing Co.
1
3
IPSWICH SCHOOL REPORT
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
DAVID C. WILLIAMS
Term Expires 1948
PAUL R. RAUPACH
1948
HERMAN W. KYES
1947
JAMES R. MARSH
1947
WILLIAM F. HAYES
1946
GEORGE H. BOUCHARD
1946
WILLIAM F. HAYES Chairman
FRANK L. COLLINS, M.D.
School Physician
MURIEL E. MEYER, R.N. School Nurse
SUB-COMMITTEES OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE
Playground Mr. Bouchard
Athletics
Mr. Bouchard and Mr. Raupach
Finance Mr. Marsh and Mr. Kyes
Textbooks and Teachers Mr. Raupach and Mr. Williams Supplies Mr. Williams and Mr. Kyes
Building and Grounds. Mr. Williams and Mr. Kyes
Transportation Mr. Raupach and Mr. Marsh
Insurance Mr. Marsh and Mr. Bouchard
The Chairman of the School Committee is ex-officio a member of all sub-committees.
HARRY S. MERSON Superintendent and Purchasing Agent ELIZABETH WITHAM Secretary
OFFICE
Ipswich High School
OFFICE HOURS School Days from 3:30 to 5:00
and by appointment
4
IPSWICH SCHOOL REPORT
To the Citizens of the Town of Ipswich:
The following statement of the Superintendent of Schools, together with the appended data, constitutes the report of the School Committee of Ipswich for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1945.
SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT
To the School Committee of Ipswich:
Gentlemen:
In this annual school report I should like to direct your attention to the development of a long range school plant plan- ning program for Ipswich, which will permit the plant to meet the growth and change in educational practices with a minimum of duplication of facilities. Due consideration of this problem is a vital concern to the future of our town, since it can be the best insurance against waste and the mounting inadequacy of facilities for meeting the community's needs.
What is said in this report must not be construed as an attempt to force a specific plan on the community, it is rather to promote discussion of certain avenues of thought which must be explored by the citizens of the community before a long term plan can be evolved.
In operating a community it is necessary to balance the need for services in any one field against all the services which the community may be required to render. With reference to the whole program, need must always be balanced against ability to pay. No citizen, we feel, can come to a sound con- clusion with reference to the community's needs or the ability to pay without consideration of some of the data included in this report.
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