USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Acton > Town annual reports of Acton, Massachusetts 1941-1945 > Part 8
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Superintendent, Salary and Travelling Expenses
$1,780.09
Secretary
122.72
Office Expenses:
Bostitch Boston Inc., staples
$2.65
Walter Campbell, drawing
20.00
John Enneguess, envelopes
.64
J. L. Hammett Co., envelopes
3.43
Richard Greenman, petty cash advance
15.00
Leonard Godfrey, attendance officer
40.00
Walter Hall, petty cash advance
15.00
Frank Johnson, elementary record cards
2.12
Noble & Noble, vocational books
3.52
Katherine Kinsley, census
35.00
Murphy & Snyder, record cards
26.90
News-Enterprise
1.50
J. S. Moore
5.75
Post Office, envelopes
39.17
Samuel's, pictures
6.00
Wright & Potter, account blanks
6.17
Yawman & Erbe, file cabinet
19.15
Total General Control
$242.00 $2,144.81
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Expenses of Instruction
Supervisor's Salary, Drawing $525.00
Supervisor's Salary, Music 570.00
Supervisor's Salary, Physical Education
555.00
$1,650.00
Principal's Salary, High School
791.61
High School Teachers' Salaries:
Rebecca Bartlett
$1,070.00
Margaret Boornazian
1,500.00
Elinor Brown
660.00
Cecelia Callanan
400.00
Ruth Eynon
400.00
Richard Greenman
90.00
Robert Harris
1,397.00
Walter Holt
1,960.00
Henry Hopkinson
1,700.00
Marjorie Jones
1,245.44
Kalervo Kansanniva
1,120.00
John Mitchell
1,260.00
Eleanor Thompson
605.00
Marion Towne
1,500.00
Roger Walsh
480.00
Mrs. M. F. Marble, substitute
28.00
Louise Price, substitute
5.00
Marion Quimby, substitute
35.00
$15,455.44
Principals' Salaries, Elementary :
Ruth Berglind
$400.00
Clayton Craig
480.00
Theodore Ehrhardt
720.00
Kalervo Kansanniva
240.00
Julia McCarthy
1,400.00
Robert Perry
440.00
$3,680.00
Elementary Teachers' Salaries:
Helen Appleby
$920.00
Ruth Berglind
620.00
Cecelia Callanan
540.00
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Grace Callanan
1,015.00
Alice Feehan
882.00
Jennie Gleason
425.00
Florence Merriam
1,250.00
Carolyn Tuttle
820.00
Louisa Wood
518.00
Mrs. Clayton Craig, substitute
4.00
Anna Macone, substitute
5.00
$6,999.00
High School Textbooks
American Book Company
$27.41
Allyn & Bacon
5.49
Edward E. Babb & Co., Inc.
2.96
M. Barrows & Co.
2.28
Dura Binding Co.
45.55
Dodd, Mead & Co.
2.54
D. C. Heath & Co.
63.60
Gregg Publishing Co.
12.71
Funk & Wagnalls
16.11
Ginn & Co.
62.54
Harcourt, Brace & Co.
.78
Houghton Mifflin Co.
1.37
International Textbook Co.
16.08
J. B. Lippincott
7.66
Manual Arts Press
3.77
McCormick-Mathers Co.
11.98
Noble & Noble
.80
Rand McNally Co.
51.07
Chas. Scribner's Sons
21.90
D. Van Nostrand Co.
2.05
Macmillan Co.
10.38
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
14.10
Silver, Burdett Co.
1.92
South-Western Pub. Co.
7.54
John Wiley & Sons
1.71
$394.30
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Elementary Textbooks
Allyn & Bacon $5.27
American Book Co.
34.86
Arlo Publishing Co.
3.06
D. C. Heath Co.
5.58
Dura Binding Co.
45.56
Ginn & Co. 47.49
Harper & Bros.
1.70
Houghton, Mifflin Co.
30.01
Iroquois Pub. Co.
17.82
Little, Brown & Co.
6.65
John C. Winston Co.
26.36
Junior Literary Guild
1.27
Harcourt, Brace & Co.
2.88
Macmillan Co.
49.71
Chas. E. Merrill
.73
Chas. Scribner's Sons
2.87
Noble & Noble
20.33
Scott, Foresman & Co.
188.57
Silver, Burdett Co.
8.17
$498.89
High School Stationery and Supplies
A. B. Dick Co., stencils $25.73
Athletic Trainer's Supply, phys. ed. ma- terial 8.27
Acton Athletic Assoc., due on basketball
26.48
ATS Co., athletic letters
5.26
Boston Consolidated Gas Co.
45.67
Boston Music Co. 1.25
Brodhead-Garrett Co., Ind. Arts
66.49
Chicago Apparatus Co., lab. supplies
1.88
Central Scientific Co., lab. supplies 30.43
Denholm & McKay, dish towels 5.00
Fitchburg Hardware, Ind. Arts 13.58
Edward E. Babb & Co., paper supplies
63.29
J. L. Hammett Co., paper supplies 70.68
George T. Blake, Ind. Arts
2 40
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Central Electrical Supply Co., Ind. Arts
3.10
J. F. McGuinness, Ind. Arts
3.10
M. E. Manning, maps
7.00
Milton Bradley Co., drawing supplies
102.06
Murphy & Snyder
4.25
Lull & Hartford, baseball material
39.40
National Educ. Assoc., charts
1.72
Remington Rand, Inc,
154.00
Royal Typewriter Co.
154.00
Sawyer's, Ind. Arts
1.40
South-Western Publishing Co., type work- books
14.02
Schoolcrafters, paper, supplies
89.28
Henry S. Wolkins, paper, supplies
50.65
Science Research Assoc., occupational outlines
27.25
Sears, Roebuck Co., hectograph, motor
15.60
Taylor Instrument Co., charts
5.07
Underwood Typewriter Co.
154.00
Waite Hardware, Ind. Arts
10.26
Priscilla Cleansing Co.
30.20
$1,232.77
Elementary Stationery and Supplies
Ruth Berglind, hectograph material
$2.74
Edward E. Babb & Co., Inc., paper, supplies 68.27
Gledhill Bros., paper, supplies
32.63
J. L. Hammett Co., paper, supplies
71.80
Houghton Mifflin Co., charts, spellers
2.32
Laidlaw Bros., workbooks
5.10
McCormick-Mathers Co.
9.87
Milton Bradley Co., drawing supplies
142.41
National Education Assoc.
.44
Henry S. Wolkins, paper, supplies
50.66
Russell Sage Foundation, pamphlet
1.63
Schoolcrafters, paper, supplies
75.63
$463.50
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High School Operating Expense
Daniel MacDougall, Janitor Fuel 677.98
$1,350.00
Miscellaneous:
American Brush Co., mops, floor brushes $24.86
A. W. Davis Co., shovels, nails, paint, glue, etc. 31.10
A. P. W. Paper Co., toilet paper towels 49.00
Boston Edison Co. 394.62
Edward E. Babb & Co., thermometers, blotters 14.93
C. B. Dolge Co., oil, colorock
19.02
Haymarket Hardware, fire extinguisher
6.50
A. C. Gilbert, ashes
7.00
Laffin's Garage, gas, oil
7.50
Joe Gallant
32.00
William Horner, drain solvent, soap
14.75
Masury-Young, soap
9.86
N. E. Tel. and Tel. Co.
81.61
Porter-Cable Machine Corp.
10.32
Standard Cotton Goods Co.
10.13
Strong's Market, ammonia, spray
4.66
Cypras Kazokas, removal of rubbish
10.00
Parker Hardware, locks, keys
15.81
New Idea, overalls
2.98
West and South Water Supply
40.67
$787.32
Total High School Operating Expense
$2,815.30
Elementary Operating Expense
South
West Center
Total
Janitors
$776.00 $776.00 $696.00
$2,248.00
Fuel
315.49
401.48
202.15
919.12
Miscellaneous:
Boston Edison Co.
$58.01
$45.26
$24.69
N. E. Tel. & Tel. Co.
28.06
28.21
29.51
William Horner
4.93
4.91
4.91
Standard Cotton Goods
3.38
3.37
3.37
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Strong's Market
4.85
West and South Water
Supply
17.52
14.98
16.30
Masury-Young
3.29
3.28
3.28
American Brush Co.
8.29
8.29
8.28
A. P. W. Paper Co.
17.00
16.00
16.00
A. W. Davis Co., paint, glass
12.65
5.15
C. B. Dolge Co.
4.59
4.58
4.58
Edward E. Babb & Co.
.73
.73
.73
J. S. Moore, pails
9.66
1.50
Parker Hardware, bolts
2.06
Haymarket Hardware,
fire extinguisher
6.50
Bursaw Gas & Oil Co.
3.00
4.50
Benj. Sawyer, glass
10.00
Wm. P. Proctor Co.,
ยท weights
6.44
Ralph Piper
7.40
Mrs. Joe. DeSouza
2.00
R. J. Rodday, chair braces
13.06
N. Livermore
4.00
$181.36 $160.11 $138.36 $479.83
Total Elementary Operating Expense $3,646.95
High School Maintenance and Repairs
Allen Chair Corp.
$6.00
Avery & Murphy, bell, keys
1.25
American Floor Surfacing Machine Co., sander, discs 60.01
Boston Typewriter Co., repairs
15.75
Gledhill Bros. 15.30
1.09
Boston Staminite
17.50
International Bus. Machines Corp., clocks 51.00
Arthur L. Freese 57.65
Edward E. Babb & Co., Inc., shades
113.53
Denholm & McKay, curtain rods
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E. H. Sheldon Co., lab. sinks 46.55
Harold Day, map repairs
3.50
Frank E. Fitts Manuf. and Supply Co., mats 31.70
International Engineering Works, locker plates 5.29
Samuel Knowlton, painting
91.75
Irvine Astwood, smoke pipe 30.00
B. A. King, electrical 11.53
W. A. Freeman
23.97
Maynard Machine Co., sharpen lawn mower 4.00
Ralph Rogers, phonograph
2.00
Taylor Instrument Co., lab. clock
3.61
Waite Hardware, Ind. Arts
118.25
West Disinfecting Co., filpor, paint
34.85
Mass. Reformatory, audit. and Ind. Arts chairs
46.73
Middlesex Laundry
.30
J. T. Newcomb Co., knob spindles
1.13
Parker Hardware, bell, keys
14.57
Wm. P. Proctor Co., glass, nails, Ind. Arts
36.34
Walter Goss, tune piano
9.00
Wolverine Brass Works, spring
1.40
Niagara Machine & Tool Works, Ind. Arts
116.90
Byron L. Moore, wall, roof, heating
266.70
P. A. Dolan Co., radiator
10.00
George Rifford, valve discs
2.50
James Wilkinson & Company
73.75
$1,325.40
Elementary Maintenance and Repairs
South
West Center
Total
Reformatory for Women,
flags
3.47
3.47
3.47
J. S. Moore, pail, black- boards
5.55
Wm. P. Proctor Co.
4.93
49.85
8.64
Avery & Murphy, bell
1.25
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George Reed, fertilizer
3.74
3.73 3.73
B. A. King, electrical
3.13
2.15
Benjamin Sawyer, black- boards
27.30
Irvine Astwood, furnace
29.69
7.66
A. W. Davis Co., spring, glass
3.60
.60
W. A. Freeman
2.03
W. B. Holt, pipe
2.00
Henry Thatcher, porch
2.00
George Janvrin
1.50
8.75
Paul E. Dutelle Co., roof
374.00
Leonard Godfrey
18.85
Ruth Berglind, curtain
2.42
Samuel Knowlton, Painting
43.00
Maynard Supply, socket
3.40
David Lawson
3.20
So. Acton Woolen Co.,
cinders
1.50
Ralph Rogers
20.15
$80.56 $470.84
$97.36
Total Elementary Maintenance and Repairs
$648.76
Auxiliary Agencies
Health:
Dr. Ernest Mayell, examinations in high and elementary schools
$250.00
Beardsell Dry Cleaning
1.30
Middlesex Laundry
12.62
$263.92
Libraries:
Civic Education Service, library maga- zines 4.20
Gaylord Bros., library cards 7.30
G. P. Putnam's Sons 2.08
Herman Goldberger Agency, magazines 32.90
School Publications, library magazine 1.20
$47.68
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Transportation:
Ormal Laffin $5,000.00
Vocational Education:
Middlesex County, Tuition of Thomas Mitchell $63.71
City of Waltham, Tuition of Calvin Hol- lowell, Horace Butler, Lincoln Soares,
Allen Jensen, Harry Scribner 119.40
$183.11
Miscellaneous:
A B & C Transportation Company $1.22
Ayer Motor Express .30
Boston and Maine R. R.
.85
Commissioner of Public Safety, boiler inspection 5.00
C. C. Cullinane 10.10
Denholm & McKay, diploma ribbons
8.50
Dewick & Flanders, Inc., transportation bond 37.50
H. V. Church, National Honor Society pins 10.00
Murphy & Snyder, graduation tickets, programs 10.50
Pierce's Express
.50
Raynard's Express
1.75
Tackney's Express
.50
Vannah Lithograph Co.
40.85
Total Expended
$127.57 $47,369.01
Unexpended Balance
5.99
Appropriation
$47,375.00
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REPORT OF THE SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENT
To the School Committee
Acton, Massachusetts.
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I herewith submit my first annual report as Superintendent of Schools for the year.ending December 31, 1941.
In March, 1941, Mrs. Hazel O. Bundy and Mr. Walter B. Stevens were elected to succeed Mrs. Otis Reed and Mr. Sam- uel Knowlton. Mrs. Leland Howe was elected Chairman, and the Superintendent was elected Clerk, of the School Committee. Because Mr. Everett Montague and Mrs. Leland Howe changed their residence, Mr. Edward Schmitz and Mr. Robert C. Hall were appointed to serve until the next regular town election. Mr. Lowden was elected chairman to succeed Mrs. Howe.
Teachers
The following teachers terminated their service with the Acton School Department on or after the close of school in June, 1941: Mr. Theodore Ehrhardt (military service), Miss Elinor Brown (resigned to accept a position in Plymouth) , Miss Elynor Thompson (to be married), Mr. John Moran (re- signed to accept a position in Adams), Mr. Frank Braman (change of employment), Miss Arlene Hanson (to be married) , and Mr. Robert Perry (called by naval reserve) .
The following teachers were transferred in the Acton School Department: Mr. Greenman to be superintendent, Mr. Holt to be assistant principal, Mr. Kansanniva to teach Social Studies in the high school, Miss Cecelia Callanan to teach junior high school subjects, Miss Tuttle to teach Grades 5 and 6 in the South School, and Miss Wood to teach remedial work. Because of an increased enrollment, Miss Callanan became an additional teacher in the high school.
The following teachers were engaged to serve in the Acton School Department in or after September, 1941: Miss Ruth Eynon, Commercial subjects; Mr. Clayton E. Craig, Principal of Center School; Mr. Robert L. Perry, Principal of West School;
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Miss Constance Russo, Art Supervisor; Mr. Charles Yeremian, Music Supervisor; Miss Rita O'Donnell, Physical Education Su- pervisor; Mr. Roger T. Walsh, English and Coaching; and Mr. Ralph B. Hayes, Principal of West School. He is a graduate of Castleton, Vermont, Normal School, and a teaching principal with eight years of experience.
Mr. Ehrhardt and Mr. Perry are both on leave of absence because of military service.
The prospects for teacher turnover before the end of the school year 1941-1942 continue, for Miss Appleby has resigned and two of the men may be in military service. With a turn- over of ten or eleven teachers, over one-third of our staff, the need is clear for increasing salaries enough to attract and re- tain strong teachers. Minimum and maximum salaries for men and women, with annual increments, should be set up, the minimum depending on training and experience. An unofficial schedule, representing only a general policy, is suggested: $850-$1,350 for women and $1,000-$1,500 for principals in the elementary schools; and $1,100-$1,600 for women and $1,300- $1,800 for men in the high school.
Enrollment
The enrollment increased from 501 on October 1, 1940, to 529 on October 1, 1941, of which 247 were in the high school and 282 were in the elementary schools. A considerable number of students enter and leave during the year. In the fall five boys left to enter the Waltham Trade School. With new families moving to Acton for permanent residence, a slight increase in enrollment may be expected.
Finances
Economy was practiced in several ways by omitting the testing program, the use of educational films, and the painting of the South School. Most of the allotment for elementary repairs went for a rear gutter, long needed, at the West School. This work was done along with other projects to increase safety in the schools, as recommended by the chief of the fire depart- ment.
Although an adequate amount is set aside for normal
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maintenance, emergency outlays must be expected for such items as the following: flashing on high school skylights; defec- tive furnaces, water pipes and floors in the elementary schools; and painting the South School. The need continues for paint- ing corridors in the West School and for improvement of lighting in all schools by the use of 150-watt bulbs.
An increase is requested this year primarily to retain and attract strong teachers,if the town is to maintain good schools. It is the wish of every parent to secure for each child the best possible education, and this can be achieved only when teach- ers remain to build up a strong educational system and morale.
Elementary Education
The elementary schools continue to stress the funda- mentals, with special emphasis on reading. Under considera- tion is a single new English text to replace a variety of texts now in use, so that all students entering high school may have the same training. Miss Louisa Wood has been doing excellent remedial work, at one time spending a day and one-half in each building each week, but later resuming the plan for a remedial class in the South School, with pupils coming from other schools when transportation is possible. One child confined to her home on account of rheumatic fever is taught twice a week by Miss Wood.
Secondary Education
In order to strengthen the high school training, all students are required to take at least four prepared subjects daily and the points required for graduation are increased from 114 to 120. This program is easily within the reach of an average stu- dent.
High School Addition
Reports from several teachers follow, showing the benefits of the high school addition.
Typewriting Department:
The new arrangement for the typewriting department has greatly increased its efficiency. The anteroom makes it possible for students who have missed work because of ab- sence to make it up during any of their free periods. Mimeo-
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graph work for the school office and various organizations of the town is also done here without complete disruption of classes, as has been necessary heretofore. The six new ma- chines make it possible for more students to take typewriting. Home Economics Department:
The work of the home economics department has been improved this year by the addition of a sewing room apart from the foods laboratory. This has eliminated the crowded work- ing area for the girls in their foods work, particularly during the lunch preparation period. With less confusion in the room it is easier to clean up after lunch.
In the clothing classes there has also been a marked im- provement. New chairs and tables have given more comfort- able and suitable seating for sewing work. The benefit of. this is apparent in the general improvement in the quality of work and in time required to complete a project.
The prices of foods in the lunch room were raised in order to give the students the same quality and quantity as in the past. There has been some criticism of this rise in price, but the small balance shown in the financial report below shows the need for the increase.
Balance on hand, January 1, 1941
$19.52
Total Sales for 1941
1,762.83
Total expense for 1941
1,771.32
Balance on hand, January 1, 1942
11.03
$1,782.35
$1,782.35
Industrial Arts Department:
Mr. Mitchell's report shows the modern trend toward a general shop program in schools like ours.
"Briefly, the changes resulting from our increased shop facilities are as follows:
First: The physical set-up of the shop or laboratory, as it is now called, is divided in unit areas of work, such as wood, both machine and hand; metals, sheet, bench, foundry, and machine lathe operation; electrical, both house and bell wiring; ceramics, chiefly cement; finishing; planning and
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drawing. There are approximately 52 working stations which are adequate for a class of 20 boys or girls. Each unit area has its own tool panels or cabinets, thus eliminating a wasteful amount of walking. The planning and drawing center has been added because of the need for quiet, for freedom from dust, and for a suitable room to do the planning, reading, and drawing necessary in the process of making any article. The ceiling of the laboratory is sound deadened to prevent disturbing noises from permeating the building.
Second: The working equipment has been increased by the addition of a circular saw and jointer for woodworking; roll former, for rolling sheet metals and wire into cylindrical shapes; combination rotary machine used for burring, turning wire edges, crimping and beading sheet metals; stake plate holder and stakes used in sheet metal work. More emphasis is being placed on metal because of the need for instruction along this line. A few hand tools for use in wood and metal were also added. Drawing benches for use in the planning center were made to meet the need for proper drawing facilities. Arm chairs with writing tablets were also added to make writ- ing and sketching easier.
Third: The courses have been rearranged so that boys in the 7th grade receive a general course in drawing, wood- work, and metal; in the 8th grade, drawing, woodwork, metal work, and electricity. In the 9th grade, the course is general mechanical drawing and home mechanics. In the high school grades, shop subjects are elective, boys being able to choose a definite type of work in which they are interested. Projects made in the 7th and 8th grades are chosen because of their instructional, practical, and aesthetic values; however, freedom in the selection of projects in later years is left to the individual himself. Required of all, nevertheless, is a working drawing and bill of material, which give the boy or girl an opportunity to perform each step in making an article from the first draw- ing to the final product.
It is not enough that a student make an article; a well educated person knows not only the "what" of his subject, but
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also the "whys," "hows," and "wherefores." Thus, along with the making of an article, related information, occupational surveys, and consumer knowledge are integrated. It is well to note here that industrial arts education and vocational education do not mean one and the same thing. The former is a part of general education as are English and mathematics, and it is nec- essary for the making of a well-educated individual; the latter, however, is specialized training in one's future life work. This has no place in the program of general education; its place is in the program of trade or vocational education.
In connection with course and class arrangements the fol- lowing has been inaugurated this year and is proving highly successful. Each class now has its own shop period or periods. No longer are there three grades mixed together as in previous years, a condition which prevented effective instruction.
Class shop organization has been assigned to responsible individuals who are known as shop superintendents and fore- men. This type of organization known as "pupil per- sonnel" is most widely used and develops responsibility, co-operation, good work habits, and proper shop attitude and conduct. The plan has not been too successful, however, because of the lack of proper student leadership.
Fourth: The mechanical drawing branch of Industrial Arts has been improved with the new drawing room. The type of work produced is proof that a need has been answered. The types of drawing being taught are general mechanical drawing, architectural drafting, machine drafting, and aeronautical drafting. Though the number of students electing the latter type of drafting are few now, the future outlook is much bet- ter.
One observation, though not encouraging, must be made. Boys are not totally appreciative of the opportunities which are available to them. The attitude that they must be paid for doing that which they are sent to school to do, must be broken down. Efforts to break this attitude are proving most difficult unless full co-operation is obtained from parents of the students."
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Health
Health services in the schools are at a high standard because of the vigilance of Doctor Mayell and Mrs. Creeley, and because of co-operation on the part of the teachers and parents. Milk is bought or given (328 quarts in 1941) in the elementary schools, thanks to several local organizations.
Doctor McNally held his dental clinic as usual last year and will return in February, 1942. The financial report for 1941 follows:
Receipts
Expenditures
April 1, 1941, Dr. McNally $100.00
Jan. 3, P. T. A., play
102.00
May 12, Dr. Mc-
Nally 50.00
During year, money
paid by parents
158.65
Sept. 12, Dr. Mc- Nally 91.25
Jan. 1, 1942, Balance
on hand 24.41
$265.66
$265.66
Physical Education
The report of Miss O'Donnell follows:
"The importance of physical education in the schools is more than ever recognized in times of national emergency. The efficiency of our men and women depends on sound physi- cal development, a result which can be achieved only by an adequate and consistent program of physical education through the schools.
The physical education program for the lower grades comprises marching, exercises, mimetics, story plays and games adapted to the grades. The fundamental aims are the development of good posture, muscular co-ordination and imagination. In the high school the two periods a week are devoted to marching tactics, exercises, dancing, and the de- velopment of the technical skills used in the various sports. The sports program varies with the season and includes field hockey, basketball, volley ball, baseball, and hiking.
Jan. 1, 1941. Cash on hand
$5.01
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Besides the practical activity, theoretical instruction is given on health habits, life saving, and first aid.
A schedule of inter-school basketball is arranged for high school pupils; participation in these competitive games is an incentive to pupils to develop skillful techniques, team play, and good sportsmanship.
Some suggestions include:
1. Compulsory uniforms for all class work, allowing sufficient time for parents to procure these.
2. Athletic uniforms to be purchased by the A. A. for girls' field hockey and basketball teams, those to remain the property of the A. A.
3. Point system to be established for the awarding of school emblems.
4. Extra curricular activities to include group skating and other winter sports."
Mr. Walsh, an experienced coach and performer in sev- eral sports, has renewed interest in six-man football and basketball. The boys have responded with enthusiasm and already have performed with credit.
Acton High School Athletic Association-1941
Receipts
Expenditures
Cash on hand, Jan-
Supplies
$90.05
1,1941
$36.13
Transportation
148.50
Bus receipts
81.68
Referees
107.00
Gate receipts
74.60
Cleansing
10.05
Dog show receipts
8.86
Tax
9.33
Magazine receipts
152.11
Miscellaneous
15.57
Candy receipts
41.97
Cash on hand, Jan.
Dances
81.26
1,1942
198.59
A. A. dues
74.93
Miscellaneous
27.55
$579.09
$579.09
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Art and Music
In art Miss Russo is developing a general course. Freedom of expression is emphasized in the elementary grades as funda- mentals of line, form, and color are taught, the chief topics being animals, action figures, design, and appreciation of art. The object here is expression of the child, for without it he would not enjoy the beauty in his surroundings.
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