USA > Maine > The history of the state of Maine; from its first discovery, A. D. 1602, to the separation, A. D. 1820, inclusive, Vol. I > Part 45
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454
THE HISTORY
[VOL. 1.
A D. 1615, to 1675. Lenape In- dians.
According to Mr. Heckewelder's account of the Indian tradi- tions, " the " Lenni Lenape,"-or original people, as they call themselves, migrated, " many hundred years ago," in a body from the western parts of the American continent to the Mississippi ; where they found the Mengwe, or Maquas, higher up the river, who had also come thither from a distant country ; both being in quest of better land, than they had left. The former found a fertile inviting region eastward of that river, inhabited by a " goodly peo- ple," the Alligewi, or Allegheny ; who at once disputed the pro- gress of the Lenape, with uncompromising valor.
Alligewi.
After great and bloody, but indecisive battles, the Mengwe joined the Lenape upon the stipulated terms of dividing all con- quests achieved, equally between them. The war continued to rage a great number of years afterwards, till at last, the Alligewi being completely overcome, fled down the river and never re- turned.
The Mo- hawks.
The Mengwe took the regions contiguous to the great lakes, extending from Erie to Champlain, and from the Kittatinny and highlands to Ontario and the river St. Lawrence. They origin- ally consisted of five, latterly six tribes, denominated the " Six Nations."-They have been called the Iroquois, from the name of the river they inhabited ; and Mohawks, because they were the oldest branch of the family or confederacy. The next in seigniority and rank, were the Senecas and Onondagos ; the jun- iors were the Cayugas and the Oneidas. The sixth and young- est tribe was the Tuscaroras. The latter emigrated from the borders of North Carolina, subsequent to the commencement of English settlements in that quarter. They were supposed to be a part of the same original stock, from a striking affinity of lan- guage and an immemorial brotherhood.
Mohegans.
The Lenape spread up and down the great rivers Potomac, Delaware, Susquehanna, and Hudson. At length, a body passed the latter river, which they called the " Mahicannituck ;" from
La Hontan, "New Voyages," &c. 9. " History of Indian Wars in New- England."-(Anonymous. ) Montpelier Ed. 1812. By Wright and Sibley. 10. Other authors who will be occasionally cited. 11. Appendix to 6th vol. Encyclopedia Americana, p. 581-600.
* Reviewers have pronounced Mr. Heckewelder too credulous ; but it is certain, his writings bear the strongest marks of probability, if they are not entirely authentic.
455
CHAP. XVII.] OF MAINE.
whence they acquired the general name of Mahicans, and spread A. D. 1615, themselves in process of time over all the country, now embraced to 1675. by the New-England States. The Lenape have always called them, their grandchildren ; and the English have written and pro- nounced their name " Mohegans."*
A difference or affinity in dialect, and a mutual intercourse or deadly enmity in fact, are the principal criteria by which au- thors have undertaken to classify the Indian nations. For in- stance-the language of the Mohawks, according to Dr. Ed- wards, is peculiar to that people, ' wholly destitute of labials ;' whereas the Mohegan tongue abounds with them.
It is agreed, that the Algonquinst were once a very large peo- Algonquins. ple, " including a great number of tribes.' Palairet says, they originally "lived 100 leagues above the Trois Revieres," ' till ' defeated by the Mohawks, and three fourths of them slain ; ' when the remains took refuge near lake Ontario. Their lan- ' guage,' he adds, " is highly esteemed in Canada, because all the " nations for a thousand leagues around, except the Iroquois [or " Mohawks] understand it perfectly ;" and Jeffreys assures us, their " tongue is still preserved north of Lake Huron."
Charlevoix " says the Algonquins and Hurons divided almost all " the native language of Canada. Such as are masters of these, " can pass over 1,500 leagues of country, and converse with peo- " ple of an hundred dialects. The Algonquin is most exten- " sive. It commences at Acadia and the St. Lawrence, and " makes a circuit of 1,200 leagues. It is pretended that the " natives of New-England and Virginia spoke dialects of the " same language."}
If we may believe the celebrated Mr. Heckewelder, the Mo- hegans, at the time of the arrival of the Europeans, were in pos- session of the whole coast, 'from Roanoke to the northernmost parts of Nova Scotia; and he appears satisfied, that theirs and the Algonquin language were the same original ; the only differ- ence arising from provincial dialects. It is certain, there has been, time immemorial, a friendly intercourse between them.
* Dr. Edwards says, the word in the singular is " Mulhekaneew" plu- ral, " Muhhekaneok." --
¡ La Hontan says, the Etcchemin dialect differed little from that of the Algonquin .- p. 223-290.
15 Charlevoix, N. F. p. 273-201.
456
THE HISTORY
[VOL. I.
A. D. 1615, Nay, the Algonquins and the Eastern tribes liave long enjoyed to 1675. particular fellowship. Samuel Champlain mentions a great feast in his day, A. D. 1603, which was prepared by the Algonquins, and attended by the Mountaineers and the Etechemins .* It is said, too, from good authority, that when the French drew off the eastern natives to St. Francois and Becancour in Canada, they were joined by numbers of Algonquins.t
Mohawks, the French and the English.
The Mohawk tribes, always in a confederated state called by them their " strong-house," waged war about the close of the 16th century, against the Adirondacks, north of the Great Lakes. Being worsted, however, by means of firearms furnished their enemies by the French adventurers upon the St. Lawrence, and forced into a treaty, they conceived a hatred and hostility towards the French, which nothing could extinguish.}
But when they afterwards turned their arms against some branches of the Lenape nation,-the Delawares upon the river of their name,-and the Mohegans eastward of the Hudson ; they seem to have gained great advantages over their enemies, evidently through the instrumentality and help of the Dutch, who persuaded the Lenape of Delaware, some time before 1620, to mediate a peace between the Mohawks and Mohegans.§ These events, attaching the Mohawks to the Dutch, gave their Eng- lish successors an advantage, which was eagerly improved, and re- sulted in most important alliances. The proud Mohawks, after- wards called the Lenape, squaw-fighters, from the proverbial peace-making character of Indian females. ||
If the Mohegans were the original inhabitants of New-Eng- tribes in N. land and Nova Scotia, they were found by the first English set- Indian England. tlers to be divided into about 30 distinct tribes ; TT and the names
* Purchas' Pil. p. 933-6. + 5 Charlevoix's N. F.
Į Gookin .- 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 161 .- Barton's view of the Indian tribes, p 25-6.
§ Hub. N. E. p. 34.
|| By treaty of United States with the Six Nations, 1794, they agreed to give them $1,500, to be distributed among the tribes in clothing, ammuni- tion, domestic animals, &c. according to their numbers in the United States : Thus in the United States, Oncidas 620; Cayugas 40; Onanda- gos 450 ; Tuscaroras 400; Senecas 1,780; Stockbridge or Brothertown 150-total 3,440. Within the British lines 760. Total 4,200.
T Gookin makes 5 principal nations in New-England,-1. Pequots,-2. Narragansets,-3. Pawkunawkutts,-4. the Massachusetts, and 5. the Pawtuckets. The latter " had under them several smaller Sagamores,
CHAP. XVII.]
OF MAINE. 457
of twenty-six, and their respective territories or principal places A. D. 1615, of abode being well known, we will now, for the sake of conven- to 1675. ient reference, mention in alphabetical order.
Indian tribes of N. England.
1. The Abenaques appear to have been a generic name for all the natives between Penobscot, exclusive, and " Accomenti- names. Their cus,"-possibly Piscataqua, and were divided into four principal tribes, presently to be mentioned. 2. The Agawams,* a small people about Ipswich in Massachusetts. 3. The Annasagunti- cooks, upon the river Androscoggin. 4. The Canibas,t a great tribe on both sides of the Kennebeck. 5. The Mickmaks, or Souriquois of Nova Scotia.1 6. The Mohegans, a particular tribe by this name, inhabiting the present county of Windham in Connecticut, and the territory northwardly, nearly to the State line. They were a very powerful people, numbering 3,000 warriors, of whom Uncas was the great chief. Their neighbors were the Pequods south ; the Wonguns and Podunks west ; the Narragansetts east ; and the Nipmucks north.§ 7. The Massa- chusetts tribe|| was also originally very large ; spreading over Suf- folk, Norfolk, the easterly part of Middlesex and northerly part of Essex counties. But it was remarkably thinned by the plague or yellow fever of 1617. Nanepashemet was their most noted Chief, whose residence was at the mouth of Mystic river. 8. The Marechites or Armouchiquois, lived on the river St. John. 9. The Nashaways ; and 10. the Nipnets or Nipmucks, were in- land tribes, within the county of Worcester, and about the ponds of Oxford township. T The latter were southward of the Nash- aways, and subject to the Mohegans. 11. The Narragansetts were probably superior in strength and numbers to any other tribe in New-England, except the Pequods. Their dominions extended from the seashore through the whole width of Rhode- Island, nearly to its northern limits. When the settlements were first commenced at Plymouth, this people could muster 5,000 fighting men, and numbered about 20,000 souls .** 12. The Na- ticks were a new formed tribe, consisting of 'praying' or convert-
"as the Pennacooks, the Agawams, the Naumkeeks, Piscataways, Acco- " mentas and others."-1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 102.
* Hub. N. E. p. 32.+ " Kennebecks"-Gookin .- Prince, p. 134.
Į J. De Laet. ¿ Hub. N. E. p. 33-255-408. || Prince, p. 113.
T Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 257 .- 1 Trumbull's Con. p. 43.
** Prince, p. 46 .- Note, [14] 106 .- 1 Trum. Con. p. 70. VOL. I 45
458
THE HISTORY
[VOL. I.
A. D. 1615, ed Indians, collected and settled at Dedham. In 1651 they to 1675. Indian tribes of N. England. combined under a form of civil government, having rulers of fifties and rulers of tens; and in 1660 were embodied into a church. They were several times, the auxiliaries of the English in the eastern wars .* 13. The Nausites dwelt south-eastwardly of Plymouth ;- the people from whom Hunt kidnapped seven, and thus filled the tribe with enmity towards the English.+ 14. The Nehantickst were on the eastern side of Connecticut river at its mouth, where Lyme now is. Their chief was the famous Ninegret, who engaged the Wampanoags and even the Mohawks, in the conquest of the Long Island Indians. 15. The Newich- awannocks inhabited the upper branches of the river Piscata- qua. 16. The Openangos are supposed to have been the in- habitants upon the Passamaquoddy-bay. 17. The Pequods,§ in numbers and power, were at the head of all the tribes in New- England. They claimed dominion of the country between the Narragansetts and the Nehanticks. Their central resort and vil- lages were about the coasts of New-London harbor. But they were totally destroyed, A. D. 1638. 18. the Pawkunawkutts or Wampanoags || were a great people, occupying all the western and southern parts of the Plymouth colony. Mount Hope [Bris- tol] was the Sachem's place of residence. Massasoit was the first Sagamore of whom the English have any knowledge. He had 3,000 bowmen. His successors were his sons Alexander and the far famed Philip, the greatest warrior of the age. 19. The Pentuckets T were the natives of Merrimack river, whose principal village was about the falls at Dracut. This tribe, it is said, once contained 3,000 souls. 20. The Pennacooks ** also dwelt upon the banks of the Merrimack, above Amoskeag falls in the vicinity of Concord, New-Hampshire ; containing 3,000 souls. 21. The Podunkstt were the native inhabitants of East Hartford in Connecticut. 22. The Seconnetstt were situated at Little Compton, above Pocasset or Tivertown. Their ancient
* Hubbard's N. E. p. 652-3. + Prince, p. 99-100.
# 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 277 .- 9 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 79.
? Hubbard's N. E. p 33 .- Indian Wars, p. 14 .- 1 Trumbull's Con. p. 41- 47 .- The Pequods said that Sassacus, chief of the Narragansetts, was " all " one God ; no man could kill him." | Prince, p. 106.
T 2 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 142 .- Belk. N. II. p. 16.
** 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 180. tt 1 Morse's Geog. p. 346.
## Prince, p. 129 .- Hub. Ind. Wars, p. 258-9.
459
OF MAINE.
CHAP. XVII. ]
chief, who was a female and called a Squaw Sachem, was a kin- A. D. 1615, dred of Philip, and always in close alliance with his tribe. 23. to 1675. The Sokokis are supposed to have been the natives, who dwelt about the river Saco in Maine. 24. The Tarratines were the inhabitants of Penobscot river. They were one of the three Etechemin tribes. 25. The Wawenocks lived about the Sheeps- cot, Pemaquid and St. George rivers in Maine, between the Kennebeck and Penobscot both exclusive. 26. Lastly, the Won- guns had their residence westward of the Pequods, in the present towns of East Haddam and Chatham in Connecticut.
. Jects spoken
The principal dialects of these tribes are said to be four .* Four dia- That spoken by the Pawkunawkutts and the natives westward of in N. Eng- them, is supposed to be the original Mohegan language. The N. Scotia. land and clans between the Pawkunawkutts and the Piscataqua, or the Agamenticus river, have been called the " Abergineans," or Northern Indians. These could all converse together with tolerable ease. But it was noticed, that they were with difficulty brought to pronounce the letters L and R, as they for lobster, Jects. Indian dia said nobsten ; whereas those eastward of Piscataqua sounded the R easily, and used labials with freedom.+ This seems to be confirmed by other facts. A copy of Mr. Eliot's Indian Bible, printed A. D. 1664, was obtained by Rev. Daniel Little, mis- sionary to the Indians of Penobscot and St. John, since the rev- olution, which he carried with him ; but he said, 'not one word ' of their language could be found in it.' In a vocabulary, how- ever, compiled by Mr. Cutter, keeper of a trading-house upon the Saco river, Mr. Little discovered a great similarity of language with that spoken farther eastward .¿ Still, Mr. Barton believes that the language in the Indian Bible, which passed through a second edition, in 1685, is not radically different from that of the Eastern Tribes.§
If then, the Sagamore of Agamenticus [or York,] was origin- ally tributary to the Pentuckets, or Pennacooks, as Mr. Gookin states, || the divisional separation between the Abergineans and
* Moll's Geog. p. 236 .- La Hontan, p. 230 .- Palairet, p. 60 .- Jef- freys, p. 46-7 .- Heckewelder, p. 60, 132.
+ 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 404-7-423-9 .- Coll. Mass. His. Soc. p. 93 .- Oldmix- on, p. 151. # Sullivan, p. 265. § Barton, p. 58.
Il Gookin, Superintendant of the Indians, A. D. 1656 .- 1 Coll. of Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 177.
460
THE HISTORY
[VOL. 1.
A. D. 1615, the Eastern Indians was not far eastward of that place. It is to 1675. Indian dia- certain the latter were a different people from the former, and Jects. also from the Mickmaks of Nova Scotia ; and spake a language widely if not radically diverse from that of their neighbors on either side. Capt. Francis, first captain of the Tarratine tribe upon the Penobscot, an intelligent and communicative Indian, assures the writer* that all the tribes between the Saco and the river St. John, both inclusive, are brothers ; that the eldest lived on the Saco ; that each tribe is younger as we pass eastward, like the sons of the same father, though the one at Passamaquod- dy is the youngest of all, proceeding from those upon the river St. John and Penobscot. " Always," he affirms, " I could under- "stand all these brothers very well when they speak; but when " the Mickmaks or the Algonquins, or Canada Indians talk, I can- " not tell all what they say."
Tribes of N. Hampshire.
Between the four tribes of New-Hampshire, however, there was a political connexion,-probably a confederacy. In 1629 -30, the Pentuckets were a people more numerous than the Pennacooks. At Squamscot, [Exeter] there dwelt a chief who was at the head of a small Inland tribe, in that vicinity. An- other, or fourth tribe, inhabited the banks and branches of the Piscataqua, including an Indian lodgment at Cocheco, or Dover. These were commonly called the Newichawannocks, or as Gookin says, the " Piscataways ;" of whom Rowles, otherwise named Knolles, was many years the Sagamore. All of them were un- der political subordination to the celebrated Passaconaway, chief of the Pennacooks, whom they acknowledged to possess a par- amount superiority.+ The dwelling-place of Rowles was on the northerly side of the river, not far from Quampeagan Falls in Berwick. He was a Sagamore of some celebrity. In 1643, he conveyed the lands of his vicinity to Humphrey Chadbourne ; and others afterwards, to Spencer ; the former, being the earliest Indian deed found upon our records. It is certain that all the Indians upon the river to its mouth, were his subjects ;§ though he was under Passaconaway, his superior lord.
* Others agree with Francis; and fully confirm what he says,
+ Hubbard's N. E. p. 32 .- 2 Coll. M. Hist. Soc. p. 142 .- Belknap's N. H. p. 289.
# Then Kittery.
§ 1 Morse's Geog. p. 310, ed. 1812 .- Sullivan, p. 143.
461
OF MAINE.
CHAP. XVII.]
The depredations frequently committed by the Tarratines upon A. D. 1615, the people of these tribes, induced the Sagamores to encourage ,Tribes of N. to 1675 English settlements among them, in expectation of their assistance Hampshire, against the enemy. It was an expedient, adopted from neces- sity ; and the four chieftains are reported, May 17, 1629, to have joined in a quit-claim to John Wheelwright and liis associates, of all the country between Piscataqua and Merrimack,-below Quampeagan and Amoskeag Falls. The only reservations in this acquittance, were " the old planting lands, and free liberty of " hunting, fishing and fowling."* If, however, the veracity of this transaction be, for good reasons, doubted, it is certain, the natives lived many years, on terms of friendly intercourse with the settlers ; and in the first Indian war, the Sagamores of those tribes were resolved to be neutrals. But their conduct was evidently controlled by fear, more than by friendship ; and above either, by a presentiment that all quarrels with the English, would be ruinous to the Indians.
Passaconaway possessed wit and sagacity, which gave him the Passacona- most exalted rank and influence among his countrymen. He Rowles. made them believe he could give nature's freshness to the ashes of a burnt leaf, raise a living serpent from the skin of a dead one, and transform himself into a flame. Becoming old, he made a great feast in 1660,t to which he invited his tribe, call- ing them his children. He spake to them as a dying man, to dying men. Hearken, said he, to the last words of your father and friend .- The white men are sons of the morning. The Great Spirit is their father. His sun shines bright about them. Never make war with them. Sure as you light the fires, the breath of heaven will turn the flames upon you, and destroy you. Listen to my advice. It is the last I shall be allowed to give you :- Remember it and live.
Similar presages affected the mind of Rowles. About 1670, when bed-rid of age and sickness, he complained of the great neglect with which the English treated him. At length he sent a message to some of the principal men in Kittery (now Ber- wick), to visit him. ' Being loaded with years,' as he told them,
* 1 Belknap, p. 289-91, where the deed is entire. Mr. Mather thinks it genuine : But in 1 Coll. N. H. Hist. Soc. it is doubted.
t Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 67-8, 829 .- Hist. N. E. p. 60 .- Some of the English were present .- Belknap.
462
THE HISTORY
[VOL. I.
A. D. 1615, ' I had expected a visit in my infirmities, especially from those to 1675. ' who are now tenants on the lands of my fathers. Though all ' these plantations are of right my children's ; I am forced in this ' age of evils, humbly to request a few hundred acres of land to ' be marked out for them and recorded, as a public act, in the ' town books ; so that when I am gone, they may not be perish- ' ing beggars, in the pleasant places of their birth. For I know ' a great war will shortly break out between the white men and ' Indians, over the whole country. At first the Indians will kill ' many and prevail ; but after three years, they will be great suf- ' ferers and finally be rooted out and utterly destroyed.'*
Wonnolancet, the son of Passaconaway, and Blind Will, the successor of Rowles, regarding the premonitory counsel with sa- cred respect, determined to obey it, and perpetuate amity with the white people.
* Supplement to King Philip's War, p. 82 .- The facts were attested " by Maj. Waldron, Capt. Frost, and Joshua Moody."-Ib.
463
OF MAINE.
CHAP. XVIII.]
CHAPTER XVIII.
Natives of Maine-Two people, Abenaques and Etechemins-Four tribes of the former, the Sokokis, Annasagunticooks, Canibas and Wawenocks-Three Etechemin tribes-The Tarratines-Baron Castine-Villages of the Tarratines-The Openangos or ' Quod- dy tribe-Their Village-The Marechites and their Villages- The Mickmaks and their Country-Population of the Natives- A view and estimate of their numbers in Maine-Supposed census of the several tribes.
THE aboriginal people of Maine belong to two great divisions, A. D. 1615, the ABENAQUES and the ETECHEMINS. They are all, without to 1675. Abenaques doubt, the descendants of the same original stock, and for an un- and Eteche- known period after the discovery of America, the tribes were mins. probably members of the same political family ; differing little in language, looks, habits or ideas of confederative union.
The two people have been by Historians, much confounded. The French writers, Charlevoix,* Abbe Reynal and la Hontan ; also Jeffreys, Douglas and some modern authors, have called all the natives eastward of Piscataqua, except the Mickmaks, by the general name of Abenaques. Heckewelder; and Kendallt give us the reasons. One says, they were called "Wapanachki," softened by the French pronunciation to " Abenakis"-men of the east, and the other, " Wabenakies" east land-men. Hutch- inson, to avoid incorrect distinctions, speaks of the whole as Abena- ques or Tarratines ;§ and Belknap and Sullivan, though more discriminating, have not been so successful as to attain to precise particularity. Others, such as de Laet, Palairet, Oldmixon and Herman Moll, have given us the names of different tribes, in
Abenaques.
* Charlevoix, however, mentions Etechemins ; and Malecites further eastward .- 5 vol. p. 273-291.
+ Heckewelder, p. 109.
# 1 Kendall's Travels, p. 61 .- His etymology is " Wabamo, or Wabemo," light, or the east, and " aski," land or earth.
§ 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 404 .- " Tarrateens," " Tarrentines,"-Hutchinson, Morse, Belknap ; Tarrentines, Gorges ; but, Tarratines, Hubbard and Prince.
464
THE HISTORY
[VOL. I.
A. D. 1615, nowise attempting to arrange or classify them, under any general to 1675.
heads whatever.
The Abena-
ques.
All the older authors, Smith, Purchas, Winthrop, Prince and Hubbard agree, that the general name of the natives upon the Penobscot was " Tarratines ;" and that they lived on terms of friendly intercourse with the Abenaques tribes until about A. D. 1615-16, when the great war broke out between them. Prior to this, the Tarratines had entertained a deep-rooted imme- morial ' enmity towards the Abergineans, especially those in Mas- sachusetts and New-Hampshire,-a fact abundantly attested by re- peated instances of attack and devastation committed upon them. The war itself arose from some treachery, into which the Aber- ginean Sagamores had the address to draw the eastern natives, towards the Tarratines ; and like most civil wars, it was bloody and exterminating.
From these circumstances, and from Charlevoix, who says " the Abenaques live in a country from Pentagoet to New-Eng- land,"* a conclusive inference follows, that the Abenaques, were the people who originally inhabited the country between Mount Agamenticus and St. Georges river, both inclusive. This is con- firmed by what we know of their general government, or com- mon sovereign.
The names of eleven tribes, f or their places of principal resi- dence in this region, are given us by Smith; whose allies, he says, are the people of " Ancocisco," " Accomynticus," and " Piscataquack," otherwise called Casco, Agamenticus and Pis- cataqua ; and whose " language, fashion and government," he adds, so far as I could perceive, did not essentially differ ; they holding " the Bashaba to be the chief and greatest among them, "though the most of them had sachems of their own."}
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