USA > Maine > First Maine bugle, 1892 (history of 1st Maine Cavalry) > Part 13
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The only remains of theb picturesque national costume that we saw, was the cap. The women wore a curious knot of han. about the size of a small egg, over each car, while the men wore their hair cut off straight around, a few inches above the shoulders.
In point of personal cleanliness, these people equal any abo rigines we have seen, though their camp exhibited that supreme contempt for sanitation that characterizes every village excep the Hudson Bay Co.'s posts on the Labrador coast, whether of Indians, Esquimaux or "planters," as the white and half-breed settlers are called.
Some curious scenes were enacted while the professor was trading for his desired ethnological material. With inexhaust- ible patience and imperturbable countenance, he sat on a log. surrounded by yelping dogs, and by children and papooses of more or less tender ages and scanty raiment, playing on ten cent harmonicas that had for a time served as a staple of trade. struggling with the dogs and with their equally excited mothers and sisters for a sight of the wonderful basket from whose apparently inexhaustible depths came forth yet more harmonicas. sets of celluloid jewelry, knives, combs, fish-hooks, needles, etc .. ad infinitum. The men, whose gravity equalled the delight of the women and children, hell themselves somewhat aloof, seldom deigning to enter the circle about the magic basket, and making their trades in a very dignified and careless fashion.
That these people are capable of civilization there can be no doubt. Missing the interpreter, without whom nothing could be done, the professor inquired for him and learned that he had returned to his wigwam. Upon being summoned he said he was tired of talking. Thereupon the professor bethought himself and asked him if he wanted more pay. The interpreter, no longer tired, was willing to talk all night.
The camp was in a bend of the river and at the head of rapids about four miles from the mouth, up which we had to track, that is, one man had to haul the boat along by the bank with a small rope called a tracking line, while another kept her off the rocks by pushing against her with an oar. At that point the river
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opened out into a beautiful lake from one to two miles in width, whose further end we could not see. As this river never has been explored to its head, we were surprised that Messrs. Bryant and Kenaston, who were ready for their inland trip about a week after our party had started up the Grand River, had not chosen it as a field for their work rather than follow in the foot- steps of our expedition.
Of all Labrador north of the Straits, North West River alone boasts a carriage road. To be sure, there are neither horses nor carriages at that post, but when Sir Donald A. Smith, at present at the head of the Hudson Bay Co.'s interests in Canada, but then plain Mr. Smith, factor, was in charge of that post hi. energy made the place a garden in the wilderness, and in addi- tion to luxuries of an edible sort, he added drives in a carriage through forest and by shore, for about two miles, on a well mads road. . Now, we are informed there is not a horse or cow north of Belle Isle. The present factor, Mr. McLaren, is a shrewd Scotchman, genial and warm-hearted beneath a rather forbidding exterior, as all of our party who experienced his hospitality can testify.
In spite of all its attractions we could not stay at North West River. In five weeks we were to meet our river detail at Rigo. lette, and during that time a trip north of 400 miles was to be made and the bulk of the expedition's scientific work to be done.
Our day's sail, with fresh breezes and favoring squalls, took us the whole length of the delightful lake, whose waters had seldom been vexed by a keel as long as the Julia's, and brought us to an anchor off Eskimo Island. Here we had one of our regular fights with the mosquitoes, the engagement perhaps being a trifle hotter than usual, for they swarmed down the companion way every time the " mosquito door," of netting on a light frame hinged to the hatch house, was opened, in brigades and divisions and finally by whole army corps, till we were forced to retreat to our bunks, drive out the intruding hosts, which pail no respect whatever to our limited 6x3x3 private apartments, by energetically waving and slapping a towel around, then quickly shutting the door of netting, also on a tightly fitting frame, and
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devoting an hour or two at our leisure to demolishing the few stragglers that remained within ; or possibly the whole night, if an unknown breach had been found by the wily mosquito sonic where in our carefully made defenses. A few bones were taken from the Eskimo graves that abound on the island, but the mos- quitoes seriously interfered with such work and the party soon returned to the vessel. The absolutely calm night allowed the mosquitoes to reach us and stay ; and in spite of its brevity and the utter stillness of the vast solitude about us, broken only now and then by a noise from the little Halifax trader whose acquaint- ance we here made for the first time, and of whom we saw so much on our return voyage across the gulf, or by the howling of wolves and Eskimo dogs in the distance, we were glad when it was over and a morning breeze chased from our decks the invad- ing hosts.
A short stop at Rigolette, to send about fifty letters ashore, a two days' delay in a cold, easterly storm at Turner Cove, on the south side of the inlet, when the icy winds, in contrast to the warm weather we had lately enjoyed, made us put on our heavy clothes and, even then, shiver-a delay, however, that we did not grudge, for we were in a land of fish, game and labradorite -- this of a poor quality, as we afterward learned -- and where the doctor had more patients than he could easily attend to. At last a pleasant Sunday's run to Indian Harbor got us clear of Hamilton Inlet. There we found the usual complement of fish and fishing apparatus, but with the addition of a few Yankee vessels and a church service.
The latter we were quite surprised to find, and several went. out of curiosity, and had the satisfaction of finding a small room, packed with about fifty human beings, with no ventilation what- ever, and of sitting on seats about four inches wide with no backs. The people were earnest and respectful, but did not seem to understand all that was said, as, perhaps, is not to be wondered at, since they are the poorest class of New foundlanders.
Indian Harbor is like so many others on the coast, merely a " tickle" with three ticklish entrances full of sunken rocks and treacherous currents .. The small islands that make the harbor
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are simply bare ledges, very rough and irregular in outline. The fishing village, also, like all others, consists of little earthen-cov- ered hovels, stuck down wherever a decently level spot fifteen fect square can be found, and of fishing stages running out from every little point and cove, in which the catch is placed to be taken care of, and alongside of which the heavy boats can lie without danger of being smashed by the undertow that is con- tinually heaving against the shore.
A two days' run brought us up to Cape Harrigan, rounding which we went into Webeck Harbor, little thinking that in that dreary place storm and fog would hold us prisoners for five days. That was our fate, and even now we wonder how we lived through that dismal time.
One day served to make us familiar with the flora, fauna, geog- raphy and geology of the region, for it was not an interesting place from a scientific point of view, however the fishermen may regard it, and after the departure of the mail steamer, leaving us all disappointed in regard to mail, time dragged on us terribly.
Two or three of the more venturesome ones could get a little sport by pulling a long four miles down to the extremity of Cape Harrigan, where sea pigeon had a home in the face of a mag- nificent cliff. against the bottom of which the gunners had to risk being thrown by the heavy swell rolling against it, as they shot from a boat bobbing like a cork, at " guillemots " flying like bullets from a gun out of the face of the cliff. One evening a relief party was sent off for two who had gone off to land of. a bad lee shore and were some hours overdue. To be sure the missing ones arrived very soon, all right, while the search party got back considerably later, drenched with spray and with their boat half full of water, but the incident gave some relief from the monotony.
Another evening several visiting captains and a few friends from ashore were treated to a concert by the Bowdoin Glee and Minstrel Club. All the old favorites of from ten years ago and less were served up in a sort of composite hash, greatly to the delight of both audience and singers.
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At Webeck Harbor, which we came to pronounce " Wayback," probably because it seemed such a long way back to anything worthy of human interest, we saw the business of catching cod at its best. They had just " struck a spurt," the fishermen said, and day after day simply went to their traps, filled their boats and bags, took the catch home, where the boys and " ship girls " took charge of it, and returned to the traps to repeat the process. An idea of the amount of fish taken may be given by the figures of the catch of five men from one schooner, who took one thou- sand quintals of codfish in thirteen days. We obtained a better idea of the vast catch by the experience of one of our parties who spent part of a day at the traps, as the arrangement of nets along the shore is called, into which the cod swim and out of which they are too foolish to go. They are on much the same plan as salmon weirs, only larger, opening both ways, and being placed usually in over ten fathoms of water and kept in place by anchors, shore lines, and floats and sinkers. Once down they are usually kept in place a whole season. The party were in a boat, inside the line of floats, so interested in watching the fish- ermen making the " haul," as the process of overhauling the net and passing it under the boat is called, by which the fish are crowded up into one corner where they can be scooped out by the dozen, that they did not notice that the enormous catch was being brought to the surface directly under them till their own boat began to rise out of the water, actually being grounded on the immense shoal of codfish.
It was a strange sensation and makes a strange story. All the time that we were storm-stayed at Webeck the " spurt " con- tinued, and the trap owners were tired but jubilant. The " hand- lining " crews were correspondingly depressed, for, though so plenty, not a cod would bite a hook. It is this reason, that is, because an abundance of food brings the cod to the shores in great numbers and at the same time prevents them from being hungry, that led to the abandonment of trawling and the univer- sal adoption of the trap method. We did not see a single trawl on the coast, and it is doubtful if there was one there in use.
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During these spurts, the day's work just begins, in fact, after the hard labor of rowing the heavy boats out, perhaps two mi! », to the trap, hauling, mending the net, loading and unloading the Ash -always a hard task and sometimes a very difficult one on account of the heavy sea -- has been repeated three or four times ; for the number of fish is so great that the stage becomes over- loaded by night, and the boat crews then have to turn to and help take care of the catch and clear the stage for the next day's operations. Till long after midnight the work goes mer- rily on in the huts or shelters over the stages, for the hard work then means no starvation next winter in the Newfoundland homes, and the fish are split, cleaned, headed, salted and packed with incredible rapidity.
The tired crews get an hour or two of sleep just as they are ; then, after a pot of black tea and a handful of bread, start out to begin the next day's work, resting and cating during the hour between the trips, and then going out again, and repeating the some monotonous round over and over till we wondered how they lived through it, and what was to be done with all the fish. When there is a good breeze the boats are rigged and a large part of the weary labor of rowing is escaped. How tired the crews would look as the big twenty-four feet boats went dashing by our vessel in the fog and rain, on the outward trip, and how happy, though if possible more tired, as they came back three or four hours later, loaded to the gunwale with cod, and think- ing, perhaps, of the bags full that they had left buoyed near the trap because the boat would not carry the whole catch. It is a hard life, and no wonder the men are not much more than ani- mals; but they work with dogged persistence, for in a little more than two months enough must be carned to support their families for the year. When the " spurt" ends the crews get a much needed rest, and attend to getting a supply of salt ashore from the salt vessel from Cadiz, Spain, one of which we found lying in nearly every fishing harbor, serving as a storehouse for that article so necessary to the fishermen.
As to the magnitude of the industry, it is estimated that there are about 3,000 vessels and 20,000 men employed in it during
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the season. Some of the vessels are employed in merely bring. ing salt and taking away the fish, notably the great iron tramp steamers of from 1,500 to 2,000 tons, which seem so much out of place moored to the sides of some of the little rocky harbor -. The average catch in a good year is, we were informed, from four to six hundred quintals in a vessel of perhaps forty ton .. by a crew of from four to eight men. The trap outfit cost- about $500 and is furnished by the large fish firms in Newfound- land, to be paid for with fish. As the market price, to the fish- ermen, is from five dollars to six dollars a quintal, the value of the industry is at once apparent.
The great bulk of the fish go to Mediterranean ports direct, to Catholic countries, chiefly, and also to Brazil. The small size and imperfect curing which the Labrador summer allows make the fish almost unsalable in English and American mar- kets. Many of the cod arc of the black, Greenland variety. which are far less palatable, and are usually thrown away or cured separately for the cheaper market.
. All storms come to an end finally, and at last the sun shone, the windlass clanked and we were underway. The long delay seemed to have broken our little schooner's spirits, for after being out three or four hours we had gone but as many miles, and those in the wrong direction.
At length the gentle breeze seemed to revive her and we gently slipped by the Ragged Islands and Cape Mokkavik. That Sunday evening will long be remembered by us, for in addition to the delight we felt at again moving northward, and the charm of a bright evening with a gentle, fair wind and smooth water, allowing us to glide by hundreds of fulmar and shearwater sitting on the water, scarcely disturbed by our pas- sage, the moon was paled by the brightest exhibition of the aurora we saw while in northern waters. Its sudden darts into new quarters of the heavens, its tumultuous waves and gentle undulations, now looking like a fleecy cloud, now like a gigantic curtain shaken by still more gigantic hands into ponderous folds -all were reflected in the quiet water and from the numerous bergs, great and small, that dotted the surface, till the beholder
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was at times awe-struck and silent, utterly unable to find words with which to express himself.
The next day we rounded Gull Island, which we identified with some difficulty, owing to the absence of the flagstaff by which the coast pilot says it can be distinguished, and, after : delightful sail up the clear sound leading through the fringe of islands to Hopedale, we spied the red-roofed houses and carth- covered huts, the mission houses and Eskimo village, of which the settlement consists, snugly hidden behind little " Anatokavit." or little Snow Hill Island, at the foot of a steep and lofty hill surmounted by the mission flagstaff. Here we were destined to pass five days as pleasant as the five at Webeck had been tedious.
The harbor at Hopedale is the best one we visited on the coast. The twelve miles of sound, fringed and studded with islands, completely broke the undertow which had kept our ves- sel constantly rolling, when at anchor, in every harbor except those up Hamilton Inlet and Lake Melville.
About two miles south of us a vast, unexplored bay ran for a long distance inland, while to the north, looking from Flagstar Peak, we could see Cape Harrigan and the shoals about it, the numberless inlets, coves and bays which fill in the sixty miles to Nain. We were very much disappointed at our inability to go north to that place, but before our start from the United States Hopedale had been named as the point with which we would be content if ice and winds allowed us to reach it, and that point proved the northern limit of our voyage.
About half a mile across the point of land on which the mis- sionary settlement lies, is the site of the pre-historic village of " Avatoke," which means " may-we-have-seals." It consisted of three approximately circular houses, in line parallel with the shore, at the head of a slight cove, backed to the west by a high hill, and with a fine beach in front, now raised considerably from the sea level. Along the front of the row of houses were immense shell heaps, from which we dug ivory, that is, walrus teeth; carvings, stone lamps, spear heads, portions of kyaks. whips, komatiks, as the sleds are called, etc., etc., and bones innumerable of all the varieties of birds, fish and game on which
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the early Eskimo dined; as well as remnants of all the imple. ments which Eskimos used in the household generations ago, and which can nearly all now be recognized by the almo. tiden- tically shaped and made implements in the houses of Eskimo- there in Hopedale, so little do they change in the course of centuries. The village has been completely deserted for ova one hundred years, and was in its prime centuries before that, so the tales of its greatness are only dim Eskimo traditions.
The houses were found to average about thirty-five feet across on the inside; are separated by a space of about fifteen fect, and each had a long, narrow doorway or entrance, being almost exactly in line. The walls are about fifteen feet thick and now about five feet high, of earth, with the gravel beach for a foun- dation. The inside of the wall was apparently lined with some- thing resembling a wooden bench. When, in one of the houses, the remains of the dirt and stone roof that had long since crushed down the rotten poles and seal skins that made the framework and first covering, had been carefully removed, the floor was found to be laid with flagstones, many three or four feet across. closely fitted at the edges and well laid in the gravel so as to make a smooth, even floor. This extended to the remains of the bench at the sides, and made a dwelling which for Eskimo land must have been palatial. The evidences of fire showed the hearth to have been near the center of the floor, a little towards the entrance, in order to get the most from its heat. The Hope- dale Eskimo were themselves surprised at the stone floor, but one old man remembered that he had been told that such floors were used long ago, in the palmier days of Eskimo history, if such an expression is fitting for an arctic people.
A village arranged on a similar plan, except that the houses were joined together, was found to constitute the supposed remains of a settlement on Eskimo Island in Lake Melville.
In both cases the front of the row is towards the cast, and the houses are dug down to sand on the inside, making their floors somewhat below the level of the ground.
A more thorough investigation than we were able to make of the remains at Eskimo Island would undoubtedly yield much of
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interest and value, for they were if anything even older than those at Hopedale, probably having been abandoned after the battle between Eskimo and Indians, fought on the same island, which has now become a tradition among the people.
Five days were spent in this most interesting ethnological work, and hard days they were, too, as well as interesting, for the mosquitoes, black flies and midges were always with us; but on the other hand, the Eskimo interpreter was continually describing some national custom which some find would suggest to him, and very ingenious he proved to be in naming finds which we were entirely ignorant of or unable to identify.
The race as a whole is exceedingly ingenious. quick to learn, handy with tools, and also ready at mastering musical instru- ments. One of the best carpenters on the Labrador is an Eskimo at Aillik, from whom we bought a kyak ; and at Hope- dale in the winter they have a very fair brass band. The art of fine carving, however, seems to be dying out among them, and now there is but one family, at Nain, who do anything of the sort worthy the name of carving. Prof. Lee obtained several very fine specimens for the Bowdoin cabinets, but as a rule it is very high priced and rare. Most of it is taken to London by the Moravian mission ship, and has found its way into English and Continental museums. The figures of dogs, of Eskimos themselves, as well as of kyaks and komatiks, seals, walrus. arctic birds and the like are most exquisitely donc.
The mission itself deserves a brief description. It was founded in 1782 and has been steadily maintained by the Mora- vian society for the furtherance of the Gospel, and is now nearly self-supporting. There are three missions of the society in Labrador, the one at Nain being the chief and the residence of the director, but Hopedale is very important as it is the place where the debasing influence of the traders and fishermen is most felt by the Eskimo, and the work of the missionarie- con- sequently made least welcome to them. However, they have persevered, in the German fashion, and seem to have a firm hold on the childlike people which the seductions of the traders cannot shake off.
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There are five missionaries now stationed at Hopedale: Mr. Townly, an Englishman, whose work is among the " plantoys" and fishermen; Mr. Hansen, the pastor of the Eskimo church : and Mr. Kaestner, the head of the mission, and in special charg of the store and trading, by which the mission is made nearly self-supporting ; Mrs. Kaestner and Mrs. Hansen complete the number, and the five make up a community almost entirely iso. Jated from white people during nine months of every year.
The fact that the two ladies spoke very little English. was somewhat of a drawback, but detracted very slightly from our enjoyment of Mrs. Hanson's delightful singing and none at ali from our appreciation of her playing on the piano and organ. To get such a musical treat in the Labrador wilds was toost unexpected and for that reason all the more thoroughly enjoyed.
The mission house is a yellow, barn-like building, heavily built to prevent its being blown away, snugly stowed beneath a hill, and seeming like a mother round which the huts of the Eskimo cluster. The rooms in which we were so pleasantly entertained were very comfortably and tastily furnished, a grand piano in one of them seeming out of place in a village of Jab. rador, but so entirely in harmony with its immediate surround- ings that we hardly thought of the strangeness of it, within a few yards of a village of pure Eskimo, living in all their primi- tive customs and in their own land.
A few rods behind the mission are the gardens, cut up into small squares by strong board fences to prevent the soil from blowing away, each with a tarpaulin near by to spread over it at night. In this laborious way potatoes, cabbages and turnips are raised. In a large hothouse the missionaries raise tomatots. lettuce, and also flowers, but for everything else, except fish. game and ice, they have to depend on the yearly visit of the Moravian mission ship. She left for Nain just the day before we reached Hopedale, and after unloading supplies, etc., there. she proceeds north, collecting furs and fish until loaded, and then goes to London.
About fifty Eskimos were measured and collections made of their clothing, implements of war and chase and household
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utensils, which are the best of our collections for th World's Fair and the Bowdoin museums.
After spending these five pleasant and profitable days at Hopedale, and regretfully looking out by Cape Harrigan, to Vain, whose gardens are the seventh wonder of Labrador. through which, reports say, one can walk for two miles, and whose missionaries, warned of our coming, were making ready to give us a warm reception ; and near it Paul's Island, on which was so much of interest to our party; all this we thought of mournfully as our vessel's head was pointed southward and we sped along, reluctant on this account, and yet eager to hear of the success of our boldest undertaking, the Grand River explor- ation party.
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