An illustrated history of the state of Montana, containing biographical mention of its pioneers and prominent citizens, Part 2

Author: Miller, Joaquin, 1837-1913. cn
Publication date: 1894
Publisher: Chicago, The Lewis pub. co.
Number of Pages: 1216

USA > Montana > An illustrated history of the state of Montana, containing biographical mention of its pioneers and prominent citizens > Part 2

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

Linder, W. J .. 216

Lissner, Marcus.

151

Lloyd, C. F.

786

Lloyd, J. E.

567

Loble, H, 82

Lockwood, Myron 185

Lockey, Richard.

Missoula Mercantile Co. 607

Mitchell, A. H. 437

Mitchell, Alex .469

Mix, Miles. 493

Moffitt, John. 160

Monroe, Henry 256

Montana University 31

709

Morony, J. G.

483

Morris, Moses

202

Morris, William

321

Morrison, W. B

508

Morse, G. W.

458

Moss, P. B. .

217

Mueller, Henry

479

Murphy, John.

238

Murphy, J. T.

.111

Murray, John

587

Murray, J. P.

249

Murray, T. J 290

Muth, William 61

Myers, George W 279

Myers, Ira .. 758

Myers, W. V 272

McCauley, J .

.542

McClain, Jacob P. .624

McClelland, J. F. .162

McConnell, N. W. .275 McCormick, James. .698

McCormick, Paul 575

McCulloh, R. L. .756 McDermott, William .204

Noyes, A. J. .324

Noyes, John 235

Nyhart, W .248

McKay, J. R .. 332

McKeen, William

538

McKendrick, Wm. M. 189

McMaster, J. B.

612

McNally, D. J ..

McNamara, T. J. 225

McNamara, W. J .. 246

McPhail Brothers. 729

McSorley, E. 572

McTague, T. 322

Meagher, P. H. 715

Melton, H. R. 254

Merchants & Miners' Nat. Bank of Phillipsburg .. .486 Merrill, T. G. 52

Metzel, Alexander .183

Meyendorff, M. A. 117

Middleton, C. R. 305

Milburn, G. R.

346

Miles, George M.

362

Milligan, W. L.

.272

Miller, F. B ..

724

Miller, G. S.

659

Miller, H. J.

.685

Miller, J. S. 214

Mills, J. H ..

139

Mills, W. P. 724

Ming, John H. 770

Loeber, J. Fred. .182

Logan, Andrew. 736

Longeway, A. F. 162

Losee, J. B. 419

Lott, M. H. 518

Loud, C. H. .487

Lovell, H. C. .348

Lowery E. L. 644

Lynch, J. HI .. .511

McCauly, Heury

349 .754 239

Nathan, A. 164

170

Moore, W. W.

Paul, A. W.

746

xiv

INDEX.

Rochester, Ras 538

Rockefeller, [. MI. .708

Stephens, H. W .320

Wackerlin, H. J. 301

Wade, Decius S. 102

Walk, John J. 540

Walker, A. M.

651

Rowe, Charles .682

Rowley, H. W. 225

Rumping, J. II 728

Ryan, Jepp.

739

Sanders, W. F. .808

Sanford Brothers. .247

Savage, C. W 257

Scharnikow, E. 495

Schatzlein, Charles 662

Schilling, E. W. 768

Schreiner, H. J. 304

220

Schwab, Samuel. 582

Scott, Laura Jane. .387

Sec, B. F. 520

Security Bank of Great Falls .. . 321

Seidensticker, J. C.

324

Seligman, A. J. .

108

Selway, R. H. .528

101

Shaffer, F. J.

124

Shineberger, J.

388

Shoemaker, H. A. 521

Shoolin, Dennis 596

Showers, Frank. 411

425

Simpson, J. H. .737

Sloan, Asa H. 608

Sloane, J. L. . . .. 171

Smalley, E. C .383

Smith, J. G

.627

Smith, J. M. 114

Smith, L. G 364

Smith, Nathan .490

Smith, R. B.

.332

Smith, W. M

.328

Snyder, N. S. 408

Solomon, Joseph 530

Sommers, Harry

.554

Southmayd, O. A 148

Spear, Charles 472

677

Speer, Wm. O

370

Squires, O. W.

735

Stackpole, E. S

717

Staudaher, George

514

Standard Fire Brick Co.

395

Stapleton, G. W .302

Stark, C. T. 630

Van Gundy, J. E. .523

Vaughn, Robert. .288

Vawater, L. A .. .610

Zenor, H. H .. .605

Zimmerman, W. J .512

Zosel, William. .522

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Broadwater, C. A .... Frontispiece

Browne, David G .360

Clark, W. A.

364

Bullard, Massena. 327

Clayberg, J. B. 728

Bullard, W. M. 147

Caplice, John. 784

Cardwell, Ed. 660

Couch, Thomas 523

Carter, T. HI . 181

Cullen, W. E 788

Chessman, W. A. 292

Clark, Joseph K. 467

Bach, E W .630

Bean, John .647

Bennett, Alden J. 765

Bickford, W. M .393

Bielenberg, N. J. . 552

Blakeley, Charles P 372

Bray. A. F.

561

Stephens, W. J. .323

Sterling, F. P. 297

Steward, J. M 106

Stewart, George 761

Walker, D. D. 702

Wallace, R. C .. 79

Walsh, Lawrence. 566

Walter, Charles 508

Warner, D. G ..

494

Warren, Charles S 457

Warren, William 329

Watson, J. R. 141

221

Sullivan, Jere.

215

Summers, J. A.

178

Swallow. G. C. 446

Weed, Elbert D

118

Weisenhorn, A.

115

Wells, G. R.

355

Wells, L. B

534

Whaley, Peter.

577

Whitcomb, Edmund. 507

White, B. F.

132

Whitford, O. B 795

Wilhart, John.

314

Wilhelm, A. G.

773

Williams, C. H. 409

Willson, L. S 527

Wilson Brothers 633

Wilson, H. O 125

Wines, M. L. 748

Wing, R. T .. 179

Winslett, J. W. 362

Winstanley, E. A. 762

Winston, G. B. .

Winters, W. H.

Winters, W. J.

149

Witmer, J. R

766

Woliston, R. T

426

Todd, T. J

774

Woods, I. N.

129

Tooker, J. S.

Woody, Frank H 709

Woolman, J. P 59

Word, Robert L. 770

Toole, J. K. 23

Word, Samuel. 91

Tower, F. P. .50G

Worden, F. L. 544

Tracy, George L. 77

Worden, H. O 526

Wright, F. W

Truscott, J. S.

.277

Upton, D. N .347

Yegen, Christian .408

Yegen, Peter .. 409

Stark, Eugene .516

Stedman, John. 151

Steele, Hindson & Co. 105

Steere, E. A

111

Talbott, J. A 345

Temple, John. 520

Templeton, J. C. 76

Tewey, Daniel. 649

Thomas, G. D 720

Thomas, H. M 402

Thomas, J. D. 560

Thomas, R. L. 748

Thompson, E. R. 427

Thompson, R. B 704

Thompson, Wm 230

Thornton, J. C. C. 251

Tighe, George.

6 4

Tilton, D. W

.228

Tilton, J. W

395

Toole, B. W 290

Toole, E. W 109

662

Swiggett, S. A. 167

Swindlehurst, J. E 737

Switzer, Jacob. 154

Sykes, Harry N 89

Stoddard, F. (' 196

Story, Nelson. 741

Strange, B. F. 201

Strevell, J. W 539

Strickland, Benj 270

Stuart, Granville. 175

Sullivan, James 98

Webster, C. M

Webster, F. C.

543

Webster, F. W.

201

Sweeney, J. L. 43t

Schultz, Fred J

Stemple, J. A. .602

Rockwell, J. A 291

Rotwitt, L .. 67

Rouillier. J. B. .594

St. Jean, F. L. 679

Vickers, Robert. 713

Vineyard, G. C. .334

Connell, M. J. 836

Cooper, Walter 790

Curtis, F. E .. 400

Babcock, A. L 211

Trotter, Wm. .717

Speelman, Mary.

Settles, Wm. M. G

Simpson, J. B.

INDEX.

Davis, A. J.

.206

Kleinschmidt, T. H. 224

Palmer, C. H. ..

. 505

Donnelly, J. J .. 481

Knight, E. W ...

Pemberton, W. Y

Dow, Alex

317

Knowles, Ella L. 85

Pickman, H. D. . 428

Esler, A. M

Knowles, Hiram

Power, T. C ..

80;

Fergus, James

261

Leavitt, E. D.

614

Prospectors Ready for the Hills, 528

Lloyd, J. E ..

767

Reed, John

240

Gamer, Fred ..

113

Lockey, Richard.

343

Rickards, J. E.

153

Gibson, Paris.

418

Marion, Joseph E. 280

Sanders, W. F

808

Goddard, O. F.

Marsball, Thomas C. .410

Smith, Robert B.

332

Gohn, George

235

Mayger, William

.349

Stapleton, G. W.

302

Golden Messenger MiningCamp 518

McConnell, N. W 275

Story, Nelson

741

Hale, Robert S.

200

McCormick, Paul .575

Stuart, Granville

175

Hauser, Samuel T.

126

McNamara, Wm. J 216

Thompson, William

230

Hedges, Cornelius.

McTague, Thomas 322

Thornton, J. C. C ..

251

Hennessy, D. J.

694

Merrill, T. G 52

Tooker, J. S ..

Hickman, R. O.

432

Mills, James H.

139

Toole, J. K.

Missouri River Scene

Vaughn, Robert.

288

Holter, A. M

497

Mitchell, A. H

437

Wade, Decins S

102

Keith, A. B.

190

Monroe, Henry 256

Warren, Charles S. 457

Kemper, S. V.

443

Montana's First Inhabitants 33

Weed, Elbert D. 118

Kenyon, W. R ..

231

Montana's First Settler 284

Wells, L. B

534

Kessler, Nick.

269

Myers, Ira. . 758

Whitford, O. B. 795

Kleinschmidt, A. 813

Nelson, Aaron H 187

Woody, Frank H

709

Kleinschmidt, R. H.

673

Nissler, Chris 311

Word, Samuel.

First Store in Butte, 1864.

284

Reeves, George W.

.307

Garrett, Clarence B

194

Mantle, Lee.

599

Hoffman, C. W.

.354

HISTORY OF MONTANA.

Sunt loca montana, seu regivant pars regionis inter montes sita .- Liv. 21, 34.

PART I.

FROM EARLIEST DATE TO THE GREAT GOLD AND SILVER DISCOVERIES.

CHAPTER I.

THE NAME OF MONTANA-FOOTPRINTS OF THE FRENCH-SPANISH POSSESSION.

M ONTANA has the only classic name in all the constellation of States (see quo- tation from Livy already made). This poetic and most appropriate name was familiar to the schoolboy so far back as the time when western Europe was still the vague and dim ultima thule." Nearly all the States of this proud republic have Indian names. The few exceptions are those named in honor of foreign rulers and the Father of his Country, and two

*Perventum inde ad frequentem cultoribus alium ut inter Montana, populum .- Pliny 6, 22, 7.

Prasiorum gens, quorum in Montanis Pygmaei trad- untur .- Ib. 6.

Granville Stuart, first president of the Historical Society of Montana, and at all times an authority in her early history, says the Indian name of Montana is "Tozabe-Shock-up," meaning the country of the mountains.

May I venture to insist that the Indian name of the Rocky mountains, put into English, "Shining Mountains," is the fitter name of the two, so for as applied to Montana ?

I would also indicate that the appellation "Montanians," as applied to the people of Montana, is not nearly so eu- phonious as to say Montanese; as the Latins say Milanese, Piedmontese, etc.

or three that are of Spanish origin. But here is one that stands apart and alone,-distinct even in name as in many historical incidents, characteristics, soil, products and physical feat- ures.

Montana, as we see by the journals of Lewis and Clarke, was the very first of all that track- less waste and world of terrors lying west of the Mississippi to be traversed by civilized man. Her climate, soil, woods and wild beasts were well known to the world nearly a century before those of Illinois, Iowa or even the lower part of Missouri, through this expedition from the far- away East; and although these first men caine from the East her founders,-they who dis- covered gold, named the nameless rivers, sur- veyed and possessed the valleys, built cities and made laws,-were men who, in the first in- stance, at least, came up from under the setting sun,-gray men, mostly, gray with toil and time, and travel, too, for they had girdled the

HISTORY OF MONTANA.

continent and spent years in the gold fields of California. In this, too, as well as in so many other things, how characteristic and entirely unique is Montana.

But more characteristic still is the story of her classie name, a name that was old in books thousands of years ago, when poets wrote with "the antique iron pen." Here where the Indian lorded the soil alone and at- tained his highest stature; here where the In- dian honsed before the dawn of history; here where he made his last bloody stand in battle; here where he fought his fiereest and most fiendish fight in all his centuries of warfare with the white man,-he has not fixed his name, as if the swift, sweet winds of these mountain peaks and fruitful valleys were too pure for his bloody memory and would forever "whistle him down the wind !"

While other States have taken much from the savages they destroyed, the schoolboy finds the name of Montana seattered through classies that were written before the Christian era; and this much here in testimony of the fact that the land was first possessed, christianized and bap- tized by cultured, gentle and diseriminating men.

We need no books to tell us that the French were the first white people to set foot on the mighty ramparts of Montana. You can read the French names of rivers, valleys and Indian tribes on all the maps, old and new, from Cap- tain Carver's map of 1675 on down to the huge roll of charts sent to the writer from Washington by the Government only last year, to be used in compiling this work.

I take the succeeding very remarkable and elaborate paper, notes, explanations and all, from volume 1, pages 301-16, of the Historical Society of Montana.

[The following article selected and forwarded to the Ilistorical Society by Mr. John Potter, of Ifamilton, Montana, attracted the attention of the members of the society by reason of the exceptional interest which it excited. It is believed to relate the first discovery of "The Shining," or Roeky, mountains north of New Spain. It had been selected by Mr. Potter from a periodical published in Washington Territory, and the directors of the society resolved, con- trary to their general rule, to publish it with their contributions, with such notes as it evoked, in the hope that thereby its author would be dis- covered and further particulars of this expe- dition be obtained.

There was nothing to indicate the author. Some portions of the story were confirmed by authorities known to the members of the society; some portions bore inherent evidence of truth, while as to the balance the directors their of the society were not informed. The arrange- ments for publishing it were perfected, when the society was furnished with a pamphlet copy of the same, containing the name of the author, the Rev. E. D. Neill, the accomplished historian and president of Macalester College, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

The society could do no less than explain the awkwardness of the situation to Mr. Neill, who, with characteristie generosity, relieved the ofli- cers of the society from their embarrassment by freely consenting that it, with its notes, be pub- lished by them. The notes explain somewhat the text, but it yet remains very obseure. It is not impossible that a recurrence to the original sources of information by those familiar with the country from personal observation will make the lines of this remarkable journal plain. It is probable that from the discoveries of Veren- drye and his party Captain Jonathan Carver

HISTORY OF MONTANA.

derived the information which enabled him to put forth the pretentions but inaccurate knowl- edge of the "sources of the four great rivers" flowing into the gulf of Mexico, the gulf of St. Lawrence, the straits of Annian, and the Hudson bay. Twenty-three years before Captain Car- ver's journey, and sixty-two years before the party of Lewis and Clarke visited this region, this dauntless adventurer broke the stillness of these solitudes by a midwinter journey, fired by an enthusiasmn for his faith and his king. It is to be hoped that the archives of French adven- ture in the Northwest now in process of publi- cation will give in detail this chapter of the history of Verendrye. Those notes indicated by an asterisk (*), and that portion of the numn- bered notes included in parenthesis (), are by Mr. Granville Stuart, while the notes indicated by numbers are by Mr. Neill .- W. F. S. ]

SIEUR DE LA VERENDRYE AND HIS SONS THE DIS- COVERERS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, BY WAY OF LAKE SUPERIOR AND WINNIPEG, AND RIVERS ASSINIBOINE AND MISSOURI, IN 1743. BY REV. EDWARD D. NEILL.

Three Rivers, at the confluence of the St. Maurice with the St. Lawrence, ninety miles from Quebec, is one of the oldest hamlets of Canada. A wedding here took place on Septem- ber 26, 1667, which received some notice at the time. On that day, Marie Boucher, then only twelve years of age, was made the wife of Lt. Rene Gaultier Varennes.

The son-in-law soon succeeded Boucher, and for twenty two years was the governor of Three Rivers, and one of his sons, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, was the Sieur de la Verendrye, the subject of this paper, and the explorer of a northern route to the Rocky mountains.

When a young man, he joined, in 1697, in a

war expedition against New England, and in 1705 was fighting with the French army in Flanders. Returning to Canada, he identified himself with the opening of the great unknown West.1

In 1716, Bobe, a learned priest at Versailles, who had exposed the deception of Lahontan in placing Long river on the map, for which there was no foundation,* was constantly urging the French government to search for a northern route to the Pacific. On the 15th of March, 1716, he wrote to De L'Isle, geographer of the Academy of Science at Paris: "They tell me that among the Scioux of the Mississippi there are always Frenchmen trading; that the course of the Mississippi is from north to west, and from west to south; that it is known that toward the source there is in the highlands a river that leads to the western ocean. For the last two years I tormented exceedingly the gov- ernor-general, M. Raudot, and M. Duche, to endeavor to discover this ocean. If I succeed as I hope, we shall have tidings before three years, and I shall have the pleasure and the con- solation of having rendered a good service to geography, to religion, and to the state."?

His importunity received its reward, and in 1717 the post erected by Du Luth in 1678 was

I Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 227.

* This is unjust to La Hontan, for there is good reason to believe that the information concerning Long river, which he obtained from the Indians, referred to the Missouri, but in passing through the many intervening tribes it hecame greatly exaggerated. For instance, the many lakes on Long river do exist in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Missouri-such as Flathead Lake, Henry's Lake, Jackson Lake, Yellowstone Lake, Lake Pahkokee, Great Salt Lake, etc .; but by the time the knowledge of them reached the Indians with whom he came in contact, it is very natural they should locate them all on and along the upper Missouri, and it may also be that La Hontan could but very impefectly understand them, and therefore may have made these mistakes himself.

' Historical Magazine, New York, 1859.

HISTORY OF MONTANA.

re- established at the head of Lake Superior, near the month of the Kamanistigoya, by Lientenant Robertel de la None, and another built among the Sioux, with a view of pushing westward the power of France.

Verendrye, in 1728, was stationed at Lake Nepigon, whose waters flow into Lake Superior from the north.3 While here, the Indians were so positive relative to a river which flowed toward the sea of the west that he resolved to make an exploration. At Mackinaw, while on his way to confer with the government of Canada upon the subject, Father de Gonor arrived from the post which had been estab- lished among the Sioux, nearly opposite Maiden Rock, on the shores of Lake Pepin.

After an interchange of views, the priest promised to assist him as far as he could in obtaining a permit and outfit for the establish- ment of a post among the "Knisteneaux," or the " Assiniboels," from which to go further west.'

Charles de Beanharnois, then governor of Canada, gave him a respectful hearing, and carefully examined the map of the region west of the great lakes, which had been drawn by Otchaga, the Indian guide of Verendrye. Orders were soon given to fit out an expedition of fifty men. It left Montreal in 1731, under the conduct of his sons and nephew, he not

joining the party till 1733, in consequence of the detention of business.

In the autumn of 1731, the party reached Rainy lake, by the Nantouagan or Groselliers, now called Pigeon.5 Father Messayer, who had been stationed on Lake Superior, at the Groselliers river, was taken as a spiritual guide. At the foot of Rainy lake a post was erected and called Ft. St. Pierre; and the next year, having crossed Minnittie, or Lake of the Woods, they established Ft. St. Charles on its sonth- western bank. Five leagues from Lake Winni- peg they established a post on the Assiniboine.6 The river Winnipeg, called by them Manrepas.

5 Groselliers and Radisson, adventurous fur-traders, about the year 1660 went by the Grand Portage to Lake Winnipeg, and were the first Europeans to go from thence to the bottom of Hudson's Bay. It has been said that the river was called after the trader, but it may be after the wild gooseberry bush, called in French "grosillier."

6 Named from the Assiniboines, a separate band of the Sioux or Dakotahs, and known among themselves as Hohays, "fish-netters." The Chippeways call them Assenay Bwans, or "Stone Sioux," because, living on the wide prairie, they were, for want of fuel, obliged to cook their fish by warming the water with hot stones.

A Jesuit relation, written more than two hundred years. ago, says: " As wood is very scarce and small with them, nature has taught them to burn stones in place of it, and to cover their wigwams with skins. Some have built mud cabins nearly in the same manner as swallows build their nests."

(In regard to the first part of the above, the question would arise as to how they could heat the stones without fuel. This curious error is easily explained, however, by the fact that it was not the lack of fuel which caused them to boil their fish by putting hot stones in the water, but lack of vessels that would stand fire. Almost all savage tribes, before contact with the whites, did often cook their fish or other game by putting it into water tight baskets or troughs, and then put hot stones into the water until it boiled. As to the other assertion that because " wood was scarce and small with them, nature had taught them to burn stones in place of it," it most probably arose from war parties of the Chippeways (who were hereditary enemies of the Sioux) watching at a distance, and seeing the Assiniboines gather something on the naked prairie, and make a fire with it, naturally they thought it must be stones, and so told the Jesuits, while in reality it was dried buffalo dung or " buffalo chips," which is still used by all the tribes of the great plains; but the Chippeways, who lived in timbered regions, knew nothing of its use .- G. S.

3 For many of the facts of this article, I am indebted to two articles of Pierre Margry, published iu " Moniteur Universel."

" The Jesuit, du Gonor, with his associate, Guignas, came to Lake l'epin with La Perriere Boucher, who had made himself notorious in Massachusetts by leading the Indian attack on Haverhill. They arrived on September 17, 1727, and erected Ft. Beauharnois opposite Maiden's Rock, on a low point. In the spring of 1728, the water rose two feet and eight inches above the floors of the post. Below Lake Pepin, in 1683, Perrot established a post. Above Lake Pepin, on Prairie Island, a stockade was erected in 1695. On a creek of the Blue Earth, not far from Mankabto, Le Suer had a post in 1700.

HISTORY OF MONTANA.

in honor of the minister of France in 1734, was protected by a fort of the same name.

About this time their advance was stopped by the exhaustion of supplies; but on the 12th of April, 1735, an arrangement was made for a second equipment, and a fourth son joined the expedition.

In June, 1736, while twenty-one of the expedition were camped upon an isle in the Lake of the Woods, they were surprised by a band of Sioux hostile to the French allies, the Knisteneanx, and all killed. The island, upon this account, is called in the early maps Massacre island. A few days after, a party of five Canadian voyagers discovered their dead bodies and scalped heads. Father Ouneau, the mission- ary, was found upon one knee, an arrow in his head, his breast bare, his left hand touching the ground, and the right hand raised.

Among the slaughtered was also a son of Verendrye, who had a tomahawk in his back, and his body was adorned with garters and bracelets of porcupine. The father was at the fort on the Lake of the Woods when he received the news of his son's murder, and about the same time heard of the death of his enterprising nephew, Dufrost de la Jemerays, the son of his sister Marie Reine de Varennes, and brother of Madame Youville, the foundress of the hospital- iers at Montreal.7

It was under the guidance of the latter that the party had, in 1731, mastered the difficulties of the Nantouagan or Groselliers river.

On the 3d of October, 1738, they built an advance post, Ft. La Reine, on the river Assiniboine, which they called St. Charles, and beyond was a branch called St. Pierre. These two rivers received the baptismal name of Ver- endrye, which was Pierre, and Governor Beau- harnois, which was Charles. This post (Ft. La Reine) became the center of trade, and point of departure for explorations either north or south.

It was by ascending the Assiniboine, and by the present trail to Monse river, they reached the country of the Mantanes,8 and, in 1742, came to the upper Missouri, passed the Yellowstone, and at length arrived at the Rocky mountains. The party was led by the eldest son and his brother the chevalier. They left the Lake of the Woods on the 29th of April, 1742, came in sight of the Rocky mountains on the 1st of January, 1743, and on the 12th ascended them. On the route, they fell in with the Beaux Hommes, Pioya, Petits Renards and Are tribes, and stopped among the Snake tribe, but could go no farther in a southerly direction, owing to a war between the Arcs and Snakes.9

On the 12th of May, 1744, they had returned to the upper Missouri, and the Petite Cerise10 country they planted on an eminence a leaden plate of the arms of France, and raised a monu-

7 The Indians have a tradition of this occurrence. They state that early one morning a French canoe, with eight men, left a trading-house, which the French had built about the middle of the Lake of the Woods, and stopped upon an island near the last pass to enter the river of Rainy lake. The atmosphere was so still that the wind could hardly be felt. Having built a fire, the smoke was perceived by Sioux warriors, who approached and landed unperceived on the opposite side of the isle, and massacred the missionary and party .- BELCOURT, in Minn. Hist. Soc. Annals, 1853.

8 The Mandans, or White Beards, of the Dakotah family, are noted for being gray-haired. Sometimes children six years of age have this appearance. They were nearly destroyed by small-pox in 1837, and in 1874 they lived near the Arricarees and Gros Ventres, in the vicinity of Ft. Berthold, on the Missouri. Formerly, all dwelt in mud cabins, surrounded by ditches. A few yet live in dirt lodges.

" The Arcs may be the Aricarees. The first attempt to trace the upper Missouri is on De L'Isle's map of Louisi- ana; and on it the " Aricaras" are marked as dwelling north of the Pawnees. They speak the same language. In 1874 they lived near Ft. Berthold, and were about nine hundred in number.

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An illustrated history of the state of Montana, containing biographical mention of its pioneers and prominent citizens, Part 2

Author: Miller, Joaquin, 1837-1913. cn Publication date: 1894 Publisher: Chicago, The Lewis pub. co. Number of Pages: 1216

Author: Miller, Joaquin, 1837-1913. cn
Publication date: 1894
Publisher: Chicago, The Lewis pub. co.
Number of Pages: 1216