USA > Massachusetts > Norfolk County > Weymouth > Town annual report of Weymouth 1906 > Part 17
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Columbian square-Patched the wet holes.
FENCES.
Minor repairs were made all over town, but the fences in general are in such condition, that a general renewal must be made in the near future.
The following is a schedule of property of the department at Almshouse on Essex street.
1 steam roller, 1 street sprinkler, 1 engine and boiler, 1 road machine, 20 gal. oil, 2 fusible plugs, 1 monkey wrench, 1 shovel, 1 rake, 1 hoe, 1 lantern, 1 bin for crushed stone on East street, 1 stone crusher screen, 1 old crusher on Washington street.
(At Ells' Pit). 1 stone crusher and bin, 1 platform scale, 1 boiler inspirator, 1 6-ft. screw section, 2 stone forks, 34 feet 8 inch drain pipe, 2 rakes, 2 forks, 2 hammers, spruce boards, 200 ton of crushed stone.
WARD ONE.
5 snow ploughs, 1 gutter plow, 5 lanterns, 4 picks, 4 screens. 1 axe, 6 feet 10-inch pipe, 2 feet 12-inch pipe, 2 grub hoes, 1 hammer, 1 sewer rod.
WARD TWO.
8 snow plows, 1 road plow, 1 gutter plow, 3 lanterns, 1 grub hoe, 2 stone forks, 1 post hole scoop, 3 tampers, 3 picks, 2 rakes, 1 stone drag, 3 screens, 1 axe, 3-8x8 file t's, 12 feet 8-inch pipe, 3 feet 10-inch pipe.
298
WARD THREE.
6 snow plows, 1 gutter plow, 3 scoops, 6 stone forks, 6 rakes, 1 bar, 2 shovels, 2 marking pins, 1 tool box, 6 wheel-barrows, 1 tool box, 24 feet 8-inch tile, 4 feet 12-inch tile, 2 feet 6-inch tile, paving rammer.
WARD FOUR.
5 snow plows, 3 picks, 6 lanterns, 3 screens, 2 stone forks, 1 bar.
WARD FIVE.
5 snow plows, 1 gutter plow, 2 post hole scoops, 2 hoes, 2 grub hoes, 2 stone forks.
At the close I desire to thank the Board of Selectmen for their kindness and ready co.operation, also the employes for their assistance and zeal in serving the interests of the town.
Respectfully submitted,
IVERS M. LOW, Superintendent.
REPORT OF THE OVERSEERS OF THE POOR.
The undersigned, Overseers of the Poor of the Town of Wey- mouth, respectfully submit the following report for the year ending December 31, 1906.
TOWN FARM.
The management of the Town Home for the Poor and the Town Farm has remained in the hands of Joseph Cummings and wife at a salary the same as for the preceding year, viz., $800.
The discharge of the duties of their position has been such as to secure for them the respect and regard of those under their charge, as well as those who have taken pains to familiarize them- selves with the working of the establishment. The management has been marked by diligence and faithfulness in the performance of duty, and the house and premises have appeared, whenever visited, in a neat and orderly condition. It has been the effort of the board, and also of the superintendent and matron to conduct the affairs of the establishment on as economical a basis as was consistent with the reasonable comfort and well-being of the in- mates. The general management of the farm has been similar to that of the previous year, the main dependence of income from it being from the sale of milk.
The whole number of inmates at the home for the whole or a portion of the year, not including boarders and those having no settlement in this town, has been forty-nine, of whom thirty-two remain at the close of the year.
There have been seven deaths, as shown on the table of inmates.
The net cost of maintenance of the town's poor at the house was $4,023.85.
The cost per week for each inmate was $28.14.
Two coats of paint have been put upon the outside of the build- ings at a cost of $283.53.
This was a much-needed improvement, and the outside of the buildings will now need but little repair for many years.
300
AID IN FAMILIES.
The whole number of individuals, including those with a settle- ment here who have been aided elsewhere, who have benefitted by aid out of the house, was two hundred and fifty-seven, in one hundred and thirty-three families of one or more; the number comparing very closely with that of the previous year.
Of the above number, seventy individuals in thirty families of one or more had no settlement in this town.
For the cost of these classes, we refer to the report of the accountant.
There has been a decrease of $738 in the expense of the Poor Department, as compared with the year 1905.
The same physicians have remained in charge of the poor as for the year preceding, viz. :
Ward One and Almshouse, W. A. Drake
$100
Ward Two, John C. Fraser
.
.
60
Ward Three, Granville W. Tinkham
50
Ward Four, Karl H. Granger .
. 40
Ward Five, Edward N. Mayberry . . . 50
301
INMATES OF THE ALMSHOUSE DURING THE YEAR 1906.
Date Ad- mitted.
NAME.
Age.
REMARKS.
Weeks.
Days.
Jan.
1
Alonzo Tirrell
65
Continues.
State case State case
52
1
1
Leavitt B. Torrey
53
Continues.
52
1
1
Elizabeth C. Tirrell
54 Continues
52
1
1
Ida A. Davis .
44
Continues
52
1
George A. Nash
38 Continues
52
1
Harriet N. Maxim .
|82 Died Sept. 9
36
1
Martha J. Blanchard
53 Insane Hospital, Sept. 8
35
6
1
Warren Salisbury .
62
Continues
52
1
1
Mary F. Rosey
70
Continues. Soldier's wid- ow, boarder .
52
1
1
Erastus Loud .
73
Continues
52
1
1
Andrew F. Gilliver
5
Continues
52
1
1
Thomas J. Moran
18
Continues
52
1
1
John Handley
54
Discharged March 12
10
1
Nov. 14
Continues
6
6
Jan. 1
Michael Carroll
45
Discharged May 14
19
1
Oct. 31
Continues
8
6
Jan. 1
John Russell .
67
Discharged Oct. 1 .
39
1
Nov. 2
Continues
8
4
Jan. 1
Michael Craven
70
Died March 20
11
2
1
John Leonard
79
Continues
James C. Lovell
71
Continues
52
1 1
1 1 1
Michael Daley 2d
47
Discharged March 12
10
Mch. 25
Discharged June 5
10
3
Sept. 27
Continues
13
5
Jan. 1
Simon Clark
35
Discharged March 20
11
2 5 1
Jan. 1 1
Henry H. Rosey
51
Continues
52
1
1
Daniel Gilligan
.
42
Continues
52
1
1
Michael Daley
.
.
74
Continues
52
1
1
Edith E. Reed
30
Discharged March 15
10
4
Nov. 15
Continues
6
5
Jan. 1
Mary E. Reed
1
Discharged March 15
10
4
Nov. 15
Continues
6
5
Jan. 1
Patrick Yourell
65
Continues
52
1
George Evans
59 Continues. Boarder
52
1
1
James Gumb .
.
50 Continues
52
1
Charles G. Gumb
21
Discharged June 4
22
1
Christopher Dunn
·
Boarder
12
0
1
Thomas Kilfoy
.
57
Discharged March 24
.
11
6
.
.
72
Continues. undetermined
Settlement
52
52
1 1 3
Aug. 20
Discharged Sept. 5
2
Nov. 23
Martin Flynn .
65
Discharged Nov. 27 Continues
52
.
1 1
Maria Gerald .
.
58 Insane Hospital, June 2 .
21
6
1 1
.
.
76 Discharged March 25.
.
.
.
1 1
.
.
.
.
.
Catherine Connor
.
.
.
302
INMATES OF THE ALMSHOUSE DURING THE YEAR 1906.
Date Ad- mitted.
NAME.
Age.
REMARKS.
Weeks.
Days.
Mch. 5
Norman Reed
8
Discharged March 5
9
1
13
Edward Connell
.
48
Discharged April 27 .
16
5
13
Mary E. Pinney
.
18
Discharged March 17. Settlem't Southampton
5
Apr. 2
Peter Langford
39
Discharged June 5
22
2
Oct.
4
12
5
Apr.
3
B. Frank Stoddard
84
Died December 7
35
4
13
Mary B. Loyd
53 Continues
·
37
4
14
Herbert Burrell
59 Discharged April 28
2
1
June 16
John Maguire
78 Died September 3 .
11
3
July 17
Walter Burke
50 Discharged August 7
3
2
Aug. 11
Albert Davison
71
Discharged October 11. Soldier boarder .
4
4
25
Martha White
Continues 61
18
3
31
Dianthe Turner
70
Discharged December 27
17
0
Sept. 14
John McDonald
75 Died Oct 31. Boarder .
6
Oct. 31
John L. Shaw
63
Continues
8
Nov. 1
Joshia Holland
90
Continues
8
2
David Fraher
·
ment Plymouth .
5
14
William Nash
62
Continues
6
6
17
John Hogan
43
State Farm, Dec. 14. No settlement
4
0
Dec.
4
Mary Carey
38 Continues
4
0
8
James Maguire
48
Discharged Dec. 14
2
1
22
Mary Noyes
69
Died December 29
1
1
25
Michael Crowley
52 Continues
1
1
27
Nellie Noyes
46
Continues
.
.
5
27
Harry D. Noyes
19
Continues
.
-
Total weeks .
1613
Less boarders and those having no settlement in Weymouth
185
2
Town's poor .
1427 5
·
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27 Died Nov. 6. Settle-
6 6 5
6
18
Mrs. Owen Daley
.
62 Continues
.
.
.
5
.
Aug. 11
Discharged September 6 Continues
4
6
.
·
GORDON WILLIS, BRADFORD HAWES, GEORGE L. NEWTON, EDWARD W. HUNT, ROBERT MCINTOSH,
Overseers of the Poor of Weymouth.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
OF THE
TOWN OF WEYMOUTH
1 906.
WEYMOUTH, MASS. : GAZETTE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1907.
SCHOOL COMMITTEE.
SCHOOL COMMITTEE.
Term Expires.
H. B. Reed, Chairman
.
March, 1907
T. V. Nash, Secretary
·
.
March, 1909
H. F. Perry
March, 1907
John F. Reardon
·
.
.
March, 1909
Mary F. Holbrook .
March, 1908
J. A. Cushing
March, 1908
STANDING COMMITTEES.
Text-books .- Mrs. Holbrook, Messrs. Reed, Reardon.
Supplies .- Messrs. Nash, Cushing, Reed.
Teachers .- Messrs. Perry, Reed and Mrs. Holbrook.
Fuel .- Messrs. Perry, Cushing.
Repairs .- Messrs Cushing, Nash.
Finance .- Mr. Reardon, Mrs. Holbrook.
Regular meetings of the Committee are held the first Tuesday in each month at the Selectmen's Room, East Weymouth.
SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS.
Abner A. Badger. Office hours : Monday at close of school, Athens. Tuesday at close of school, Jefferson. Wednesday at close of school, Howe. Thursday at close of school, Hunt. Monday, Tuesday, Friday, 4.30 P. M., to 5.30 P. M., at home, 786 Commercial street, East Weymouth.
SCHOOL CALENDAR.
Winter term closes March 22, 1907. Spring term begins April 1, 1907, closes June 21, 1907. Fall term begins September 3, . 1907, closes Dec. 20, 1907. Winter term begins December 30, 1907, closes March 20, 1908.
HOLIDAYS.
Washington's Birthday, Patriots' Day, Memorial Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Friday following.
NO SCHOOL SIGNAL 2-2-2.
At 7.30 a. m. no school in any grade during the a. m. At 8 a. m. no school in grades I and II. At 11.45 a. m. no school in grades I and II during the p. m. At 12.45 p. m. no school in any grade during the p. m.
.
.
.
REPORT OF THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE.
To the Citizens of Weymouth :
Your School Committee has the honor to submit its annual report.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
RESOURCES.
Balance unexpended Dec. 31, 1905
$10,734 84
Appropriation March 12, 1906
53,500 00
One-half of the dog tax
.
661 87
Tuition received from State . ·
90 00
Merchandise sold
45 15
Total
$65,031 86
EXPENDITURES.
Teachers' salaries
$35,023 37
Superintendent of Schools
1,880 00
Janitors' salaries and cleaning
3,896 00
Fuel,
4,221 02
Repairs
5,427 43
Supplies
4,737 73
Transportation .
.
2,280 00
Miscellaneous
661 43
Incidentals (water tax)
269 00
$58,395 98
Balance unexpended Dec. 31, 1906 .
$6,635 88
The following is a partially itemized account of the above statement :
Unexpended balance for support of schools Dec. 31, 1905 . ·
$10,395 04
Appropriation for support of schools March 12, 1906 One.half, dog tax
661 87
Tuition, State children . .
90 00
Merchandise sold
45 15
Total
.
.
· $63,192 06
.
.
52,000 00
.
.
4
EXPENDED.
Instructors
· . $35,023 37
Superintendent .
· 1,880 00
Janitors and cleaning
3,896 00
Fuel ..
4,221 02
Repairs, ordinary
. $3,269 27
New heating apparatus the Hunt School ·
at
New heating apparatus at
the Jefferson School
357 94
New heating apparatus at
the Franklin School 178 40
New heating apparatus, sink
drainage, etc., at the High School . .
429 82
New desks (1905 bill) at
the Franklin School .
263 00
$5,427 43
Supplies, bills from 1905
· 1,440 17
Supplies, bills for 1906
3,297 56
4,737 73
Miscellaneous
661 43
Incidentals (water tax)
269 00
Balance unexpended Dec.31,
1906
$7,076 08
TRANSPORTATION OF PUPILS.
Balance unexpended December 31, 1905
$339 80
Appropriation March 12, 1906
1,500 00
Total .
. $1,839 80
Expended
2,280 00
$440 20
Deficit December 31, 1906 . $440 20
Total balance unexpended December 31, 1906
$6,635 88
January 1, 1905, the balance on hand to pay school expenses to April 1, 1905 was $12,543.72 On January 1, 1906, the bal- ance was $10,395.04 or $2,148.68 less. The actual cost of the schools from January 1, 1906 to April 1, 1906, including unpaid bills of 1905, was $14,201.01 which shows there was a deficit January 1, 1906 of $3,805.97 so that the appropriation last March should have been $56,000 instead of $52,000.
The necessary expense (estimated) from January 1, 1907 to April 1, 1907 is $12,837.48 and the balance December 31, 1906
.
$56,115 98
·
929 00
5
is only $6,635.88, leaving an estimated deficit of $6,201.60 on April 1, 1907, but if there had not been a deficit last April of $3,805.97 and it had not been necessary during the year to have expended $1,895.16 on new construction the deficit would be only $500.47 April 1, 1907, $3,305.50 less than last April.
The amount available for transportation was about $400 less than in 1905 and the committee took action at once to reduce the expense to the lowest possible basis but the closing of the River school in September together with increased transportation from the Pratt and Shaw schools have caused this account to show a balance on the wrong side.
The estimates for the ensuing year are as follows :
Teachers' salaries including one new
teacher at Porter, $450 and a manual training teacher, $800 ·
$38,500 00
Superintendent .
.
2,000 00
Janitors' salaries and cleaning
.
4,000 00
Fuel
4,500 00
Repairs
3,500 00
Supplies
4,000 00
Miscellaneous
600 00
Incidentals (water tax)
300 00
Medical inspection (new law)
300 00
Manual training equipment at Hunt and Athens
1,000 00
Transportation of pupils
2,000 00
$60,700 00
Estimated cost from January 1, 1907 to
April 1, 1907 ·
$12,837 48
Balance on hand December 31, 1906 ·
6,635 88
Deficit
6,201 60
Total
$66,901 60
REPAIRS.
The committee on repairs arranged to expend $2500 for general repairs, including new adjustable desks for one room in the Bates, Howe, Tufts and Hunt schools. Later it was found necessary to place new boilers in the Jefferson school at a cost of
6
$357.94. After the fall term began, the heating apparatus in the Hunt school proved defective and a new boiler was purchased at an expense of $929. During the fall term the furnace in the Franklin school failed, and as new parts could not be obtained at once, a new furnace was secured costing $178.40.
The repair account has averaged nearly $3,000 for the past twenty years, but the coming year the committee asks for $3,500, as new desks are needed in twenty-five rooms, and there are other repairs, indicated farther on in the report. The new schoolhouses will in time reduce the repair account, but until new buildings are erected at the South and the Landing, the account cannot be reduced to a minimum.
SUPPLIES.
The bill for supplies has averaged $3,500 for the past ten years. In 1905, including bills carried forward ($1,440.17), the amount was $6,344.57. A rigid economy previous to 1905 reduced the textbooks throughout the schools to a condition where a large outlay was absolutely necessary. There has been no setting aside of books unused. They have simply worn out. The past year the actual contracts amounted to $3,297.56, and the supply on hand is only normal. The committee recommends an appropriation of $4,000, as many new books are needed at once.
The following figures may throw some light on the matter of school expenses. In Massachusetts the cost for school support for each child in the average membership, exclusive of new buildings and repairs, in 1895 was $23.88, and in 1905 it was $29.82, an increase in ten years of 24.87 per cent. In Wey- mouth the cost in 1896 was $21.38, and in 1906 it was $24.65, an increase of only 15.3 per cent. In the 1905 list, showing the cost of schools in proportion to the valuation, of the 353 towns in the State, Weymouth stands as the thirty-eighth, while in the 1904 list, Weymouth was the sixteenth.
The average cost per $1,000 of valuation in the State, in 1905, was $3.87, while in Weymouth it was $6.67. The average salary per month of teachers in the State was male $149.05, female $57.22.
In Norfolk County, male $129.00, female $55.50.
In Weymouth, male $85.60, female $48.40.
7
The average number of pupils per teacher in Weymouth in 1896 was 45, and in 1906 it was 35.43. The number of teach- ers in Weymouth in 1896 was 53, and in 1906 it was 62, not in- cluding drawing or music teachers.
The increase in the cost of school support for the town of Weymouth the past ten years has not kept pace with that of the average town in the State, mainly on account of the salaries of the teachers being lower than in other towns of our class. The number of scholars per teacher on account of better grading and the general idea that 35 to 40 pupils are all that any teacher can do justice to will account for the main increase in expense the past ten years, although fuel and janitors' service have been re- sponsible for a large share of it. In 1896 the cost of fuel, janitors' salaries and cleaning was only $4,629.01, while in 1906 the same items amount to $8,117.02.
CONDITION OF BUILDINGS INCLUDING REPAIRS FOR 1906.
At the Athens the roller curtaiu partition between two of the upper rooms has been replaced by a partition of regular construc- tion, new blackboards added, and general repairs attended to at an expense of $493.54.
All rooms are provided with adjustable desks. The room now occupied by the sixth and seventh grades is not properly heated and the sanitary arrangements are far from satisfactory in the whole building. Odors from the toilet rooms are in evidence when the building is closed for the night. The addition of steam radiators might remedy the defect in heating, but a radical change ought to be made at once in the toilet rooms. Doors should be constructed between hall and basement, and basement windows screened.
The River school has been closed and the building reverts to its original owners.
Only one room is used at the Adams school and this has been decorated and the building repaired. This is one of the oldest school houses heated by stove, with no ventilation, and the wind- ows and floor are in a very poor condition.
At the High School new radiators have been placed in the four north rooms, a drain constructed for basement sink, the building painted and thoroughly repaired at an expense of $1,009.07.
8
The Washington School, six rooms, needs new adjustable desks. It is fairly well heated and ventilated. The Jefferson school of four rooms is in good order with new furnaces and fair ventila- tion.
The new eight-room school-house on Lake street, East Wey- mnouth, will take the place of the Bicknell and the Franklin Schools next September. At Porter the new Pratt School will replace the Pratt and the Holbrook Schools, April 1. For particulars con- cerning the new schools, see reports of building committees.
At South Weymouth the Howe School needs an extra window in each of the two south rooms ; the heating and ventilating ap- pliances are very defective, notwithstanding the large amount expended last year, and the new furnace needs a cold air supply. There is no ventilation of halls, and the air in the building is usually bad.
The Hunt School at Weymouth Landing has narrow windows and far apart. The new heating apparatus works well and the ventilation is fair. The school in the upper hall labors under great disadvantages. The building as a whole is badly planned for modern schools. New desks and blackboards are needed. The Lincoln is old, heated by stoves, with no ventilation. The Tufts building violates every principle of health and safety. The best part of the building on the south side planned for a class room, is used for storage. The stairways converge on one land- ing and are dangerous in case of fire. It is high time to advo- cate the centralizing of the schools at the Landing and South Weymouth.
At the Bates School conditions are wretched. The windows which are on three sides, are insufficient to properly light the rooms. One room has blackboards painted on the plastered walls and no less than eight styles of desks. The floors through- out the building are worn out. The cellar is often flooded with water and the heating is by direct steam with no ventilation.
The Hollis and Pond Schools are old buildings heated by stoves with no ventilation. Only one room is used at the Pond and this has been decorated this year.
The Shaw School is in good condition but has adjustable desks in only one room.
9
A new twelve-room building for each village, so constructed that additions could be made as wanted, should receive the seri- ous consideration of our citizens in the immediate future.
COURSE OF STUDY.
The High School course has been improved by the addition of one period a week in German and English.
A lecture is to be given at an early date by Mr. Rane, State Forester, also one on tuberculosis, and arrangements will be made to have important topics presented from time to time.
The average number of pupils entering the first grade in our public schools each year is about 260. About forty per cent. of these enter the High school and about fifteen per cent. of these graduate. This is a high average, but shows that the great majority must get their education below the High school, and your committee has been impressed with the importance of strengthening the course in the grades without increasing the cost, and have finally adopted the "Kindergarten " and an eight year "course of study."
Beginning with Sept. 1st, pupils of five years of age will enter the Kindergarten and then begin the regular work of the course at six.
The Kindergarten training will be of more value to the average five-year-old child than the regular first year work has been, and he will readily complete the elementary school course in eight years.
MUSIC.
Desiring to place more emphasis on the subject of Music, your committee, in June, engaged Miss Neva W. Nash as supervisor, to carry on the Weaver System. Miss Nash began her duties in September, and gives five days a week to the work.
MEDICAL INSPECTION.
Dr. Virgin was engaged in June to make a thorough examina- tion of the eyes of scholars in the Franklin school. His report, which follows, clearly shows the condition prevailing in our town in this respect. Dr. Virgin's work was followed up, and nearly all who needed glasses obtained them, to their great advantage.
10
To the Honorable School Committee,
TOWN OF WEYMOUTH.
At a previous meeting of your Board it was voted to engage my services to examine the' eyes of the pupils in one of the public schools in Weymouth. This examination was to be for the pur- pose of ascertaining the condition of the eyesight of the pupils in our schools. The Franklin school was selected as being a repre- sentative one. I have attended to that duty and beg leave to submit the following report.
In the beginning, permit me to express my thorough apprecia- tion of the courtesy and assistance extended towards me by both teachers and pupils in my work among them. A more orderly, well conducted school than this one it has never been my good fortune to observe.
In looking over this school I found a very interesting condition from our standpoint. In one room were thirty-three pupils, com- prising a portion of the seventh and eighth grades under a very efficient teacher, Miss Moran. I was informed that a majority of these children were considered as being somewhat backward in their studies, some of them had failed in their promotions, and in other ways, were not doing satisfactory work. Now somewhat to my surprise, in talking to these children, one by one, I found them, as it seems to me, fully up to the average in intelligence and all mental qualifications which make for successful school work. The question at once occurred to me, are not some of these chil- dren suffering from some physical handicap? Members of the School Committee, when I tell you that more than 50% of these children complain of habitual headaches and more than 50% of them show defective eyesight, I think you will agree with me that I have discovered one such handicap.
In considering the matter of defective eye-sight in school chil- dren, one fact should be kept constantly in mind, and that is that the defect which is most likely to trouble them, often rendering the schoolroom a veritable torture chamber, from habitual head- aches, does not necessarily interfere with the vision in the least. A child with such a defect will see as well as another, and often somewhat better, when subjected to ordinary tests. It is often difficult to convince parents that a child needs glasses when his vision is perfectly good.
11
Another important point is that a child with defective vision is seldom aware of the fact himself. He knows that his head aches, that his eyes blur and water when he attempts to study, and some- times he sees things indistinctly at a distance, and yet he seldom complains. He was born with defective eye-sight and has always had it, and he has no way of comparing his vision with that of normal eyes. Such a child learns to accept conditions as he finds them, but he is conscious that he does not like school, falls behind in his studies, and often, and very unjustly, he is called dull and deficient mentally. Such a child will often leave school far in advance of the time when he should do so, preferring hard, man- ual labor which does not tax his eye-sight to the schoolroom. How often we hear parents regretting the fact that their children do not like to go to school, and as they say, "do not take to books," and they feel obliged, against their better judgment, to allow them to leave school and go to work. I feel very sure that if such cases could be investigated, a large proportion of them would show defective eye-sight, as the cause of their aversion to school work.
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