USA > Maine > The history of the state of Maine; from its first discovery, A. D. 1602, to the separation, A. D. 1820, inclusive, Vol. I > Part 13
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Another herb, still more rich, is the Butterfly-weed, t Pleurisy- root or Swallow-wort, found in dry, sandy soils, and pine woods. Its root is branching, pulpous and large; and its stems many, bearing flowers of a beautiful light orange colour. It is celebrat- ed for its efficacy as an expectorant, and also in cases of catarrh and pleurisy, and pulmonary complaints.
Those of less importance are the Celandine ; the Comfrey ; the Catmint, or Catnip, [Nepeta] whose appearance and virtues are well known ; the China-aster, a plant of two varieties, the one 4, and the other 3 feet high : the former has long leaves, many branches and beautiful white flowers ; the other's blossoms are pink coloured. The Columbine, whose flowers are red, is an annual plant, and grows 12 inches high ; the Cowslip is one of the first herbs in the spring that cheers and adorns the meadows ; and the Cuckold, a troublesome weed in plough-lands, whose seeds have horns, often occurs.
The Chequer-berry, sometimes called Box-berry,# and Par- tridge-berry, § is a well known evergreen plant, abundant in our woods. It is low and humble, and like modest merit, prefers the shade. It blossoms early in the spring, and again late in the summer. Of its vermilion coloured berries, the taste and smell are exceedingly pleasant flavoured. This " mountain tea" pro- motes mammillary secretions. Clover|| is common ; also the Chocolate plant, " which flourishes luxuriantly in woods or
* Menyanthes Trifoliata; or, Hedysarum Andiflorum, [Bush Trefoil.] Nuttall's Botany, 61. t Asclepias Tuberosa. ; Gaultheria Procumbens. § Box-leaved Mitchella. [or Partridge-berry.] || Trifolium.
T Geum Avens, or Rivale, 3 Species.
VOL I. 9
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THE PLANTS
[INTRODUC.
Herbs and new grounds. Its root, when boiled, makes a drink in taste vegetables. and goodness like chocolate.
Colts-foot or wild Ginger," [Canada Snakeroot] is one of the humblest and oldest settlers of the forest. It has only two leaves with their stalks, which constitute the whole of the plant above the ground, united at bottom, and bearing in their fork an obscure flower. Its leaves are kidney-shaped, and the aromatic flavour of its root has rendered it a fit and wholesome substitute for ginger. Red chick-weedt is a beautiful low plant procum- bent on the ground. The Common Cranesbillt exhibits a horizon- tal root, thick and knobby ; a stalk erect; leaves spreading, with a flower-stem in the fork ; and petals of a light purple, fraught with green stars at the base. Its root is a most powerful astringent.
The Dandeliong is a corrective of the bile and a tonic. The Dogsbane,|| though a plant, resembles in some appearances the poison sumach, but is shorter, more beautiful, and altogether free from its deleterious qualities. The DogstoothTT violet belongs to the lily order :- the bulb of its root, when dry, is meally and pleasant, and its blossom is a bell-flower, very elegant. The plant may be used as an emetic.
Dragon-root, ** Indian turnip or Wakerobin, grows on damp ground, exhibits two or three leaves on long sheathing foot-stalks, rising from a very curious root, round and flattened, whose upper part is truncated like an onion, and lower part tuberous and brawny. Its leaves are freckled and often white streaked,- hence called " lords and ladies." It is covered on the under side with dark, loose, wrinkled skin or coat. Its root is extremely acrid and affects the tongue like Cayenne pepper, and is good for the asthma or croup.
The Elecampane, or Starwort,tt grows 5 or 6 feet high, bears yellow flowers, and its root is good for coughs. The Ever-
* Asarum Canadense .- Carum Carvi, or Caraway is indigenous and flour- ishes luxuriantly.
t Anagallis Arvensis,-called also Pimpernel, or Poor man's weatherglass. Nuttall, 69.
# Geranium Maculatum.
¿ Leontodon Taracaccon, two varieties.
Il Apocynum Andros-aemifolium.
T Erythronium Americanum.
** Arum Tryphyllum.
it Inula .- Heleneum.
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SECT. IV.]
green* is a beautiful little green vine, that runs extensively on Herbs and the ground. The Fireweedt springs up 5 feet high, on lands vegetables. newly burnt over, and yields from its blowth a down excellent for poultices.
The Fever-root, or wild Ipecac,¿ occurs in limestone soils, has opposite leaves ; and its flowers spring from the fork between the leaves and the stalk. It may be used for an emetic or cathartic.
There are three kinds of Flag, § the sweet Flag, || the cat-tail Flag, T and the blue Flag ;** and they all grow in very wet land. The first has very long dirk-like leaves, and a root which is white and to the taste sweet, accompanied with a rare warmth. The stalk of the second is 5 feet in height, bearing cylindrical heads, from 3 to 6 inches in length, formed of a downy substance, good for bedding, and furnished with long thin leaves, much used in cooperage. The blue Flag [or flower-de-luce ] from a musculous horizontal root, set thick with fibres, sends up a stem 3 feet high, bearing from two to six beautiful flowers : their borders purple, interiour variegated with green, yellow and white, veined with royal purple. Its root, nauseous, hot and acrimonious, is an ac- tive cathartic and an Indian diuretic. Fox-glovett is also a diuretic herb; it grows 18 inches high and is good for the nerves.
Ginsengit is a very noted plant in China as well as America. It flourishes best on the acclivities of mountains. The root has oblong, white and fleshy parts, wrinkled crosswise, from which springs a short stalk, smooth, round, and green, tinged with red, adorned with great leaves pendant from long stems, a flower-stalk tipped with umbel blossoms of a delicate red, and kidney-shaped berries of a bright scarlet. The taste of the root is a sweet bitter and somewhat aromatic ; and on the whole, not unpleasant. Its medicinal virtues are much like those of liquorice, good in cro- nic coughs.
The Golden-rodos is a well known, plentiful, fragrant, sweet- tasted plant, growing three feet high, branched, and bearing com- pound yellow blossoms. Taken as a tea, it is a gentle stimulant and sudorific.
* Viridium Sepitunam ? + # Triosteum Perfoliatum. § Iris palustris ? || Acorus Calamus. ** Iris Versicolor.
T Polypodium, or Typha Latifolia.
tt Digitalis Purpurea. # Panax Quinquefolium.
¿3 Solidago Odora.
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THE PLANTS
[INTRODUC.
Herbs and vegetables.
Golden-thread* derives its name from its roots, which are of a bright yellow colour, running in all directions like silken cords ; from which spring long stems leafed at the end, and a flower- stalk, bearing white blossoms. A tincture made of the root, di- gested in rectified spirits of wine, is a good tonic bitter, promo- tive of digestion and strengthening to the stomach.
Our Grasses constitute a numerous family, of more than 20 individuals, such as knot, may, sweet-scented, tickle, witch, bog, goose, blue joint, foul meadow, harsock, red-top, white clover, crowfoot, or kingcup, and star-grass.t The leaves of the last spread near the ground and look not unlike a " blazing" star, whence rises a leafless stalk, the parent of the flowers and the seeds.
Herb Christopher,# two and a half feet high, has berries pois- onous. The Houndstongue is good for a cough. Hearts-easeg re- sembles arsmart in appearance, except that it has a large reddish heart-formed spot on its leaf. Heal-all, | Cure-all or Water-avens, is of two varieties ; one has circular, the other oval leaves. The former is used to check inflammations and eruptions of the skin.
The American Hellebore T and the Poke have some resem- blance ; both spring up early, and their large bright green leaves render them quite conspicuous in the swamps and wet meadows, where they choose to grow. But while the poke continues to have only a tuft of its original leaves. the hellebore sends up a straight leafy stalk, five feet high, and exhibits large leaves near the ground, and flowers among those higher up and smaller. To the taste it is extremely bitter and acrimonious. Its root is also a powerful emetic ; and though poisonous and destructive to vermin, it is a cure for the scurvy and a relief in rheumatic cases. Josselyn, in his Voyages, says, the young natives, in the election of their chiefs, took it, and he whose stomach could endure the most, was the stoutest and most worthy to rule. Seed-corn, when
* Coptis Trifolia .- Bigelow. But Kev. Dr. Cochrane arranges the smooth golden thread ; zig-zag do ; gross leaf do; flesh leaf do; and willow leaf do ;- under the Solidago genus.
t To these may be added Brome, Bent, Cock's-foot, Hair, Quaking, Panic, and Soft Grasses.
# Actoea Spicata .- Actoea Racemosa. 2 varieties : 1st has white blows and red berries ; 2d is an astringent. § Trinitatis herba, or Lady's delight. || Gerum Rivale, or Prunella vulgaris. TI Veratrum Viride .- Bigelop.
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OF MAINE.
SECT. IV.]
soaked in a decoction of it and planted, if taken by the birds, Herbs and will make them giddily fall upon the ground and thus frighten away the others.
vegetables.
Henbane* is also a poison ; yet horses, goats, sheep, and of- tentimes neat cattle, are said to feed upon it without injury. The whole herb, which is of a seagreen colour, two feet high and branching, with large leaves, emits a rank offensive smell. It flowers on the side of the stalk, and forms capsules, or cups, double-celled and covered with a lid. As a narcotic, it is a sub- stitute for opium. Horseradish,t which is well known, is an in- digenous plant. The Indian Cucumbert takes its name from its root, which is white and pleasant flavoured like a garden cucum- ber. On the top of its stalk are a few berries, and around it, 5 or 6 inches apart, are several leaves. The Indian Hemp§ grows a foot high and is good for the dysentery. Of this the Indians make their bowstrings and might make thread.
Ipecacuanha-spurge|| has a large pulpous root, which pene- trates several feet into the ground, has short stems with forks, whence spring the shoots which bear the flowers. It is a power- ful emetic.
Kindred to this is the Lobelia, T wild, or Indian tobacco, ** a plentiful annual plant, found in the fields and on the road-sides ; it flowers from mid-summer till frost-time. Its height is from 12 to 30 inches ; its stem erect, roots fibrous, and is much branch- ed ; its leaves sessile, oval and hairy. Its flowers are tassel-form- ed, with a bluish purple corolla, and its seeds are oblong and brown. When broken, the plant exudes a milky juice, which gives to the mouth a burning acrimonious sensation, like the taste of green tobacco. It is a powerful emetic and has given relief in asthmatic complaints.
Others, which are of much less note, are these-Life-ever- lasting,tt found growing every where, about two feet high, on
* Hyoscyamus Niger. + Cocklearia Armoracia. Į Medeola.
į Asclepias - ? | Euphorbia Ipecacuanha. TT Lobelia Inflata.
** 1 Big. Botany, 177. But Indian Tobacco, called by the Natives " Squaw-bush," is a perennial herb, or shrub; the bark of which they scrape off, mix with their tobacco, and smoke it. The stalk sometimes grows more than an inch in diameter ; its wood is tough; its bark a dark green ; its leaves elliptical, smooth on the upper side and on the other fibrous.
it Gnaphalium Americanum.
126
THE PLANTS
[INTRODUC.
Herbs and vegetables.
poor land ; its capsules make good beds ; Lovage* grows the same height, but branches large : Lungwortt and Liverwort,į used as preventives, or cures of the consumption : Life-of-man, growing three feet high, bears clusters of purple berries, large as shot and wholesome ; its root is excellent in a poultice : Lorida- les-plant§ is plenty : also Larkspur, | which destroys vermin.
Of the Lily tribe, we have several species, IT all of which are remarkable for their modest downcast beauties ; but the pond, or water-lily ** is the most peculiar. Its roots are very large, its leaves expansive, with the upper side glossy ; and its flowers have a delicate whiteness and a fine fragrance. The root is a great astringent and in some cases it is useful in poultices.
Marsh rosemarytt is a marine plant and therefore flourishes best in or near the salt meadows; whereas highland vegetables die, if salt be so much as powdered at their roots. Of the Marsh rosemary, which is perennial, the root is large, fleshy and branched, from which spring expanded leaves and a large central stalk, rising several feet in height, branching and bearing flowers of a pink and pale bluish purple. Its root is astringent, equal to that of galls.
The following herbs, generally well known, viz. May-flowers ; }} also May-weed,§§ a low plant with white blows, very bitter ; Motherwort, much used by females ; Maidenhair, TT a fine brake and tenant of low grounds ; Mint, or Spearmint, [Mentha Romana] a pleasant sudorific ; Mullein, *** whose leaves are often boiled in milk and the decoction taken for the dysentery ; and Meadow-cup, called forefathers' pitcher, or Whippoorwill's shoes ;
* Levislicum. + Pulmonaria. # Hepatica. § Coridales .- Dr. Grover. || Delphinium.
T Such as the yellow water-lily, or dog-lily, or beaver-root; two varieties of meadow-lilies, the upright has a flower of a red colour, freckled with black ; in the other, the pensile is yellow freckled. May-lily, or " lily of the val- ley ;" and nodling-lily .- Dr. Cochrane.
* Nymphea Odorata. tt Statice Carolinia [or Sea Lavender.]
# Epigaea Repens. Of these there are two species-1. a vine whose blossoms ar white and sweet-scented; 2. an upright plant of two varie- ties : The flowers of one are red, of the other red and white.
§§ Anthemis Cotula.
Ilil Leonardes Cardiaca,
IT Adiantus Pedatus.
*** Verbascum Shapsis.
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SECT. IV.] OF MAINE.
vegetables.
all which are common. Millet* has been cultivated with Herbs and success as an article of bread stuff. We have two or three species of the Mallows ; t one is the marsh Mallows, [Althea Officinalis] known by the little cheeses it bears, and is often used to check a diarrhoea. Milkweed, sometimes called Silk-grass,} grows 4 or 5 feet high ; bears pods four inches in length enfolding a downy substance, soft like silk and good for bedding. The body, or a branch when truncated, yields a glutinous milk very white.
Nightshade, § or banewort, belongs to the multiform Solanum genus ; of which there are many species, as bitter-sweet, woody nightshade, Eggplant, and even the common potatoe. The black, or wood nightshade, is a viny or climbing vegetable. It runs over walls, bears red berries, and is said to be poisonous. Another is a perennial branching plant, 2} feet high.
Nettles|| are common and of two varieties, hedge and sting- ing ; the latter need be touched only once to be remembered. If boiled in milk, or made a principal ingredient in syrups, they are said to afford a remedy anti-consumptive.
Onion (wild,) or Leek, resembles Chives, only larger ; the Oat (wild) " has a lighter grain than those cultivated ; Pea ** (wild) is a vine which has a small pod and a black seed when ripe, grow- ing on the margin of streams and shores of Islands. Also the Oak of Jerusalemtt is a native.
Penny-royal, ţ or Pudding grass, a low aromatic herb; Petty- morrel, §§ which in smell and taste resembles the " life of man ;" Plantain, [Plantago] whose efficacy is well known when applied to parts poisoned ; Purslain, a fat succulent vegetable, often boiled for the table ; and Poor-robin's plantain, an antidote to poison ; are all generally known.
Poke, |||| an abbreviation of Pocum, is frequently called Cocum, and erroneously, Garget, T and its clusters, Pigeon-berries, are said to be poisonous. The Poke deserves particular no-
* Milium. + Malva Rotundifolia. # Asclepias. Syriaca. Silkweed. ¿ Solanum Nigrum. | Urtica Diotica. 1 Tizania Aquatica. ** Pisum. tt Chenepodium Anhelminticum.
§§ Arabia Nigra.
## Pulegium Mentha.
|||| Phytolacca Decrandra.
TT Garget is a different vegetable from Poke, as farmers assure me, for Garget-root is good for milch kine, when the bag is diseased and the milk curdled.
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THE PLANTS OF MAINE.
[INTRODUC.
Herbs and tice. Its root is often as large as a man's leg and usually divid- vegetables. ed into two or three branches, and covered with a brownish skin. Its stalks are annual and grow 5 or 6 feet high, much inclining to branches, which bear leaves oval-oblong, with under and upper sides smooth and ribbed tendons underneath. Its flowers, which spring from long leafless stems, are white, maculated in the centre with green, and are succeeded by long clusters of dark purple berries. These, which are sickly sweet and nauseous, are eaten without hurt by several species of birds. The medicinal proper- ties of the root compare with those of the Ipecacuanha ; and they are said also to be efficacious in cancerous affections. Husband- men use a decoction of it for the same purpose they do hellebore.
Of the Rush* kind, one species is a low erect herb, jointed and rough, like a fine grater. We have also the pond, meadow, fluted and bull Rushes. Sarsaparillat is valuable for its aro- matic root, which runs near the surface of the ground ; it exhibits only three low leaves and a very short stalk. Skull-cap ;} Spleen-wort ;\ Shepherd's-purse,|| and Wild Sunflowers, IT are very common ; also, the Sprig of Jerusalem, an annual plant, 18 inches in height, of remedial use in the measles ; and Solo- mon's Seal, ** with two varieties ; one has a red bell flower, with blue berries, and the other, white, with red berries. The Senna, it a mild cathartic, is said to grow in the town of Union. We have, also, Sea-weed, [Algae,] Oar-weed, River-weed, and Suc- cory, as common herbs.
Skunk-cabbagett or Skunk-weed possesses an odour too dis- tinctive ever to be mistaken. It springs and decays early. It is reputed to be useful in relief of those afflicted with the asthma, catarrh and chronic coughs.
Directly in contrast of the preceding is the Strawberry, §§ whose fruit delights the eye, the smell, and the taste. Another, called Two-eyed berry, is wild, and its fruit has two dimples, or eyes, and in other respects it resembles a chequerberry.
* Scirpus Palustris. t Aralia. Nudicaulis. # Scutellaria Lateriflora.
į Asplaenium.
| Thlaspi Bursa Pastoris.
T Starflower, aster Cordatus, 5 species. But Sunflower, Helianthus genus, is a different kind of plant.
** Convallaria. tt Cassia Ligustrina. ## Ictodes Foetidus.
§§ Fragaria Vesca.
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THE VINES OF MAINE.
SECT. IV.]
We can only add, that we have Thistles ;* Thoroughwort ; + Herbs and Violetst of several species ; wild or common Tansy ; Water- cresses ; § Wintergreens ; | several species of Wormwood, T the wild, or Roman, in great plenty : also Wild Marjoram, [Orig- anum vulgare] grows in dry fields.
vegetables.
ROOTS.
Besides the Roots enumerated in the preceding list of plants, we may mention these three, viz : the Artichoke, the Roots. Ground-nut, and likewise the Snake-root.
The Artichoke ** is somewhat tasteless; otherwise it resem- bles a small oblong potatoe.
The Ground-nutstt were originally a great article of food among the natives,-they are of two species ; the blossoms of one are yellow, like a wild sunflower, and its roots larger than acorns ; the other is a smaller vegetable. It is said the Snake- roottt is found abundantly in the town of Warsaw. Also, we may mention Fever-root, §§ which is perennial, and called wild Ipecac ; its stem is 18 inches in height, its leaves large, and its root emetic and cathartic.
VINES.
There are a few natives whose names properly belong to this Vines- Class.
A wild Grape vine|||| found in the woods, was transplanted by J. Bennock, Esq. in Orono, twenty years ago, where it has run 100 feet, and still grows luxuriantly. It bears grapes which, when ripe, are of a purple colour, but they are acrid and un- pleasant to the taste.
He also showed me a thrifty Woodbind, TT or woodbine, planted
* Carduus -? several specics. t Eupatorium Perfoliatum.
Į Viola. § Nasturtium Aquaticum.
|| Pyrola Umbellata. T Absynthium.
** Cynaria, or Helianthus. Tuberosus. Itt Glicine Apios.
# Polygala Senega, seneca snake-root. " Snake-weed" is a different vegetable. [Chelone Glabra.]
55 Triosteum Perfoliatum. Il! Uva Sylvestris. Also, Fox grape. TT Perictymenos.
130
THE VINES
[INTRODUC.
Vines.
on each side of his front door, which is a perennial plant. Its stalk is large as a goosequill and tough, growing indefinitely. It forms a truly ornamental bower ; especially when exhibiting its beautiful blue berries. Another species is biennial ; it ascends trees, by help of its tendrils, 20 feet ; blossoms the second year, in conic forms reversed, and exhibits 15 or 20 pale red flowers on a single branch. When ripe, its seeds are a glassy jet-black and almost as hard as marble.
The Hop* is indigenous and luxuriant ; and the root is peren- nial. The great use of it in malt liquors is well known. Hops have been cultivated profitably in the county of Penobscot. They are a great tonic, and beer made of them is both healthful and palatable.
Poison Ivyt is a vine well known where it occurs ; when wounded, it exudes a juice which is poisonous. It is a dan- gerous medicine, though it has helped to relieve in cases of the palsy.
It is to be noted, that there is Hemlock, a tree, and a shrub be- fore described, and a biennial plant.} The latter, branching, grows
* Humulus Lupulus, [Common Hop.]
t Rhus Radicans, [Mercury.] Glecoma-Ground-Ivy.
Į Conium Maculatum.
NOTE .- The Conium, or Hemlock, is the plant whose narcotic poison is said to have been so much used by the ancients in executions of malefactors. It grows in the county of Lincoln and elsewhere in the State. "It very much resembles parsley-same shade of green."
An additional Catalogue of Native Plants.
Arrowhead, (Sagittaria,) is aquatic, growing in muddy still waters, and deriving its name from the leaves, which are formed like the head of an arrow.
Bedsandwort, (Arenaria Rubra,) 2 species.
Bind Weed, (Convolvulus Sepium.)
Burdock, (Arctium Lappa. ) It flowers in August.
Burr-marygold, (Bidens Cernua,) 2 species, flowering in Aug. and Sept.
Bush-honeysuckle, ( Diervilla,) grows 2 feet in height, flowers in June and July, pink red, and very fragrant.
Buttercup, or Crowfoot, (Ranunculus Abortivus,) five species, flowers in June.
Chervil, (Chaerophillum Claytoni,) bears flowers upon several foot-stalks. Chicken-berry, (Mitchella Repens.)
Cinquefoil, (Potentilla Reptans,) 3 species of clover.
Cockle, (Agrostemma Coronaria.)
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SECT. IV.] OF MAINE.
often to the height of a man ; its leaves are a very light green Vines, and its juice poisonous, though in small doses it cures the jaun- dice.
Cow-parsley, (Heracleum Sphondylium.) Cow-Wheat, (Mediola Virginica.)
Crosswort, grows 18 inches high. Its leaf is like that of a peach-tree ; and when decocted in water, tastes like bohea.
Dog's-bane, (Apocynum Androseanifolium.)-2 Bigelow, 148. Dwarf-Alder, (Ramnus Alnifollius,) resembles an elder-bush, but short- er, and is a remedy for dropsy.
Earthnut, ( Bunium,) a root in shape and size of a nut. Flowering Fern, (Osmunda Regalis,) 2 species.
Fumitory, (Fumaria,) flowers in August and September-a common an- nual weed in gardens. Its capsule contains a single seed.
Groundsel, (Senecio Aureus,) 3 species. Hogweed, (Ambrosia Elatior.) Honey suckle, (Lonicera Pirenaica,) 3 species.
Horehound, (Marrubiam Vulgare,) water horehound (Lycopus Euro- poeus,) 2 species.
Hoodwort, (Scutellaria Latoriflora.)-See Scullcap. Indian pipe, (Monotropa Uniflora.)
Labrador-tea, (Laedum Latifolium,) is a shrub, grows 2 or 3 feet high. Its leaves make a palatable tea ;- used to check the dysentery.
Ladies' Slipper, (Cypripedum Acaule, ) grows 2 feet high, bears a spotted red flower whose shape gives the plant its name.
Leather Leaf, (Andromeda Calyculata,) flowers in May and June. Live-forever, (Seclum.) Loose-strife, (Lysemachia Stricta.) Meadow-rue, { T'halietrum Cornuti.) Meadow Sweet, ( Spiroea Salicifolia.) Tomentoza, Purple Hardhack. Medler, (Mespilus Canadensis,) 2 species. Milfoil, or Yarrow, (Achillea Millefolium.) Milkwort, (Polygata.) Monkey-flower, (Mimulus Ringens.) Mushroom, (Fungi,) several species, Mustard, common, (Senapis Arvensis.) Necklace-weed, (Actoea Spicata.) Ox-eyed Daisy, ( Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, )
Penny-post, ( Hydrocotyle Americana.) Pickerel-reed, ( Pontederia Cordata.) Pigweed, ( Chenepodium Viride.)
Pipewort, (Eriocaulon Peleucidum.)
Pig-potatoe, (Apios.) Its roots are strings of oblong cylindric tubero; when cooked have partly the flavour of potatoes,-" a part of the vegeta- ble food of the Aborigines."
Prickly-fungus, (Hydnum,) Pumpkin, Squash, or Gourd, (Cucurbia.) Samphire, (Salicornia Herbacea.)
Scorpion-reed, (Myosotis Scorpioides,) 2 species,
Sedge, or Sedge-grass, (Carex,) is a genus of " not less than 90 species in this country and a still greater number in Europe. They are nearly relat- ed to the grasses, growing in woods and marshy meadows. They are pe- rennial, often vegetate in tufts, have leaves like grass, but keeled, and pro- duce triangular stems solid within.
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