USA > Michigan > Clinton County > History of Shiawassee and Clinton counties, Michigan > Part 85
USA > Michigan > Shiawassee County > History of Shiawassee and Clinton counties, Michigan > Part 85
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A few sheep were found in Clinton County prior to 1837, and their numbers have gradually and steadily in- creased during subsequent years, until sheep-breeding and wool-growing have become sources of large revenue to such farmers as are engaged in them. Improved breeds were early introduced here, and the county now contains a large number (notably the French and Spanish Merinoes and Shropshire Downs) of pure blood, with a much larger number of high grades. Nearly the same is the case with regard to improved breeds of cattle kept in the county,- the Durham and Galloway pure-bloods and erosses being perhaps the most numerous. The names of a great num- ber of breeders of both sheep and cattle might be given, with a more particular account of their several flocks and herds; but as in such a notice the names of some would necessarily be omitted, it is thought preferable to omit all such mention, and more particularly for the reason that here the breeding of improved stock is not a specialty, nor to be reckoned among the most important of the agricul- tural industries of the county.
There are in Clinton County a very large number of excellent farms, with not a few of which each might with propriety be termed a " model farm," as the term is usually applied. It would be pleasant, and might be profitable, to give a particularized account of each of these, but as it is impracticable, on account of the difficulty of properly drawing the line of superior excellence, to notice all such in detail, we shall make particular meution of only one,- a large and in every way a very remarkable farm, a great part of which was a few years since a worthless and malarious swamp, from which condition it was reclaimed and brought to a state of high cultivation and productive- ness by one of Michigan's most prominent publie men, the late Senator Zachariah Chandler. This farm comprises half' of section 29, all of section 30, and the greater part of sections 31 and 32, in the township of Bath, with nearly all of section 25, and considerable parts of sections 26 and 36, in the township of De Witt. An account of the purchase of the lands, and of the mauner in which they were reclaimed and transformed into the present noble and productive farm, is given in a recently published life of the HIon. Zachariah Chandler, from which account is extracted the following :
" In 1857 the State of Michigan gave to its agricultural college the public lands in the four townships of Bath, De Witt, Meridian, and Lansing, which were designated on the surveyors' maps as ' swamp-lands.' In the main, the sections covered by the grant were marshy, although their rectilinear boundaries included some solid ground. Mr. Chandler purchased from the college and other owners a farm of three thousand one hundred and sixty acres, located four miles (by railroad) from Lansing, in the towns of Bath and De Witt in Clinton County; it iueluded about nineteen hundred aeres (five hundred aeres of marsh-meadow, six hundred aeres of tamarack-swamp, and eight hundred acres of oak-opening uplands). The marsh was traversed by a slender water-course, deviously connecting some small Jakes with the Looking-Glass River. The upland portion of the farm was thoroughly fertile, but its development and cultivation did not specially interest Mr. Chandler, except as furnishing the needed base for his experiments upon the marsh. He said, ' Michigan contains thousands of aeres of precisely this kind of land. The drainage of this particular marsh is difficult, as much so as is the case with any land in this peninsula which is not a hopeless swamp. If this tract can be reclaimed, others ean be, and I propose to give the experiment of reelamation a thorough trial. I have the money, and I believe I have the pluek. If I succeed, it will be a good thing for the State, for it will show how to add millions of dollars worth of land to its farms. If I fail, it will also be a good thing, for it will settle an open ques- tion, and no man need repeat my attempt.' Ile pushed this experiment vigorously from the time of its commence- ment until his death, and gave to it his frequent personal supervision. Ilis investments in the marsh-farm soon came to be counted by many tens of thousands of dollars.
" Originally, practical farmers were inclined to regard his operations as sheer folly, but as they saw the purpose, methods, and thoroughness of his work, a just appreciation of its aim followed. Mr. Chandler never disguised the character of this enterprise. Repeatedly he said to visitors at the farm and to friends, 'I have a theory,-that is a re- markably expensive thing to have,-and I propose to test it here ; it will make me poorer, but it may make others richer some time.'
" The public value of his experiment he believed to be great, and that fact he was quiek to make prominent when- ever it seemed necessary. The general plan of drainage operations consisted in connecting by a large ditch Park Lake (which has an area of' two hundred and twenty-five aeres) with the Looking-Glass River. This main ditch was constructed by straightening the bed of Prairie Creek, and possessed deseent enough to insure a slow current in wet seasons. It is about four miles in length, and averages fourteen feet in width by four in depth. At intervals of forty rods are constructed lateral ditches, as a rule five feet in width at the top by three in depth. This part of the work had not been completed at the time of Mr. Chandler's death, but still the lateral ditching had reached about fifty miles in aggregate length, and had well drained about one thousand aeres in the western end of the marsh, near the outlet into the Looking-Glass. In that portion of the
360
IIISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
farm the first results of the drainage-the rotting down of the surface of the marsh into a vegetable mould-have already manifested themselves satisfactorily. The extent to which this decomposition will continue is not com- pletely tested, nor does it yet appear what will be the full measure of the arability of soil which will be created by this process, supplemented by the tile-draining which will follow the subsidence of the marsh to a permanent level. This peaty surface varies from two and a half feet to a rod in depth, and promises to become an enormously produc- tive soil. The experiments thus far tried upon it have resulted hopefully. Much of the native grass furnished excellent hay, and stock fatted upon it thoroughly with no more than the usual allowance of grain. The tame grass sown was chiefly fowl-meadow and timothy. The former Mr. Chandler had seen growing in Holland on reelaimed land, and he determined to give it a trial. He was only able to find the seed in the Boston market, and there paid for it four dollars per bushel of eleven pounds. It is a species of red-top, and soon yielded from one and a half to two tons of excellent hay per acre. For four seasons this seeding down with tame grasses was tried with satisfactory results, and then other experiments followed. In the fall of 1878 twelve aeres of marsh, theu well seeded down with grass, were thoroughly plowed by Superintendent Hughes, who in the following season raised thereon eoru, potatoes, ruta- bagas, and oats. The results conclusively showed that the marsh possessed general productiveness, although the ex- perimeut itself was marred by the unseasonable frosts of 1879. The corn looked well at the outset, but was severely injured in the end. The potato-erop was a good one, and the yield of oats was also large. In the fall of 1879 another traet of twelve aeres was plowed, and the same ex- periment was put in process of repetition.
"Superintendent Hughes is of the opinion that within another year the reclaimed marsh will produce one hundred bushels of eorn to the acre. A short time before his death Mr. Chandler said that in view of the success which had at- tended the experiments already tried, he now felt confident that in time his farm would be pointed out as an ague-bed transformed into one of the most valuable pieces of prop- erty in Central Michigan, and would demonstrate the re- elaimability of large tracts of swamp-land in that State. About five hundred acres of the marsh are seeded with fowl-meadow grass; about three hundred acres of this is mowed, and the remainder is used for pasturage. Over four hundred tons of excellent hay were cut there in the season of 1879.
" Outside of the interest attaching to it by reason of the drainage experiments, the Chandler faru would deserve notice as one of the most thoroughly equipped and stocked of the new farms of Michigan. It is traversed by a State road, and by the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad ( which has established a signal-station near the farm-house). 1ts buildings are located upon the highest ground. They are substantially constructed, and surrounded with all the evi- deuces of thrift. The main house of the farm, which is occupied by the superintendent and his family, is a commodi- ous frame structure, two stories in lieight, and conveniently partitioned off into spacious and airy apartments. Near it
is the horse-barn (thirty-two by fifty-four feet in dimen- sions), with sheep-sheds adjoining. About a half-mile to the east are two tenant-houses, occupied by families em- ployed on the farm. On the east side of the State road, at a distance of half a mile, is a large barn erected in 1879 ; its main portion is forty-one by sixty-six feet in dimensions, with a wing thirty-eight by ninety feet ; its height is forty- four feet to the ridge ; attached are sheds two hundred and fifty feet in length and L-shaped. This barn is largely used for storage purposes, and will receive two hundred and fifty tons of hay. The basement of its wing is divided into sixty cattle-stalls, thirty on each side, with a broad passage through the eentre. The stalls are ingeniously arranged in the most improved style, and with a special regard for cleanliness. In the basement of the main barn is a large root-cellar (capable of holding two thousand bushels of potatoes, turnips, etc.), stabling accommodations for eight horses, two large box-stalls for stallions, a feed- room, twenty by twenty-five feet in size, numerous ealf- pens, and many other conveniences.
" Located above are two granaries, each twelve by twenty- six l'eet in dimensions. Attached to the barn, but in a separate building, is a twelve-horse power engine, used for cutting feed and for other farmu purposes. A large automa- tie windmill and pump supply water in abundance.
" The farti is well stocked; on it are seventeen horses, including ' Mark Antony,' an imported Normandy stallion, which is a fine specimen of the Percheron breed. There are also one hundred and twenty head of handsome graded cattle on the farm, three hundred sheep graded from Shrop- shire Down bucks, and twenty-three pure-bred Essex swine. In wagons and implements of every kind the equipment is complete, and all are of the best manufacture and most im- proved quality. The force of laborers on the farin, as a rule, includes five men in summer and three in winter, large gangs being employed during the two months of the haying season, and also when there is any extensive fencing or ditching enterprise to be pushed. Mr. Chandler's experi- ments were closely watched by the farmers of Michigan. Visits were frequent from them singly, in small parties, and in club or grange excursions to the marsh, and they always met a hospitable reception. Letters of inquiry also came from many parts of the State, giving evidences of the wide- spread character of the interest felt. Mr. Chandler him- self when in Michigan visited the farm at least once a month, inspecting the work thoroughly, discussing plans with the superintendent, making suggestions, and giving orders. His experience as a farmer in his boyhood fur- nished ideas which were yet useful and a judgment which was well informed, still he was ready to welcome all inno- vations that promised good results, and he elosed many dis- eussions with his superintendents by remarking, ' If you come at me with facts, that is enough : I never argue against them.'"
The following agricultural statistics of the county of Clinton at different periods from the year 1840 to the year 1874, inclusive, are gathered from the returns of the several censuses by the United States and the State of Michigan, viz. :
361
AGRICULTURE.
1840.
Number of neat cattle in the county.
1,62]
2,560
sheep
215
Pounds of wool shoro
Bushels of wheat barvested in the preceding year.
18,632
Indian coro
barley
16
11,310
oats
=
17,033
potatoes
Tons of hay cut preceding year.
Pounds of sugar made (1840) ..
1850.
Whole number of occupied farms.
$549,835
Cash value
Total number of acres improved ..
4,760
44
sheep
-46
swine =
4,788
value of live stock ...
Bushels of wheat harvested in preceding year
=
44
328
rye
Indian corn raised
oats
161
=
buckwheat 44
potatoes
$337
Tons of hay cut preceding year ..
14,638
=
maple-sugar made (1850).
125,021
135,613
checse "
5,936
1854.
Number of acres of improved land .:
28,870
neat cattle in county.
7,423
16
swine
sbeep
5,368
Pounds of wool sheared preceding year.
14,096
pork marketed
110,599
Acres of wheat harvested
6,736
Bushels
6,944
Bushels of coro
all other grains harvested in preceding year.
44,923
Bushels potatoes raised preceding year.
53,791
Tons of hay cut
6,997
Pounds of butter made 16
.€
6,783
4€
maple-sugar mado io 1854.
125,185
1860.
Whole number of occupied farms.
2,071
" acres improved.
78,425
Total cash value of farmis ..
$3,578,230
Number of neat cattle in county.
9,626
swine
17,527
Total value of live stock Pounds of wool sheared in preceding year.
50,855
Bushels of wheat barvested
=
149,182
ryo
16 Indian corn "
16
161,105
onts
barley
=
4,146
buckwheat "
5,963
potatoes raised 16
16
$7,005
Tons of hay cut
Pounds of butter made
459,271
46
cheese "
32,463
44 maple-sugar made
1864.
Number of acres improved in the county
67,007
shrop over six months old.
40,103
Pounds of wool sheared in preceding year.
125,931
Acres of wheat harvested
14,654
Bushels 14
169,172
corn
= all other grains harvested in preceding year.
60,942
Tons of hay cut
21,145
Pounds of pork marketed
butter made
382,146
cheese "
23,568
maple-sugar made "
174,183
4 4
499,030
Indian cora "
44
274,606
outs
barley
17,871 8,603
buckwheat
227,140
Tons of hay cut iu the preceding year
Pounds of maple-sugar made (1870).
1874.
Total acres of improved land
144,568
Number of fatms.
831
Average area of farms (acres)
22,476
swine over six months old ..
10,705
Pounds of pork marketed io preceding ycar.
1,040,847
Number of sheep kept in county
43,312
Ponads of wool
36,979
Busbels of « ..
13,827
Acres of corn
¥
496,207
Busbels of corn 6
449,423
= all other grains potatoes raised
90,300
Tons of hay cut preceding year.
811,826
Pounds of butter made preceding year cheese " ¥
21,916
maple-sugar monde in 1874
105,205 78
=
peaches "
485
=
plums
"
93
cberrics "
16
43
Tons of grapes
Total value of fruits raised in preceding year
$58,782
Total acres devoted to fruits in 1874
6,932
The agricultural report published by the Secretary of State for 1877 shows the number of bushels of wheat raised in that year in the several townships of Clinton County to have been as follows :
Bath 63,590
Bengal
Bingham
62,610
Dallas
94,247
De Witt
53,852
Duplain
69,944
Eagle
85,983
Essex
60,092
Lebanon.
68,029
Olive.
79,214
Riley.
61,747
Victor
54,457
Watertown
104,445
Westphalia.
Total bushels raised in county 1,200,133
Total number of acres harvested. 50,223
Average yield of busbels per acre ..
23.09
Agricultural statistics-gathered from the same source as the above-for the year 1878 show the following yield of wheat in the several townships of Clinton County, viz. :
Bath township, from 2756 acres produced 56016 bushels, an average of 20.33 bushels per acre; Bengal, from 4117 acres 93,900 bushels, average 22.81 ; Bingham, from 4027 acres 95,661 bushels, average 23.76 ; Dallas, from 4696 acres 101,949 bushels, average 21.71 ; De Witt, from 3919 aeres 97,279 bushels, average 24.82; Duplain, from 2233 acres 52,213 bushels, average 23.38; Eagle, from 4523 acres 104,989 bushels, average 28.21; Essex, from 4727 acres
46
1870.
Number of aeres improved io county.
113,578
Value of farms ..
$9,248,012
all live stock .$1,321,970
Number of sheep kept.
44,895
Pounds of wool shorn
196,444
Number of milch cows.
6,620
Pounds of butter made in the preceding year.
796,970
Bushels of wheat harvested
potatoes raised
29,369
78,500
..
neat cattle kept in county ..
5,085
$108,671
54,297
64,967
38,960
barley
175,909
Acres of wheat barvested
41,000
Value of orchard products preceding year.
5,013
Pounds of wool sheared (1850)
butter made (Juuc, 1819. to June, 1850).
28,106
175,640
Bushels of apples raised in preceding ycar
1,324
Acres of coro
118,686
157,677
ebcese =
sheep
$509,571
Greenbush
79,149
Ovid
5,731
90,123
59,780
Value of orchard products
16,352
329,273
46
15,296
100
984
27,666
652
21,825
3,290
Nurober of neat cattle kept
43,064
Number of sheep sheared in preceding year
8,126
565,552
pears
4,941
98,738
81,485
84,874
117,480
potatoes raised in preceding year.
98,903
459,900
swine in the county ..
294
285,419
96,715
14,892
362
HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
102,918 bushels, average 21.77; Greenbush, from 3329 aeres 75,502 bushels, average 22.68; Lebanon, from 3587 aeres 79,579 bushels, average 22.19; Olive, from 3723 aeres 86,994 bushels, average 23.37; Ovid, from 4131 aeres 106,862 bushels, average 25.87; Riley, from 3456
aeres 81,608 bushels, average 23.61; Victor, from 3454
aeres 82,414 bushels, average 23.86; Watertown, from 4825 acres 124,783 bushels, average 25.86 ; Westphalia, from 3779 acres 86,492 bushels, average 22.89. Total yield of the county, from 61,282 aeres, 1,429,159 bushels, an average yield of 23.32 bushels per aere.
In the same year the county produced 1,100,535 bushels of corn, from 18,357 acres ; 396,356 bushels of oats, from 13,184 acres; 9788 bushels clover-seed, from 6600 acres ; 16,029 bushels barley, from 861} aeres ; 144,895 bushels potatoes, from 1738 acres; 31,093 tons of hay, from 23,843 aeres. The greatest amount of hay raised in any one township was produced by De Witt, the greatest amount of potatoes by Bingham, and the most elover-seed and barley by the township of Ovid.
The total number of pounds of wool shorn in the county in 1878, as shown by the returns, was 267,236, from 52,799 sheep, the product of the several townships being as follows : Bath, 20,747 pounds of wool, from 3934 sheep ; Bengal, 13,026 pounds of wool, from 2683 sheep; Bing- ham, 11,865 pounds of wool, from 2401 sheep; Dallas, 17,614 pounds of wool, from 3930 sheep ; De Witt, 20,621 pounds of wool, from 4106 sheep ; Duplain, 7363 pounds of wool, from 1529 sheep ; Eagle, 12,755 pounds of wool, from 2534 sheep ; Essex, 2146 pounds of wool, from 3901 sheep; Greenbush, 15,588 pounds of wool, from 2872 sheep ; Lebanon, 21,135 pounds of wool, from 4167 sheep ; Olive, 14,006 pounds of wool, from 2894 sheep; Ovid, 18,288 pounds of wool, from 3501 sheep; Riley, 16,478 pounds of wool, from 3309 sheep; Vietor, 23,745 pounds of wool, from 4350 sheep; Watertown, 20,719 pounds of wool, from 3934 sheep; Westphalia, 11,826 pounds of wool, from 2754 sheep.
It is to be regretted that no statistics of the agriculture of the county for the present year ean be given, as at this time (July, 1880) no returns of the census just completed have been made.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.
Clinton, though almost exclusively an agricultural county, contains a number of manufacturing establishments, some of which are quite extensive. These are located principally in St. Johns and Ovid, and will be found mentioned more particularly in the histories of those villages. The general manufacturing statisties of the county, however, as shown by the several United States and State censuses from 1850 to 1874, inelusive, are here given, as follows :
FOR THE YEAR 1850.
Number of flouring-mills reported 2
Capital invested in flouring-mills
$7,000
Barrels of flour manufactured in preceding year. 7,000
Value of flour manufactured $33,000
Number of saw- mills, 6
Capital invested in lumber manufacture $10,000
Annual product of lumber (feet)
1,530,000
Value of product ....
$9,010
Aggregate amount of capital invested in all kinds of manufactures (flour-mills aud saw-mills included) ..... $21,175
Number of hands employed in all manufactures .. ... Aggregate value of annual product of all kinds of man- ufactures in the county ..
28
$58,900
1854.
Number of flouring-mills reported.
1
Capital invested ia flouring-mills
$7,000
Barrels of flour made in the preceding year 1,500 Value of flour manufactured
$12,000 Number of saw-mills operated in the county.
8
feet of lumber sawed in preceding year.
1,572,000 Value of product ... $13,700 Amount of capital invested ia lumber maanfacture. $15,800
Number of hands employed.
23
1864.
Number of flour-mills reported (steam, 4; water, 3). runs of stones.
15
Amount of capital invested in flouring-mills.
$29,900
Barrels of flour made in the preceding year. 5,450 Value $26,000 12
Number of persons employed in flour-mills. saw-mills operated in the county (steam, 6; water, 4). 10
Capital invested in lumber manufacture. Feet of lumber sawed in the preceding year.
Value
Number of bunds employed in lumber manufacture ..
Number of manufactories other than saw-mills and flour-mills.
3
Number of persons employed in same ..
Amount of capital invested $31,000 $64,480
1874.
Number of flouring-mills in county (steam, 5 ; water, 6)
runs of stones in operation ..
25
Value
Capital invested in flouring-mills
Number of persons employed. saw-mills in the county (steam, 17; water, 3) Feet of lumber sawed in preceding year.
Value
Capital invested ia lumber manufacture Persons employed in
Number of wood-working# manufactories. Capital invested in same .... Number of persons employed ..
Value of product in preceding year ..
Number of iron-workingt manufactories.
Capital invested in same.
Value of produet in preceding year.
Number of persons employed ..
Number of agricultural-implement works. Capital invested in such works.
Value of produet in preceding year
Number of persons employed. carriage- and sleigh- manufactories.
Capital invested in same
Value of product in preceding year.
Number of hands employed. furniture- and chair-manufactories.
Capital invested in same.
Value of product in preceding year.
Number of bands employed pump-manufactories
Capital invested in same.
Value of product in preceding year.
Number of hands employed stuve- and heading-factories
Capital invested in same
Value of product in preceding year ....
Number of persons employed.
barrel-, keg-, tub-, and pail-factories.
2 $25,000 $110,000 52 2 $1,200 $1,900 3
Number of persons employed ... wooden-ware manufactories.
2
Capital invested in same.
$7,000
Value of product in preceding year. $7,947
Number of hands employed .. 10
saddle-, harness-, nød trunk-factories re- ported.
1
Capital invested in same. $3,000 $7,000
Value of product in preceding year
* Jaeluding io this class planing- und turning-mills, and sash-, door-, blind-, and hub- and spoke-factories.
t Foundries, maebine-shops, and boiler-shops included in this class.
$18,600 1,247,000 $25,820 23
Valuo of products of same in preceding year
Barrels of flour made in preceding year ... 46
28,480 $220,034 $70,000 26 20 8,919,000 $114,300 $62,400 86
$8,800 12 $10,500 2
$7,500 $0,000 5 3 $12,000 $18,800 13 4 $18,000 $20,980 28 2 $76,200 $50,16] 48 1 $6,000 $2,800
Capital invested in saule.
Value af produet in preceding year ...
7
363
VILLAGE OF ST. JOIINS.
Number of bands employed ...
2
Capital invested in same .....
$7,000 $11,616
Number of persons employed ..
7
briek- and tile-manufactories.
1
Capital invested in same.
$600
Value of produet in preceding year ..
$1,000
Number of marble- and eut-stone works.
1
Capital invested in same,
$8,000
Value of product in preceding year.
$8,000
Number of bands employed.
18
Whole number of manufacturing establishments reported in Clinton County in 1873 ...
60
Whole number of persons employed in same
323
" amount of capital invested
$315,700
Total value of produet in 1873.
$599,709
POPULATION.
The population of Clinton County in 1837 was shown by the census of that year to be five hundred and twenty- nine, and in 1840 it had increased to sixteen hundred and fourteen. The censuses taken at subsequent periods show the population of the county and of its several townships to have been as given below for the years indicated, viz. :
1845.
1850,
1854.
1860.
1864.
1870.
1874.
Bath
151
222
283
577
625
1,125
1,205
Bengal
. 49
143
350
638
706
1,086
1,200
Bingbam
72
185
336
1,460
1,794
2,910
2,963
Dallas ..
108
185
476
910
932
1,360
1,519
De Witt
418
706
885
1,139 915
997
1,493
Eagle ...
364
521
657
912
844
1,008
Essex
193
410
833
1,013
1,056
1,501
1,513
Greenbush
105
318
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