Illustrated history of Kennebec County, Maine; 1625-1892, Part 1

Author: Kingsbury, Henry D; Deyo, Simeon L., ed
Publication date: 1892
Publisher: New York, Blake
Number of Pages: 1790


USA > Maine > Kennebec County > Illustrated history of Kennebec County, Maine; 1625-1892 > Part 1


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Gc 974.101 K37k 112776


1


GENEALOGY COLLECTION


M. L


1


ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01091 7489


17.50


+75: 17 54


ILLUSTRATED HISTORY


-OF-


KENNEBEC OUNTY


MAINE


1625


1799


1892


EDITORS HENRY D. KINGSBURY SIMEON L. DEYO


Resident Contributors


JAMES W. BRADBURY


CHARLES E. NASH


WILLIAM PENN WHITEHOUSE


JOHN L. STEVENS


SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN


HOWARD OWEN


WILLIAM B. LAPHAM


HIRAM K. MORRELL


RUFUS M. JONES ASBURY C. STILPHEN


LENDALL TITCOMB


HARRY H. COCHRANE


J. CLAIR MINOT


GEORGE UNDERWOOD


JAMES M. LARRABEE HENRY S. WEBSTER


ORRIN F. SPROUL ALBION F. WATSON


NEW YORK H. W. BLAKE & COMPANY 94 READE ST. 1892


IN


Edition Limited to 1600 Prints.


COPYRIGHTED 1892, -BY- H. W. BLAKE & CO.


1 A


A. H. RITCHIE. Engravers, { HAZLETT GILMOUR. A. C. SHIPLEY.


Artist, FRANK M. GILBERT. Printer, J. HENRY PROBST. Binders, T. RUSSELL & SON.


1127768


INTRODUCTION.


H ISTORY is a record of human experience. Human acts are its sources, its forces, its substance, its soul. Individual life is its unit; collective biography its sum total. This book is an effort to preserve some of the staple facts in the lives of the men and women of Kennebec county. Those who have attempted such work know its difficulties; those who have not cannot understand them.


Early local history is, at best, but a collection of memories and tra- ditions, with an occasional precious bit of written data. Of necessity, such chains have many missing links. The questioner is so frequently told that had he but come ten-or twenty-years ago, such and such an one, now gone, could have told him so much. Those people then would surely have said the same of their predecessors. So if, for the printed page, we get what we can when we can, the reader has the best obtainable.


Happily, both in character and extent, the matter here given greatly excels the original expectations and plans of the publishers. In addition to the historical matter, in which they take genuine pride, they regard as of great importance the genealogical and biographical matter.


The facts of life and generation are beyond question of superla- tive worth. There is no more significant tendency of civilization than the growing attention paid to making more detailed records of family statistics. Scarcely a New England family of long, vigorous con- tinuance can be found, some loyal member of which has not-at great cost of time and often of money-prepared an approximate genealogy. Every effort at local history puts in imperishable form the priceless annals of the past. The recollections and experiences taken from the lips of the aged is so much rescued from oblivion. Every promi- nent figure in the realms of business, science, art or profession has


iv


INTRODUCTION.


passed through the uneventful periods of childhood and youth, often in some obscure locality; and there is not a town in Kennebec county whose pride in having produced and whose interest in watching or relating the careers of its honored sons and daughters do not still make its air richer and its sunshine brighter.


While writing these last lines on a winter's day near the close of the second year of labor on the work in hand, we wish in behalf of their posterity, whom we have tried to serve, to thank the good people of Kennebec who have so kindly and faithfully cooperated with us in every way to make this volume worthy of its title. Besides to twenty writers whose names these chapters bear, we gladly acknowledge our obligation to more than twenty hundred who have, in personal inter- views or in correspondence, or both, done what they could to leave for coming times this record of their county's past-this monument to what it is.


AUGUSTA, ME., DECEMBER, 1892.


Army Di Rigobury.


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I.


General View.


By Hiram K. Mor-


re11.


1


CHAPTER II.


The Indians of the Kennebec. By


Capt. Charles E. Nash .


9


CHAPTER III.


Sources of Land Titles. By Len-


dall Titcomb, Esq.


72


CHAPTER IV.


Civil History and Institutions.


78


CHAPTER V.


Military History.


109


CHAPTER VI.


Military History (Concluded).


122


CHAPTER VII.


Industrial Resources.


175


CHAPTER VIII.


Agriculture and Live Stock. By


Samuel L. Boardınan.


187


CHAPTER IX.


Travel and Transportation


225


CHAPTER X.


The Newspaper Press.


By Mr.


Howard Owen.


238


CHAPTER XI.


Literature and Literary People.


By Thomas Addison


254


CHAPTER XII.


The Society of Friends. By Rufus


M. Jones.


269


CHAPTER XIII.


History of the Courts. By Judge


William Penn Whitehouse.


297


CHAPTER XIV.


The Kennebec Bar. By James W.


Bradbury, LL.D.


308


CHAPTER XV.


The Medical Profession


347


CHAPTER XVI.


Augusta. By Capt. Charles E. Nash.


381


CHAPTER XVII.


Augusta (Continued)


405


CHAPTER XVIII.


Augusta (Concluded).


427


CHAPTER XIX.


Hallowell.


By Dr. William B.


Lapham


489


CHAPTER XX.


Town of Farmingdale. By A. C.


Stilphen, Esq ..


517


CHAPTER XXI.


Town of Winslow. By Henry D.


Kingsbury.


537


CHAPTER XXII.


City of Waterville.


By Henry D.


Kingsbury


568


CHAPTER XXIII.


City of Waterville (Concluded).


580


CHAPTER XXIV.


The City of Gardiner. .


601


CHAPTER XXV.


Town of West Gardiner.


668


CHAPTER XXVI.


Town of Litchfield. By H. D.


Kingsbury


684


CHAPTER XXVII.


Town of Pittston.


712


CHAPTER XXVIII.


Town of Randolph.


738


CHAPTER XXIX.


Town of Chelsea.


749


CHAPTER XXX.


Town of Monmouth. By Harry H.


Cochrane.


764


CHAPTER XXXI.


Town of Wayne.


807


.


vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


CHAPTER XXXII.


Town of Winthrop.


826


CHAPTER XXXIII.


CHAPTER XLI.


Town of Manchester


875


Town of Oakland


1064


CHAPTER XLII.


Town of Vassalboro.


1095


CHAPTER XXXV.


CHAPTER XLIII.


Town of Mount Vernon. ..


930


CHAPTER XXXVI.


CHAPTER XLIV.


Town of Fayette.


By George Un-


derwood, Esq.


953


Town of Windsor


1172


CHAPTER XXXVII.


CHAPTER XLV.


Town of Vienna.


974


Town of Albion.


1194


CHAPTER XXXVIII.


CHAPTER XLVI.


Town of Rome.


988


CHAPTER XXXIX.


CHAPTER XLVII.


Minot


993


Town of Clinton


1243


ILLUSTRATIONS.


Adams, Enoch, M.D. 348


Bodwell, Joseph R.


185


Adams, Hermon H. 1018


Boutelle, Nathaniel R. 351


Albion, Map of. 1202


Boutelle, Timothy. 308


Allen, E. C. 452


Bowman, Sifamai. 625


Asylum for Insane.


96


Bradbury, James W 318


Augusta, Settlers' Map.


387


Brooks, Samuel S


466


Ayer, John 1076


Brown, Frederick I


909


Bailey, Hannah J., Residence 852


Brown, Frederick I., Res. and Store.


908


Bailey, Moses.


853


Brown, George.


756


Barnard, Mrs. Henrietta M., Res .. 648


Burbank, Silas. 352


Burleigh, Edwin C. 82


Bussell, John 1124


Butman, James O., Farm Res. 910


Cabin, " Uncle Tom's." 705


Capitol, at Augusta 80


Carleton, Leroy T 324


Carr, Albert C., Residence 855


Carr, Daniel


832


Chelsea, Settlers' Map of.


750


China, Sketch Map of.


1140


Christ's Church, Gardiner 630


Cobb, Chandler F., Stock Farm 211


Cobbosseecontee Lake 880


Coburn Classical Institute.


100


Blake, William P. 1081


Blaine, James G.


456


Blaisdell, Elijah. 1233


Blake, Fred K., Residence 795


Blake, Henry M. 350


Blake Homestead. 795


Bassett, Alexander, Residence 1162


Bassett, Jonathan.


1162


Bean, Emery 316


Benson, Benj. Chandler 1079


Besse, Charles K. 980


Billings, Oliver 965


Billings Homestead. 965


Barton, Asher H. 1231


Barton, Asher H., Residence. 1232


Town of Benton


1218


Town of Belgrade.


By J. Clair


CHAPTER XL.


Town of Sidney.


1034


CHAPTER XXXIV.


Town of Readfield. By Henry D.


Kingsbury.


890


Town of China.


1139


Colby University


98


vii


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


Colcord, John B., Farm Residence. 1235


Collins, Jason 234


Hewins, George E., Residence 472


Collins, John. 672


Hewins Homestead. 472


Comfort Publishing House 443


Hewins, Daniel. 473


Cony, Daniel. 469


Haynes, J. Manchester 470


Cony High School 425


Cony, Samuel. 468


Copsecook Paper Mills. 615


Hodgdon, Elbridge G. 1262


564


Court House, Augusta 79


Crooker, Leander J. 354


Crosby, George H., Residence 1209


Holway, Oscar. 474


Cumston, Charles M 793


Hopkins, Myrick. 649


Cumston, Charles M., Residence. 792


Hopkins, Myrick, Homestead 648


Cushnoc, Plan of 1761 387


Howard, Oakes.


860


Dingley, J. B. 647


Dodge, Howard W. 1260


Doherty, Charles W 434


Druillette's, Fr. Gabriel, Autogr'h. 33


Insane, Hospital for the. 96


Jail, Kennebec County. 79


Jewett, Hartley W 532


862


Fairfax, Settlers' Map. 1202


Father Rale's Monument. 65


Kendrick, Cyrus 362


Kennebec Court House. 79


Kennebec County Jail. 79


Fifield, Joseph S., Farm Res. 883


Fogg, Samuel G., Farm Res 912


Kents Hill Seminary


102


Fort Western, Vicinity of. 392


Kilbreth, Sullivan. 887


Knight, Austin D


512


Ladd, Harvey.


Lamb, William. 1264


Lane, Samuel W 476


Lapham, Eliphalet H. 731


Lapham, William B. 260


Lawrence, Charles.


618


Lawrence, Sherburn 620


Lawrence Homestead 619


Lewis, Allen E. 740


Library, Hallowell.


502


Lithgow, L. W. 439


Longfellow, George A. 864


Loring, Henry S


1058


MacDonald, Roderick 920


Maine Wesleyan Seminary 102


Manley, Joseph H. 478


Marston, David E.


364


Minot, George E 1024


Minot, George E., Residence 1024


Mitchell, Benjamin G. 592


Monument, Father Rale's.


65


Morrell, Arch


656


919


Friends' Meeting House, Winthrop. 292


Gannett & Morse Concern. 443


Gardiner High School. 638


Gardiner Savings Bank. 627


Giddings, Wooster P 358


Giddings, Wooster P., Residence .. 358


Girls' Reform School. 104


Gott, John M .. 824


Gower, John. 857


Gray, Joshua 608 Guptill, D. F. 562


Haley, Eben D 180


Hallowell Social Library. 502


Hammond, Carlos.


1054


Hanscom, David. 1237


Hanson, James H. 588


Harlow, Henry M. 95


Harriman, Benjamin W. 914


Harriman, Benj. W., Residence. 915


Harvey Homestead .. 917


Harvey, William, Birthplace. 917


Hathaway, Charles F. 589


High School, Gardiner 638


Hobbs, Josiah S. 105


Cornish, Colby C. 556


Hodges, Albert.


Hodges, Albert, Residence. 564


Hodges, Barnum. 564c


Hussey, Ben. G., Residence. 1114


Hussey, Orrett J., Residence. 1128


Industrial School for Girls.


104


East Winthrop, Village Plan. 849


Eaton, Joseph 560


Emerson, Luther D. 1084


Jones, Levi.


Jones Plantation, Plan of. 1140


Faught, Albert, Residence 1052


Fifield, Joseph S. 883


Kent, Elias H., Residence. 968


Friends' Meeting House, East Vas- salboro. 276


viii


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


Morrell, Hiram K. 262


Sturgis, Ira D. 484


Morrell, James S. 1213


Strout, Albion K. P., Residence 373


Mt. Pleasant Stock Farm. 211


Taylor, Joseph. 1030


Nason, Charles H. 445


Thayer. Frederick C. 375


Nichols, Thomas B.


1130


"The Elms"-Res. Geo. H. Crosby. 1209


North, James W


479


Thing, Daniel H. 949


Oak Grove Seminary, 280


Thomas, Joseph B. 736


" Oak Hill "-Billings Homestead .. 965


"Oak Trees "-Gov. Williams' Res. 487


Titcomb, Samuel


336


Owen, Howard, Cottage 880


Torsey, Henry P. 926


Packard, Henry.


868


Towne, Benjamin F., Residence 567


Trott, Freeman 664


Rale, Fr. Seb., Autograph of. 53


"Uncle Tom's Cabin." 705


Richardson, Alton. 1268


Underwood, Joseph H


971


Robbins, George A., Residence. 1134


Rowell, Eliphalet.


514


Vining, Marcellus. 1192


Ware, John 598


Sanborn, Bigelow T. 97


Webb, E. F.


338


Savings Institution, Gardiner .. 627


West Gardiner Map


669


Searls, William T. 762


Whitehouse, Seth C.


486


Shores, George E. 595


1035


Whitehouse Homestead 1137


Whitmore, Chadbourn W 378


Whitmore, Nathaniel M.


342


Smith, E. H. W


481


Whitmore, Stephen.


376


Smith, William R 482


Snell, William B.


332


Williams, Joseph H. 487


Williams, Joseph H., Residence. 487


Williams, Reuel.


310


State House, Augusta 80


Williams, Seth


166


St. Augustine Church, Augusta. 436


Winslow, Map of.


538


St. Joseph's Church, Gardiner. 635


Winslow, Alfred 1092


St. Mary's Church, Augusta 432


Woodbury, John 710


Stevens, Greenlief T 92


Woods, Jacob S


986


Stevens Homestead. 1028


Whittier Homestead 984


Snow, Albion P .. ..


371


Springer, David S. 706


Whitehouse, William Penn.


297


Sidney, Sketch Map of.


Small, Abner R 1089


Smith, David T 704


Robbins, George A. 1134


Underwood Homestead. 972


Vassalboro, Plan of. 1096


Sampson, Thomas B. 679


Parsons, David E .. 366


Tinkham, Andrew W 804


HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.


CHAPTER I.


GENERAL VIEW.


BY HIRAM K. MORRELL.


Geographical and Astronomical Position .- Rocks .- Fossils .- Clay-beds .- Drain- age .- Streams .- Ponds .- Hills .- Climate .- Kames .- Shell Deposits .- Min- eralogy .- Primitive and Present Forests .- Landscapes .- Game .- Fishes.


T' "HAT portion of south-central Maine now embraced within the county of Kennebec-lying on either side of the Kennebec river and almost wholly drained by its tributaries-has an area of nearly a half million acres. Its southern boundary, thirty miles from the ocean, is in north latitude, 44°, whence it extends northward to 44° 31'. It is from twenty to thirty-five miles wide, lying between meridians 69" 20' and 70° 10', west. Its greatest diameter from north- east to southwest is 48.5 miles. With the ultimate purpose of tracing the course of human events within this territory, our more immediate purpose in this chapter is to consider the county as a physical struc- ture, regardless of its occupancy by man.


The indications of a glacial period are probably as well shown in this county as anywhere in Maine. Underlying the modified drift are often found masses of earth and rocks mingled confusedly together, having neither stratification nor any appearance of having been deposited in water. These are the glacial drift, or till. This drift frequently covers the slopes, and even the summits, of the greater elevations. It contains bowlders of all diameters up to forty feet, which have nearly all been brought southward from their native ledges, and can be traced, in some instances, for a hundred miles, southward or southeastward. Wherever till occurs, the ledges have mostly been worn to a rounded form, and, if the rock be hard, it is covered with long scratches, or stric, in the direction of the course taken by the bowlders. Geology now refers these to a moving ice- sheet which spread over this continent from the north, and was of sufficient thickness to cover even Mount Washington, to within 300


1


2


HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.


feet of its top. This ice-sheet was so much thicker at the north than in this latitude that its great weight pressed the ice steadily onward and outward to the south-southeast. The termination of this ice-sheet in the Atlantic, southeast of New England, was probably like the present great ice-wall of the Antarctic continent.


Of Maine as a whole the rocks are both metamorphic (i. e., changed from the original sandstones, shales, conglomerates and limestones by the action of heat, water and chemical forces into other kinds of rock than their first character) and fossiliferous. These metamorphic strati- fied rocks occur: gneiss, mica schist, talcose schist, steatite, and ser- pentine, the saccharoid limestone, clay slate, quartz, and conglomer- ates, jasper, siliceous slate, and hornstone. The unstratified rocks are mostly granite, sienite, protogine, porphyry, and trap or greenstone.


The fossiliferous rocks are Paleozoic, except some marine alluvial deposits, and represent the Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devon- ian, and Drift and Alluvium groups. These formations have been studied but superficially, as yet, by scientific men; Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, however, gives this arrangement: Champlain clays, terti- ary; Glacial drift, till; Lower Carboniferous or Upper Devonian; Lower Devonian, Oriskany group; Upper Silurian; Silurian and Cam- brian clay slates; Cambrian and Huronian with Taconic; Montalban; Laurentian; Granite; Trap and altered slates. The topographical survey by the government is not yet published, and Prof. W. S. Bayley, of Colby University, says that not even a nucleus of a repre- sentative collection of the minerals of the state exists anywhere in it, although Maine possesses unique minerals unknown elsewhere.


The accepted theory of many geologists, among them Miller, Lyell and Darwin, is that there was a time during the Pleistocene period when most of this continent was under water; when the whole of Kennebec county was submerged; and that millions of immense icebergs were carried by the currents, bringing large bowlders frozen firmly to their bottoms. These, passing over the submerged ledge, ground to impalpable powder that which, precipitated in layers on the then ocean bottom, formed the clay layers of to-day. The subsequent gradual elevation of the eastern coast of this continent left above tide water many of the characteristics of the former ocean bottom, and now at various depths below the surface layers of marine shells may be found.


The surface in many sections is of slate of the lower Silurian formation, which, having been ground «o a fine paste, makes the gray clay, frequently tinged with oxide of iron and containing fossil marine shells. Where these clay-beds are deepest the clay is very salt and sometimes contains water-worn pebbles, on some of which fossil barnacles have been found. Under the gray clays is the blue clay deposit, doubtless antedating them by many ages, and formed in part


·


3


GENERAL VIEW.


from the ocean ooze. These original clay deposits are thirty, sixty, and in places, more than one hundred feet thick, through which the streams have cut deep channels, leaving the clay hills of irregular outline.


Of the county as a place of residence it hardly seems necessary to speak. Those who have always lived in it show, from that fact, their appreciation of it. Those who have gone from it have either come back, or intend to, if they can. Those who have been away from it and returned, think most of it, and the more they have traveled, the more they appreciate good "Old Kennebec " as a home.


I was born in it and always lived in it except about two years in Minnesota, and then I had a home here. I have been young and now I am old, yet never have I seen the Kennebecker forsaken, nor his seed begging bread-and never expect to-unless he is too lazy to work. I have traveled in twenty-six states, both of the Canadas, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and I honestly, after mature deliberation, believe that in no other land can one with honesty and thrift get more of the good things of life-of all that makes life enjoyable to the hon- est, intellectual man-than in Kennebec county.


The county is one of the highly favored places of the world as to its water and drainage systems. The splendid water power at Water- ville, known as Ticonic (anciently spelled Teconnet) falls, is the head of navigation for large boats.


The total fall of the Kennebec from the foot of Ticonic falls to Augusta is 36.6 feet. The dam at Augusta, which is passed by a lock, inakes still water for several miles. Just below Ticonic falls the Sebasticook river, having drained Winslow, Benton and Clinton, and many towns in Somerset county, joins the Kennebec near the old Fort Halifax of 1746. The Messalonskee stream, having drained the lake of the same name and five towns and several large ponds, at Oakland tum- bles in a beautiful cascade of forty feet and soon enters the Kennebec, just below and opposite the mouth of the Sebasticook. . Several large brooks or streams, which would be called rivers in the western part of the state, enter the Kennebec between Waterville and Gardiner, where the Cobbosseecontee-the prettiest, merriest and busiest of streams- having drained the towns of Wayne, Winthrop, Monmouth, Litchfield and West Gardiner, in Kennebec county, and several in Androscoggin and Sagadahoc, after a vexed and troubled journey of a mile over eight dams, with a fall of 128 feet, laughingly and gleefully enters placidly the Kennebec.


The Cobbossee is the outlet of Cobbossee Great pond, which re- ceives also the waters of Annabessacook and Maranocook ponds. It also receives the discharge from Lake Tacoma, or "Shorey pond," Sand, Buker, Jimmy and Wood ponds, which are nearly on a level, and known on the map as Purgatory ponds. It is one of the best and most


4


HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.


available water powers in the state. Worromontogus stream, the out- let of the pond of the same name-usually abbreviated to " Togus "- forms the line between Randolph and Pittston, where it forms a valu- able water power before its entrance into the Kennebec. The south- ern and eastern portions of Pittston are drained by the Eastern river, which joins the Kennebec at Dresden, opposite Swan island. Windsor is drained by the eastern branch of the Sheepscot. The towns in the extreme west of the county contain sixteen ponds which drain into the Androscoggin. As a whole, the water that falls on Kennebec county flows into the ocean through the Kennebec, for it receives all of the water of the Androscoggin at Merrymeeting bay.


Of course this imperfect sketch of these leading drainage systems gives but a faint idea of the water system of the county. On Half- penny's atlas of Kennebec county, some seventy-five named ponds are laid down, which number of course does not include all. Some of these ponds, several miles in extent, would be called lakes in other places. Cobbossee Great pond forms the boundary, in whole or in part, of five towns; and there are several others nearly as large. I will not consider the water powers of these ponds and streams, but their natural beauties and attractions. I know them and love them, but it will take an abler pen than mine to picture even a small part of their loveliness. If I cared to tempt the hunter and fisherman-but I do not-I could tell wondrous tales, and wondrous because they are true, of the trout, black bass, white perch, pickerel, and many other kinds of fishes I have seen, which were taken from our beautiful brooks and ponds; and of the woodcocks, partridges, ducks and other game that others shot-others I say, for I never fired a gun in my life.


One can hardly go amiss, who seeks for pleasure with the gun or rod in almost any town in the county. It is the sportsman's paradise. But to me, and such as I, her ponds and cascades, her placid streams and murmuring brooks, her ever-verdant fields and forest-clad hills, have a deeper and nobler attraction than merely as a haunt for the slayer. If everybody saw the natural beauties of Kennebec county, as the true lover of nature sees them, and enjoyed them as he enjoys them, the county would not be large enough for those who would want to live in it. She has no mountains to awe or weary the trav- eler and take up the room of better scenery, but she has picturesque hills and bluffs, overlooking smiling valleys, dotted with lovely vil- lages; hills from which Mounts Kearsage, Washington and the whole Presidential range may be seen, as well as Mt. Blue, Mt. Saddleback, Abraham, Bigelow and others. The views from Oak hill, in Litch- field, and from Monmouth Ridge and Pease's hill in Monmouth, Cross hill in Vassalboro, Deer hill in China and Bolton hill in Augusta, are as fine as one needs to see.


The climate is the best abused thing in Maine, the abuse coming


5


GENERAL VIEW.


mostly from those who do not know what a good climate is. I used to think that Maine was hardly decent for any man to attempt to live in; but having spent three winters in Florida, and having sampled the winter climate of the much bepraised western highlands of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, and spent nearly two years in Minnesota and Iowa, I have come to the conclusion that Ken- nebec county is the best county for me to live in, summer or winter. There are some days in dog-days, and perhaps some weather in March and November, that might be improved, but take it as a whole, one season with another, Kennebec has as good a climate as any place in the world; and her sons and daughters, physically, mentally and mor- ally, will compare favorably with the men and women of any land. We are too warm in winter, but the climate is not to blame for that. Maine people keep themselves warmer in the winter than in summer.


We are far enough from the ocean to escape its damp, salt, chilly air, yet near enough to temper our summer heat with the sea breezes. For forty years our average annual rainfall, including melted snow, has been 43.24 inches, which is about 35 per cent. in excess of six other states west of Maine, where records have been kept. The mean rainfall in Kennebec county, between May 31st and September 14th, is 11.11 inches; the winter precipitation is 10.13 inches, and that of fall and spring 10.50 inches. Our rainfall is so evenly distributed that the county rarely suffers from excessive storms, or from droughts. In fine, if one cannot live here to a good old age, he is likely to die young anywhere, and not necessarily because he is beloved of the gods either. Octogenarians are common, and centenarians are by no means rare. But one's life in Kennebec county, be it longer or shorter, is worth a good deal more than it would be anywhere else.


While the chief industrial wealth of Kennebec county is in her agriculture and her varied manufactures noticed in subsequent chap- ters, she also utilizes her disadvantages, and her frozen river and her rocky hills become a source of employment for thousands, of business and revenue to many, and of general welfare to the whole community. Her ice business alone probably brings a million dollars a year to the county, while her granite quarries furnish work for scores of skilled laborers, and the leading cities of almost every state are proud of their architectural specimens of the enduring productions of Ken- nebec.




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