USA > New Hampshire > Grafton County > Littleton > History of Littleton, New Hampshire, Vol. I > Part 5
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Two species of cucurbits and one of the Ficoidec are followed in the list by more than a dozen members of the large and impor- tant parsley family - the Umbellifera. Then come five members of the Ginseng family, - the Spikenard, the Bristly Sarsaparilla, the Wild Sarsaparilla, the Ginseng, and the Dwarf Ginseng or Ground-nut. The Dogwood family is represented by five species which add greatly to the attractiveness of the local flora.
Passing now to the second botanical division, - that of the Gamapetalous plants, - we find a dozen members of the honey- suckle family in the Littleton flora, and half as many species of the Madder family. The great order of Composite flowers is represented by a host of species, while the Lobelia family has but two or three, and the Campanula family but one species. The interesting group of Heaths is represented by about a score of species, of which the Trailing Arbutus, the Wintergreen or Checker- berry, the Pyrola and the Indian Pipe are the most familiar. The Primrose family includes the beautiful little Star-flower and three species of Loosestrife ; while to the Olive family belong the three kinds of Ash - the White, Red, and Black. The decorative Dog- bane belongs to the group of which it is the typical species, while the several species of Milkweed represent the family of that name.
The beautiful flowers of the Gentians are represented by two or three species, and the Convolvulus family by the Hedge Bind-weed and a smaller, similar plant -- the Field Bind-weed. Among the
38
History of Littleton.
Nightshades there is a species of Datura or Jimson-weed, while the Figwort family contains many interesting genera, notably the Mul- lein, Toad-flax, Turtle-head, Monkey-flower, Speedwell, Lousewort, and the Figwort itself. The Broom-rapes include the Beech-drops and Naked Broom-rape.
The common Bladderwort of ponds and slow-running streams is the most interesting member of its family, and the Blue Vervain is the most abundant member of the Verbena group. The Odorous Mints, however, are much in evidence. Spearmint, Peppermint, Bugle-weed, Bee-balm, Catnip, Skull-cap, Self-heal, Motherwort, and Dead-nettle are all members of this domestic and beneficent family. Two species of plantains - the Common and the Lance- leaved - complete the list of the Gamopetalous exogens.
The Apetalous exogens are for the most part plants with incon- spicuous flowers, which in the present brief survey may be rapidly passed over. The Amaranth and Goosefoot families are repre- sented by a few common weeds, and the Buckwheat family by many species of Dock and Smart-weeds. To the Birthworts be- longs the interesting Wild Ginger of rich woods, while the Mezereum family claims the Leatherwood. The Spurges are represented by certain species of Euphorbia, while the Nettle family includes the stately Elms, as well as the Hemp, Hop-vine, and Nettle. The Butternut and Hickory Nut are common members of the Walnut family. The extremely abundant Sweet Fern is the only member of the Sweet-Gale family.
The important order Cupulifera includes the Oaks, of which we have two species, the Birches, four species, the Hazelnuts, two species, the Alders, the Iron-wood, the Hop Hornbeam, and the Beech. Numerous species of Willow and five species of Poplar represent the Willow family.
Passing now to the Gymnosperms, we find of course that the Evergreen family - Conifere - is well represented in our flora. Of the pines, the White Pine is everywhere abundant, while the Pitch Pine and the Red or Norway Pine are both found. The Hemlock, Balsam Fir, American Larch or Tamarack, Arbor Vitæ or White Cedar, and the Yew are all easily found and add much to the beauty of the landscape both in summer and winter.
To the group of Monocotyledons or endogenous plants belongs the interesting family of the Orchids. These fascinating flowers are represented by numerous species in the Littleton flora. Of the Adder's Mouth there are two kinds, of the Twayblade three species, belonging to two genera, of the Coral-root two species, and of the Lady's Tresses three species. Two forms of Goodyera or Rattle-
39
Botany.
snake Plantain are commonly found, while the Showy Orchis occurs here and there in rich woods. At least ten species of Rein-Orchis occur, and two or more of Lady's Slippers, the Moccasin-Flower being the most abundant of these.
Two species of the Iris family - the Blue Flag and the Blue- eyed Grass - are found in numbers, while the modest Lilies are represented by more than a score of forms.
A LIST OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF LITTLETON.
RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY.
Clematis Virginiana. Common Virgin's Bower.
verticillaris. Purple Clematis.
Anemone nemorosa. Wood Anemone. Wind Flower.
Virginiana. Virginian Anemone.
Hepatica triloba. Liverleaf.
acutiloba.
Anemonella thalictroides. Rue Anemone.
Thalictrum dioicum. Early Meadow Rue.
polygamum. Late Meadow Rue.
Ranunculus abortivus. Small-flowered Crowfoot.
recurvatus. Hooked Crowfoot.
septentrionalis. Large Creeping Crowfoot.
Pennsylvanicus. Bristly Crowfoot. acris. Common Buttercup.
Caltha palustris. Marsh Marigold. Coptis trifolia. Gold Thread.
Aquilegia Canadensis. Columbine.
Actoa spicata, var. rubra. Red Baneberry.
alba. White Baneberry.
BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY.
Berberis vulgaris. Barberry.
Caulophyllum thalictroides. Blue Cohosh.
NYMPHÆEACEÆE. WATER-LILY FAMILY.
Brasenia peltata. Water-Shield. Nymphoa odorata. White Water Lily. Nuphar adrena. Yellow Pond Lily.
SARRACENIACEÆE. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.
Sarracenia purpurea. Pitcher Plant.
40
History of Littleton.
PAPAVERACEÆE. POPPY FAMILY.
Sanguinaria Canadensis. Bloodroot. Chelidonium majus. Celandine.
FUMARIACEAE. FUMITORY FAMILY.
Dicentra cucullaria. Dutchman's Breeches. Canadensis. Squirrel Corn.
Corydalis glauca. Pale Corydalis .
Fumaria officinalis. Fumitory.
CRUCIFERÆE. MUSTARD FAMILY.
Dentaria diphylla. Pepper Root.
maxima.
Cardamine hirsuta. Bitter Cress.
Arabis hirsuta. Rock-Cress.
lævigata.
perfoliata. 66
Nasturtium palustre. Marsh Cress.
Armoracia. Horse Radish.
Barbarea vulgaris. Yellow Rocket.
Sisymbrium officinale. Hedge Mustard. Brassica campestris. Kale.
alba. White Mustard. nigra. Black Mustard.
Capsella bursa-pastoris. Shepherd's Purse.
Lepidium Virginicum. Peppergrass.
Raphanus Raphanistrum. Jointed Charlock.
CISTACEAE. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.
Helianthemum Canadense. Frost-weed. Lechea major. Pinweed.
VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY.
Viola palmata. Palmate-leaved Violet.
66 var. cucullata. Common Blue Violet.
sagittata. Arrow-leaved Violet.
Selkirkii. Selkirk Violet.
66 blanda. Sweet White Violet.
var. palustriformis.
66 var. renifolia.
66 rotundifolia. Round-leaved Violet.
66 pubescens. Downy Yellow Violet.
Canadensis. Canada Violet.
canina, var. Muhlenbergii. Dog Violet.
41
Botany.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY.
Saponaria officinalis. Bouncing Bet. Silene Cucubalus. Bladder Campion. antirrhina. Sleepy Catchfly.
noctiflora.
Lychnis Githago. Corn Cockle. Arenaria serpyllifolia. Sandwort. Stellaria media. Common Chickweed.
longifolia. Long-leaved Stitchwort.
borealis. Northern Stitchwort. Cerastium vulgatum. Chickweed. 66 viscosum. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Sagina procumbens. Pearlwort. Spergula arvensis. Spurrey.
PORTULACACEÆE. PURSLANE FAMILY.
Portulaca oleracea. Purslane.
Claytonia Caroliniana. Spring Beauty.
HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
Hypericum ellipticum. St. John's-wort.
perforatum.
maculatum.
mutilum.
66 Canadense.
Elodes campanulata. Marsh St. John's-wort.
MALVACEÆE. MALLOW FAMILY.
Malva rotundifolia. Common Mallow.
crispa. Curled Mallow.
66 moschata. Musk Mallow.
66 sylvestris. High Mallow.
Hibiscus trionum. Flower-of-an-hour.
TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY.
Tilia Americana. Basswood. Linden.
GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY.
Geranium Robertianum. Herb Robert.
Carolinianum. Wild Geranium.
Impatiens Pallida. Pale Jewel-weed.
fulva. Spotted Jewel-weed. Oxalis Acetosella. True Wood Sorrel.
corniculata, var. stricta. Yellow Wood Sorrel.
42
History of Littleton.
: RUTACEAE. Xanthoxylum Americanum. Prickly Ash.
ILICINEÆE. HOLLY FAMILY. Ilex verticillata. Black Alder. Nemopanthes fascicularis. Mountain Holly.
CELASTRACEÆE. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Celastrus scandens. Climbing Bitter-sweet.
VITACEÆE. VINE FAMILY.
Vitis riparia. Frost Grape. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Virginia Creeper.
SAPINDACEÆE. SOAPBERRY FAMILY.
Acer Pennsylvanicum. Striped Dogwood. Moose-Wood. spicatum. Mountain Maple.
66 saccharinum. Sugar Maple.
66 var. nigrum. Black Sugar Maple.
dasycarpum. White or Silver Maple. rubrum. Red Maple.
ANACARDIACEAE. CASHEW FAMILY.
Rhus typhina. Staghorn Sumach.
" glabra. Smooth Sumach.
" Toxicodendron. Poison Ivy.
POLYGALACEÆE. MILKWORT FAMILY. Polygala paucifolia. Fringed Polygala.
LEGUMINOSÆE. PULSE FAMILY.
Trifolium arvense. Stone Clover.
pratense. Red Clover.
66 repens. White Clover.
66 agrarium. Yellow Clover.
60 procumbens. Low Hop-Clover.
hybridum. Alsike Clover.
Melilotus officinalis. Yellow Melilot. alba. Sweet Clover.
Medicago lupulina. Black Medick. Robinia Pseudacacia. Common Locust. Astragalus alpinus. Milk Vetch.
43
Botany.
Desmodium acuminatum. Tick Trefoil.
66 Dillenii. 66
Canadense. 66
Lespedeza polystachya. Bush Clover. Vicia sativa. Common Vetch.
cracca.
Apios tuberosa. Ground-nut.
Amphicarpoa monoica. Hog Peanut.
Gleditschia triacanthos. Honey Locust.
ROSACEA. ROSE FAMILY.
Prunus Pennsylvanica. Red Cherry.
Virginiana. Choke-Cherry. serotina. Black Cherry. .
Spirca salicifolia. Common Meadow-Sweet.
tomentosa. Hardhack.
Rubus odoratus. Purple Flowering Raspberry.
triflorus. Dwarf Raspberry.
strigosus. Wild Red Raspberry.
66 occidentalis. Black Raspberry.
villosus. High Blackberry.
Canadensis. Low Blackberry.
66 hispidus. Running Swamp Blackberry.
Dalibarda repens. Geum album. Avens.
66 Virginianum. Avens.
66 macrophyllum.
66 strictum. 66
rivale. Water Avens.
Waldsteinia fragarioides. Barren Strawberry.
Fragaria Virginiana. Field Strawberry. vesca. Wood Strawberry. Potentilla Norvegica. Cinquefoil.
argentea. Silvery Cinquefoil. Canadensis. Common Cinquefoil.
Agrimonia eupatoria. Common Agrimony. Rosa humilis. Dwarf Rose.
" Carolina. Swamp Rose.
" cinnamomea. Cinnamon Rose.
Pyrus arbutifolia. Choke-berry.
Americana. Mountain Ash.
Cratogus coccinea. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.
punctata. Hawthorn. Amelanchier Canadensis. Shad-Bush.
var. oblongifolia.
44
History of Littleton.
SAXIFRAGACEA. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
Saxifraga Virginiensis. Rock Saxifrage. Pennsylvanica. Swamp Saxifrage. Tiarella cordifolia. False Mitrewort. Mitella diphylla. Mitrewort.
nuda.
Chrysosplenium Americanum. Golden Saxifrage. Ribes Cynosbati. Prickly Gooseberry.
oxya canthoides. Smooth Gooseberry.
lacustre.
66 prostratum. Fetid Currant.
floridum. Wild Black Currant.
aureum. Missouri Currant.
CRASSULACEÆE. STONE-CROP FAMILY. Sedum Telephium. Live-for-ever.
DROSERACEÆE. SUNDEW FAMILY.
Drosera rotundifolia. Round-leaved Sundew.
HAMAMELIDEÆE. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. Hamamelis Virginiana. Witch-hazel.
HALORAGEÆE. WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.
Proserpinaca palustris. Mermaid Weed. Callitriche verna. Water-Starwort.
ONAGRACEÆE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Ludwigia palustris. False Loosestrife. Epilobium angustifolium. Fireweed.
coloratum. Willow-herb.
66 lineare.
Enothera biennis. Evening Primrose. pumila. Dwarf Evening Primrose. Circoa Lutetiana. Enchanter's Nightshade. alpina.
CUCURBITACEA. CUCUMBER FAMILY.
Sicyos angulatus. Bur-Cucumber.
45
Botany.
FICOIDEA. Mollugo verticillata. Carpet-weed.
UMBELLIFERA. PARSLEY FAMILY.
Daucus Carota. Wild Carrot.
Conioselinum Canadense. Hemlock Parsley.
Heracleum lanatum. Cow Parsnip.
Pastinaca sativa. Wild Parsnip.
Cryptotænia Canadensis. Honewort.
Sium cicutefolium. Water Parsnip.
Zizia aurea. Meadow Parsnip.
Carum carvi. Caraway. Cicuta maculata. Spotted Cowbane. bulbifera. Water Hemlock.
Osmorrhiza brevistylis. Sweet Cicely.
Hydrocatyle Americana.
66 longistylis. Water Pennywort.
Sanicula Marylandica. Black Snakeroot. var. Canadensis.
Ligusticum Scoticum. Lovage.
ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY.
Aralia racemosa. Spikenard.
hispida. Bristly Sarsaparilla.
nudicaulis. Wild Sarsaparilla.
quinquefolia. Ginseng.
6. trifolia. Dwarf Ginseng.
CORNACEÆE. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
Cornes Canadensis. Bunch-berry.
circinata. Round-leaved Cornel.
66 sericea. Silky Cornel.
66 stolonifera. Red-osier Dogwood.
alternifolia. Alternate-leaved Cornel.
CAPRIFOLIACEÆE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
Sambucus Canadensis. Black-berried Elder.
racemosa. Red-berried Elder. Viburnum lantanoides. Hobblebush.
Opulus. High Cranberry Bush. acerifolium. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.
dendatum. Arrow-wood.
66 cassinoides. Withe-rod.
46
History of Littleton.
Linnæa borealis. Twin Flower. Lonicera ciliata. Fly Honeysuckle.
corulea. Mountain Fly Honeysuckle. Diervilla trifida. Bush Honeysuckle.
RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY.
Houstonia cærulea. Bluets. Innocence. Mitchella repens. Partridge Berry. Galium circozans. Wild Liquorice.
trifidum. Small Bedstraw.
asprellum. Rough Bedstraw.
triflorum. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
COMPOSITE. COMPOSITE FAMILY.
Eupatorium purpureum. Purple Thoroughwort.
perfoliatum. Medicinal Thoroughwort.
66 ageraloides. White Sucker-root.
Solidago Golden-rod.
latifolia.
66 bicolor.
66 rugosa.
66 ulmifolia.
neglecta.
60 arguta.
66 juncea.
66 serotina.
66 Canadensis.
nemoralis.
lanceolata.
Aster corymbosus. Aster.
66 macrophyllus.
undulatus.
cordifolius.
lævis.
ericoides.
66 vimineus.
diffusus.
paniculatus.
66. Novi-Belgii.
66 puniceus.
umbellatus.
acuminatus.
Erigeron Canadense. Horseweed. 66 annuum. Daisy Fleabane.
47
Botany.
Erigeron strigosum. Daisy Fleabane.
bellidifolium. Robin's Plantain.
Philadelphicum.
Antennaria plantaginifolia. Plantain-leaved Everlasting. Anaphalis margaritacea. Pearly Everlasting.
Graphalium polysephalum. Common Everlasting.
decurrens. Everlasting. uliginosum. Low Cudweed.
Inula Helenium. Elecampane.
Ambrosia artemisiafolia. Roman Wormwood.
Rudbeckia hirta. Cone-flower.
Helianthus annuus. Common Sunflower. decapetalus. Sunflower.
Bidens frondosa. Common Beggar Ticks. connata. Swamp Beggar Ticks.
cernua. Smaller Bur Marigold.
chrysanthemoides. Larger Bur Marigold.
Anthemis cotula. Mayweed. Achillea millefolium. Yarrow. 66 Ptaormica. Sneezewort.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Ox-eye Daisy.
Tanacetum vulgare. Tansy.
Artemisia vulgaris. Mugwort.
66 Absinthium. Wormwood.
Tussilago Farfara. Coltsfoot.
Senecio aureus. Golden Ragwort.
Erechtites hieracifolia. Fireweed.
Arctium Lappa. Burdock. Cnicus lanceolatus. Thistle.
altissimus. Thistle.
muticus. Swamp Thistle.
pumilus. Pasture Thistle. arvensis. Canada Thistle.
Cichorium Intybus. Chicory.
Centaurea Cyanus. Star Thistle. Hieracium. Hawkweed.
Canadense.
66 paniculatum. scabrum.
Prenanthes alba. White Lettuce.
serpentaria. Lion's Foot.
Taraxacum officinale. Dandelion. Lactuca Canadensis. Wild Lettuce.
hirsuta.
leucophæa. Blue Lettuce.
Sonchus oleraceus. Sow Thistle.
asper 66
48
History of Littleton.
LOBELIACEÆE. LOBELIA FAMILY. Lobelia spicata.
inflata. Indian Tobacco.
CAMPANULACEAE. CAMPANULA FAMILY.
Campanula rotundifolia. Harebell.
ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY.
Gaylussacia resinosa. Huckleberry.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum. Low Blueberry.
Canadense. Canada Blueberry.
corymbosum. Swamp Blueberry.
60 oxycoccus Small Cranberry.
macrocarpon. Common Cranberry.
Chiogenes serpyllifolia. Creeping Snowberry.
Epigæa repens. Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower.
Gaultheria procumbens. Wintergreen.
Andromeda polifolia. Andromeda.
Cassandra calyculata. Leather Leaf.
Kalmia angustifolia. Sheep Laurel.
glauca. Pale Laurel.
Rhododendron Rhodora. Rhodora.
Rhododendrum nudiflorum. Pinkster-flower.
Ledum latifolium. Labrador Tea.
Chimaphila umbellata. Prince's Pine.
Pyrola secunda. Wintergreen. Shin Leaf.
chlorantha.
elliptica. rotundifolia.
Monotropa uniflora.
Indian Pipe.
Hypopitys. Pine-sap.
PRIMULACEÆE. PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Trientalis Americana. Star Flower. Steironema ciliatum.
Lysimachia quadrifolia. Four-leaved Loosestrife.
stricta. Strict Loosestrife.
nummularia. Moneywort.
OLEACEÆE. OLIVE FAMILY.
Fraxinus Americana. White Ash.
pubescens. Red Ash.
sambucifolia. Black or Brown Ash.
49
Botany:
APOCYNACEÆ. DOGBANE FAMILY. Apocynum androscemifolium. Dogbane.
ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY.
Asclepias incarnata. Swamp Milkweed. Cornuti. Common Milkweed. phytolaccoides. Poke Milkweed.
GENTIANACEA. GENTIAN FAMILY.
Gentiana quinqueflora. Five-flowered Gentian. Andrewsii. Closed Gentian.
BORRAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY.
Echinospermum Virginicum. Beggar's Lice. Myosotis laxa. Forget-me-not.
Symphytum officinale. Comfrey.
CONVOLVULACEÆE. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
Convolvulus sepium. Hedge Bindweed.
arvensis.
Cuscuta Gronorii. Dodder.
SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
Datura stramonium. Jimson Weed.
SCROPHULARIACEÆE. FIGWORT FAMILY.
Verbascum Thapsus. Common Mullein.
Linaria vulgaris. Butter-and-Eggs.
Chelone glabra. Snake-head.
Pentstemon pubescens. Beard-Tongue.
Mimulus ringens. Monkey Flower. Gratiola Virginiana. Hedge Hyssop.
Veronica Anagallis. Water Speedwell.
Americana. American Brooklime.
serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved Speedwell.
peregrina. Purslane. Pedicularis Canadensis. Lousewort.
Melampyrum Americanum. Cow-wheat.
OROBANCHACEÆE. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Epiphegus Virginiana. Beech Drops. Aphyllon uniflorum. Naked Broom Rape. VOL. I .- 4
50
History of Littleton.
LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY. Utricularia vulgaris. Common Bladderwort.
VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY.
Verbena hastata. Blue Vervain.
LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY.
Mentha viridis. Spearmint.
piperita. Peppermint. Canadensis.
Lycopus Virginicus. Bugleweed.
sinuatus. Monarda didyma. Bee Balm.
Nepeta Cataria. Catnip. Glechoma. Ground Ivy.
Scutellaria lateriflora. Mad-dog Skullcap. galericulata. Skullcap. Brunella vulgaris. Self-heal. Leonurus cardiaca. Motherwort.
Lamium amplexicaule. Dead Nettle.
Galeopsis Tetrahit. Hemp Nettle. Stachys palustris. Hedge Nettle. aspera.
PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Plantago major. Common Plantain. lanceolata. Lance-leaved Plantain.
AMARANTACEÆE. AMARANTH FAMILY.
Amarantus retroflexus. Pigweed. 66 albus. Tumble-weed.
paniculatus.
CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
Chenopodium album. Lamb's Quarters. Pigweed. glaucum. Oak-leaved Goosefoot.
POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
Rumex crispus. Curled Dock, Yellow Dock.
obtusifolius. Bitter Dock.
sanguineus. Bloody-veined Dock.
Acetosella. Sheep Sorrel.
51
Botany.
Rheum Rhaponticum. Rhubarb.
Polygonatum aviculare. Knotweed. Smartweed.
66
Pennsylvanicum.
erectum.
hydropiperoides. Water-pepper.
66 acre. Water Smartweed.
Persicaria. Lady's Thumb.
66 arifolium. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.
sagittatum. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.
66 convolvulus. Black Bindweed.
66 cilinode.
66 dumetorum, var. scandens. Climbing False Buckwheat.
ARISTOLOCHIACEA. BIRTHROOT FAMILY.
Asarum Canadense. Wild Ginger.
THYMELIÆCEÆE. MEZEREUM FAMILY. Dirca palustris. Leatherwood.
EUPHORBIACEÆE. SPURGE FAMILY.
Euphorbia Cyparissias. Cypress Spurge. maculata.
URTICACEÆE. NETTLE FAMILY.
Ulmus fulva. Red Elm. Slippery Elm.
Americana. White Elm.
Cannabis sativa. Hemp. Humulus Lupulus. Hopvine.
Urtica gracilis. Common Nettle.
urens. Nettle. Laportea Canadensis. Wood Nettle.
JUGLANDACEÆE. WALNUT FAMILY.
Juglans cinerea. Butternut.
MYRICACEÆE. SWEET-GALE FAMILY.
Myrica asplenifolia. Sweet Fern.
CUPULIFERÆE. OAK FAMILY.
Betula lenta. Black Birch.
lutea. Yellow Birch.
66 populifolia. Gray Birch.
papyrifera. White Birch.
52
History of Littleton.
Alnus incana. Speckled Alder. viridis. Mountain Alder. Corylus rostrata. Beaked Hazelnut.
Americana. Wild Hazelnut. Ostrya Virginica. Lever Wood. Carpinus Caroliniana. Water Beech. Quercus alba. White Oak.
rubra. Red Oak. Fagus ferruginea. Beech.
SALICACEÆE. WILLOW FAMILY.
Salix nigra. Black Willow.
lucida. Shining Willow.
alba. White Willow.
66 discolor. Glaucous Willow.
66 rostrata. Beaked Willow.
66 tristis. Dwarf Gray Willow.
cordata. Heart-leaved Willow.
Populus alba. White Poplar.
66 tremuloides. American Aspen.
66 grandidentata. Great-toothed Poplar.
66 balsamifera. Balsam Poplar.
66 var. candicans. Balm of Gilead.
dilatata. Lombardy Poplar.
CONIFERÆE. PINE FAMILY.
Pinus Strobus. White Pine.
rigida. Pitch Pine.
resinosa. Norway Pine.
Picea nigra. Black Spruce.
" var. rubra. Yellow Spruce.
alba. White Spruce. Tsuga Canadensis. Hemlock. Abies balsamea. Balsam Fir.
Larix Americana. American Larch.
Thuya occidentalis. Arbor Vitae. White Cedar.
Juniperus communis. Common Juniper. Taxus Canadensis. Ground Hemlock or Yew.
53
Botany.
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
HYDROCHARIDACEAE. FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.
Vallisneria spiralis. Eel Grass.
ORCHIDACEÆE. ORCHIS FAMILY.
Microstylis monophyllos. Adder's Mouth. ophioglossoides.
Liparis Loselii. Twayblade.
Corallorhiza innata. Coral Root.
multiflora. Listera cordata. Twayblade. convallarioides.
Spiranthes Romanzoffiana. Ladies' Tresses.
cernua.
gracilis.
Goodyera repens. Rattlesnake Plantain. pubescens.
Calopogon pulchellus. Calopogon or Grass Pink.
Pogonia ophioglossoides. Pogonia.
Orchis spectabilis. Showy Orchis.
Habenaria virescens. Greenish Orchis.
bracteata. Bracted Green Orchis. hyperborea. Northern Green Orchis.
dilatata. Northern White Orchis.
66 obtusata. Hookeri. Smaller Round-leaved Orchis. orbiculata. Larger Round-leaved Orchis.
blephariglottis. White-fringed Orchis.
66 psycodes. Purple-fringed Orchis. fimbriata.
Cyprepidium arietinum. Ram's Head Lady's Slipper. pubescens. Larger Yellow Lady's Slipper. parviflorum. Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.
acaule. Pink Lady's Slipper.
spectabile. Showy Lady's Slipper.
IRIDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY.
Iris versicolor. Blue Flag. Sisyrinchium angustifolium. Blue-eyed Grass.
54
History of Littleton.
LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY.
Smilax herbacea. Carron-Flower.
Allium tricoccum. Wild Leek. Canadense. Wild Garlic.
Polygonatum biflorum. Solomon's Seal.
Asparagus officinalis. Asparagus.
Smilacina racemosa. False Spikenard.
66 stellata. trifolia.
Maianthemum Canadense.
Streptopus amplexifolius. Twisted-stalk.
roseus.
Clintonia borealis. Clintonia.
Uvularia grandiflora. Bellwort.
Oakesia sessifolia. Sessile-leaved Bellwort.
Erythronium Americanum. Yellow Adder's Tongue.
Lilium Philadelphicum. Orange Lily.
Canadense. Yellow Lily.
Medeola Virginiana. Indian Cucumber Root.
Trillium erectum. Early Trillium.
cernum. Nodding Trillium.
erythrocarpum. Painted Trillium.
Veratrum viride. White Hellebore or Indian Poke.
PONTEDERIACEÆE. PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. Pontederia cordata. Pickerel-weed.
JUNCACEÆ. RUSH FAMILY.
Juncus tenuis.
" bufonius. Toad Rush.
acuminatus.
66 Canadensis.
Luzula campestris. Wood Rush.
TYPHACEÆ. CAT-TAIL FAMILY.
Typha latifolia. Common Cat-tail.
Sparganium simplex. Bur Reed.
ARACEÆE. ARUM FAMILY.
Ariscma triphyllum. Indian Turnip, or Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Calla palustris. Water Arum.
Acorus Calamus. Sweet Flag.
ALISMACEA. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Sagittaria variabilis. Arrow-head.
55
Botany.
FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES.1
EQUISETACEÆE. HORSETAIL FAMILY.
Equisetum arvense. Common Horsetail.
sylvaticum. Wood Horsetail. hyemale. Scouring Rush. scirpoides.
FILICES. FERNS.
Polypodium vulgare. Polypody. Adiantum pedatum. Maidenhair Fern.
Pteris aquilina. Brake.
Asplenium ebeneum. Spleenwort.
thelypteroides. Filix-fomina. Lady Fern.
Phegopteris polypodioides. Beech Fern.
66 Dryopteris. Oak Fern.
Aspidium Thelypteris. Marsh Shield Fern.
Noveboracense.
spinulosum.
Boottii.
cristatum.
66 marginale. acrostichoides. Christmas Fern.
Cystopteris fragilis. Bladder Fern.
Onoclea sensibilis. Sensitive Fern.
struthiopteris. Ostrich Fern.
Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Osmunda regalis. Royal Fern.
Claytoniana. Interrupted Fern.
cinnamomea. Cinnamon Fern.
OPHIOGLOSSACEÆE. ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY.
Botrychium ternatum. Grape Fern.
Virginianum.
LYCOPODIACEÆ. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.
Lycopodium lucidulum.
annotinum.
obscurum, var. dendroideum. Tree Club Moss.
clavatum. Common Club Moss.
complanatum. Ground Pine.
1 Prepared by Miss Stella B. Farr.
56
History of Littleton.
IV.
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF LITTLETON.
T HE wild animals of this region constituted an important ele- ment in its first settlement. Without the supply of food drawn from this source life could not have been sustained for any considerable length of time in sections so remote from the older set- tlements. They furnished both meat and clothing for the pioneers, and thus enabled them to subsist for months without communicat- ing with the inhabitants at their base of supply. A brief description of the wild animals that contributed so materially to the comfort and welfare of the early settlers is necessary to a correct understanding of the situation at the time when they first broke the silence of the wilderness with the ring of the ax and the crack of the rifle.
The animals most valued of old were the moose, deer, bear, raccoon, fox, sable, otter, beaver, mink, and rabbit.
The moose (from the Indian word " moosoa") was one of the most useful of wild animals. Its flesh was palatable and nutri- tious, and from its hide the settlers manufactured their foot wear as well as cut the thongs which were used in place of rope. These animals were quite numerous when the first settlers came, and it was not a difficult matter to capture them, but in time they became wary, and to hunt them successfully required courage, fortitude, and skill. They frequented marshy ground and ponds, but in winter retired to the dense forests of the highlands. Streeter's pond was one of their favorite feeding places in the summer, and Mrs. Bingham Caswell relates having heard the old captain say that he could get a moose there when they were to be found nowhere else. Hon. James W. Weeks prepared a very interesting chapter for the history of Coos County on the game of that county, in which he has described some of its characteristics. " His long foreleg's and short neck preclude his feeding from the ground without bend- ing them or getting on his knees ; the long prehensile nose serving the purpose of the elephant's trunk, dropping three inches or more over the mouth, which is wholly out of sight as you stand beside or
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