USA > New Jersey > Essex County > History of Essex and Hudson counties, New Jersey, Vol. I > Part 139
USA > New Jersey > Hudson County > History of Essex and Hudson counties, New Jersey, Vol. I > Part 139
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The estimated capital invested in manufacturing in- dustries in 1840 was $3,170,658, and in 1860 it is given at $13,819,605,-or an increase in twenty years of over 400 per cent. The total number of mechanics em- ployed in 1840 was 5587, and in 1860 the number was 21,638, and the total product in 1836 of $8,000,000 in
Even then round numbers was twenty years later more than three times that amount; it is estimated at $25.098,000, and : in the county of Essex to $27,854,214.
Among the most noticeable increase in the indi- vidual industries (which may be seen in the following tables) between the dates named is jewelry,-that is, in 1836,-there were four establishments, employing one hundred men, giving an annual product of number of articles manufactured here were larger in ' $225,000, and in 1860 it numbered twenty-seven estab- numbers, and apparently the products, as a total, lishments, employing eight hundred and eight hands, yielding an annual product of $1,525,000. The trunk and bag trade which in 1836 was in its infancy, em- ploying only one linndred and six hands, and giving an annual product of $90,000 in 1860 gave employ- ment to nine hundred and forty-seven hands, with an annual product of $982,500. Tanning and currying, which in 1836 employed one hundred and fifty men, with an annual product of $899,200, twenty-fonr years later, in 1860, gave employment to one thousand and sixty-four hands, with an annual produet of $2,880,- 022. much higher than at any prior date,-with more capi- tal and men employed. The data of totals given in this census cannot be made use of in way of com- parison, from the fact that the territory now known as Union County was then a part of Essex, and the fig- ures and articles produced are tabulated by counties. This, of course, would include Elizabeth, Rahway, Plainfield, Springfield, etc., besides what now consti- tutes Essex Co., and consequently, for the sake of learn- ing the growth in Newark proper, the statistics as com- piled are useless. From 1840 until 1860 we can find nothing of a statistical or reliable character on which to base an estimate that would be accurate or in any sense reliable. The local city authorities seem to have made no effort between the dates named to get
The decade between 1860 and 1870 was an eventful one, bringing about many and important changes in the industries of Newark. The breaking out of the civil war suddenly eut off' a market for many artieles any statistical information to show the increase of | of manufactured goods which were made up expressly manufacturing industries in the city of Newark. There is no doubt that in 1850 there was a very noticeable improvement, and from then until 1860, with a temporary check in 1857, the facts given below from the United States census of 1860 show beyond ques- for the South. The check upon the sales, with the total loss of the outstanding debts, cramped and strained many of the then stanchest houses, who were forced from these causes to curtail, retire from I business, or torn their capital and machinery from
503
INDUSTRIES OF NEWARK
their legitimate channels to that of producing a different class of goods. Fortunately for many, the government soon became a large, reliable and stendy customer for all kinds of articles needed to supply the wants of a large army. Newark manufacturers were not slow in adapting their factories to furnish these articles in unlimited quantities, and they reaped a harvest of prosperity, at the same time adding new laurels to this city as a place where large quantities of goods were manufactured; and these goods were sellom if ever condemned by government inspectors. Every factory was run to its utmost capacity, and there is no doubt that manufacturers made money faster than during any previous period in the history of Newark. Even when we were again blessed by peace and quiet the demand for goods was unabated, and this demand kept on steadily until the close of the decade in 1870.
The following tables will show the facts of the in- dustries as compiled and itemized by the United States census for 1860 :
4.ME
t'apital Invested in
Total Number of
Total Amount
Total Value
Prixlurte.
Agricultural Implementa,
1
$2,930
$1,980
Sti, IxMI
Bakers' Prixducts
+4, 500
27,180)
271.720
Blacksmithing
Boots and Shoes
259,740 1,394
12,480
68,750
Brunhen
1
4,000
2, 55/1
182,300
Carringes nun Wagons
366,125
715
297,741
771.515
Carpeta .
JIMI
3
720
Clothing, Men's
12
1,149,000
1,144
$14,104
2, 1128, 302
Coffee and spices
28, 300
=
6,4:20
C'ullery
5
=
16,876
l'imparago.
=
16,700
62
21,324
51,800
Chemicals
1×1
71,700)
176,00
Carnets and fixarskirts . -
16
3
133,000
5,1440
1.3,-ww.
Cotton, Woolen and Milk
10
1.Ige Tools, Axed
13
118,700
233
102,960
275,725
Engraving
2
1,550
-
1,920
2,950
Fertilizer .
-
1:2, 600 le #
1
1,24%
Furniture
JIM, 200
1.39
49,04.4
128, 186
Files nul Rampes
24
8.412
20,000
Furriem
10,000
3,744
Flour and Grain.
-
1,300
202
3,036
Iron and Steel
17
325,000
4:00
176,424
507,74%)
Jewelry .
27
Kindling Wood
1
13,000
15
10,000
NAAMK
Tutal Valur
I'r xlurta.
Leather, Patent and Fu-
rurriedl
. . .
Machinery
Malt Liquor
Marble and Stone Wijk
24,31
Mineral Water
:1
.
PImuhing
1
1. 1MANI
1,02)
3.000
Aws, Rock and .Job Print-
IUK. . . .
17.9000
117
42,51€
111,3, 7.54
Medicines and Extrato
1
l'alterus and Minfele
2,70m
11
7,200
12, 7KM
Pu ture Frames .
Rubber, Oll and Enamel'd
('loth .
Such, Blinds and Box
73,20
126
62,201
14.3,350
Soap and C'andlen .
-
Springs and .Axles .
37,260
127,2*1
Saddlery Hardware
Trunks, Bags and Franie's
343,000
2
12.94>
Wood Turning
19, 002
44, 0MM )
Miscellaneous
224.552
1,361,7:04
Bramy and Brawware
Builling
11
. Mi, 741
1336
16,414
225,000
Gita
1
Glass, Bent und Stained
4
16,000
23
8.300
41.7001
2X
1,232, 100
1,1041
138. 108
1,416,700
Hata and Caje .
342, 90
1,26,
442, -16
139,142
Ilube, Wheels, Spokes, etc.
7
Di. MAI
Hardware
12
1Int Blocks
4. INNI
7
369,628
1,525,000 KJ
Tel ! Nin beruf
421
216, les
62,7:0.
2,911
11.40MD
Lite, Cement and Brick
=
15,172
17.000
l'alnting
I'MBrry-ware
148
1:1,224
1117, Mix
1,51.150
Tin and Tinwure
I'mbrellas all Canon
1
1,1411
274, 9
008,150
Varuisher
24
6, 414
:225,1mm)
shirts und Underwear .
970,811
25, MM
Hatol Employed.
Wages
Business.
No. of Establishments.
0 2163 6 $27,04,20
During that period the growth of population did not keep abreast of the increase in the growth of indus trial interests. In 1860 the population, as stated, was 71,941, and ten years later, in 1870, it reached 105,542, -a very creditable and healthy growth, but not as large a percentage of increase as during the previous decade. During the same period manufactured prod- nets increased rapidly, coming within a fraction of 100 per cent. The total number of establishments in the city had grown from 730 in 1860 to 1131 in 1870, and making a total of 1198 in Essex county, This increase in the number of factories and workshops brought with them a much more extended list of goods, many of which were not manufactured here prior to these dates. The capital invested in all branches of business-which in 1860 was in the city proper $13,088,655 and in the county $13,819,605- was increased in ten years to the amount of $21,771,145 in the city and $22,606,662 in the county. The more general introduction of improved machinery in many branches of our industries has lessened some- what the natural increase of the number of hands that would result from an increase in the volume of busi-
L'igara nud Tobarra
17,190
299,700
416,000
"10, 81%1
111,470
345,45000
1x,200
2033.4000
12.400
$7,40
276.100
561
HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY.
ness. Thus, in 1860 there were employed in all the factories and workshops 21,638 hands, and in 1870 only 22,126,-a very small increase, considering that in 1×60 the total products of the city are estimated at $26,807,391 and in the county $27,927,514. Ten years later, in 1870, the total products of the manufacturing industries of the city are estimated at $48,133,303, and the total of the county, according to the United States census, is $52,108,958. This shows an increase of man- ufactured products in ten years-that is, between 1860 and 1870-of nearly 100 per cent., while in the number of hands employed not more than 5 per cent. increase. But while the percentage of skilled labor is small, the average wages per day show a great improvement, for in 1860 the total amount of wages paid the 21,790 hands was $6,117,952, while in 1870, with only 22,156 hands, there were paid in wages $11,537,270, showing an increase in the average of skilled labor of about 85 per cent. The subjoined tables give a more accurate and comprehensive view of the diversity of industries in the city, and at the same time show at a glance the number of factories and shops classified, with the amount of capital, number of hands employed, the amount of wages paid for the year, and the total prod- ucts of each class of goods, as well as the aggregate amount for the city and county. These tables are given for the purpose of giving this a completeness, as far as it goes, and, with the others of the same kind, afford a ready reference-book for manufacturing indus- tries for those who desire such information.
In this itemized record from the United States cell- sus of 1860 the compilation became so bulky that only branches of trade where the products annually amounted to $10,000 and upwards are included. This, of course, throws out a large number of the smaller shops and factories, which are accounted for in the totals, but, as stated, not included in the following tables. This is mentioned here because if any one takes the trouble to add up the columns of figures there would be a discrepancy, which is accounted for in the way and for the reason named.
INDI STRIES
Establish-
Handis
Emyployed.
Capital.
Wagen
Products.
Establish-
ments.
Hands
Employed.
Capital.
Wages.
Products.
Carriages and slods, chil-
dreu's.
-
30
21,000
13,000|
100, 00)
Carriages and wagous
39
499
403,300
2×5,653
706,805
Cement
1
31
30,000
20,000
60,534
Clothing, men's
35
8231
363,172
1,648,388
Coal-oil, rectified .
1
10
41,000
7,500
5
29
14,000
15,050|
75,-1)
Cooperage .
7
54
32,660
22,470
79,050
Copper, rolled
1
43
150,000
35,000
500,000
Cordage and twine
3
9
3,300
2,469
10,332
Cotton goods (not speci- fiedi .
1
1×8
75,000
50,000
160,000
l'otton thread, twine amnl yarn
4
STS
778, 14NE
264,500
1,113,960
Cutlery
5
59
21,800
23,840
59,540
Drugs and chemicals
2
21
40,000)
9,740
76,800
Edge-tools and axes
82
69,500
54,700
120,400
Enameling
195
330,000
88,114
899,333
Fancy article
2
28
3,550
2,48G
12,500
Fertilizers
2
161
115,000|
96,210
380,000
Files.
5
49
35,100
26,900
50,600
Fire-arms, small arms
1
50
40,000
35,000
50,000
Flouring mill products ..
7
G1
360,800)
20,2101
991,876
Frames, mirror & picture
20
10,000
8,500
22,0010
15
214
218,750
104,600|
281,410
2
79
700,000
13,806
375,260
Gas .
2
72,000
22,061
65,900
Globes, celestial and ter-i restrial
1
7
50,000
3,750
10,000 110,000
Gold and silver, reduced,
1
45.
61,000
21,000
50,0000
Hair-cloth
3
96
10,5(H)
19,842
53,440
Hardware
37
973
800,200
512,403
1,225,310
sadkilery .
30
14x
102,000
53,892
162,750
Hut materials
59
2,753
541,850
1,404,754
4,970,570
Heating apparatus
1
7, 1MIL.
6,65G
3
27
3,250
5,300
:X1,000
Ilosiery
-1
95
116,000,
50,600
159,000
India-rubber and elastic
3
70
29,000
221,900)
luk, printing
1
1.2
50,000
6,000
30,000
etc. . .
1
&
4,500
7,500
12,500
Iron, rolled and forgrd . .
1
17
14,000
5,000
15,000
19
494
330,000
278,650
757,627
Japanned-ware
2
34
50,400
17,900
67,500
Jewelry
32
1,182
1,564,900
770,955
2,822,820
Lumps and lanterns
34
33,000)
23,900
52,(MM)
Lapidlury work
3
33
8,0000
13,600
33,000
lauts
1
10
8,000
314,404
2,736,471
Leather, tanved
21
210
524,4(1)
200,939
2,602,820
Awuings and Tenta . . .
13
10.250
2,59%
14,691
Bagging. . .
1
72
511,000
25,6MM)
130,000
Belting and home (leather)
1
5
4,000
3,120
. 16,000
Bookbinding.
3
21
11,000
9,200
55,371
Boots and shoes
1,21%
122,500
719, 1002
1,044,85
Borre, cigar .
-
39
19,000
347,000
..
Jau king
66
22,350
18,190
63,4KI
25,000
Brac founding & Buishing
=
25,10₺
23,696
78,800
" ornaspetits
-
171
61, 5мм)
20,524
222,714
Brend Bid other bakery
products
17
151
123, 150
69,161
3385,56x
Brushes
=
67
33,500
24,441
57,694
0
82
41,600
45,429
110,150
Butions .
230
33,800
76,167
184,885
7.
29
13,000
34,34MI
Carputs, rag
15
1,850
4,659
16,402
Masonry, brick und stone
19
160
43,500
102,052
259,784
5
117
199,500
×2,500
525,944
15
285
548,000
188,465
2,738,941
Lime
2
37
50,000
2.16,814
2,5×7,795
Liquore, mult
26
3×2
2,274,800
13,2001
260,452
Lumber, planed
4
30!
101,500
1×,200
124,(h M)
da wed
20
390
-1.1,850
230,749|
610,045
Machinery (not specified)
=
cotton
and
woulen . . .
2
52
80,000
Machinery engines And
boiler . . .
369
691,000
230,615
Mult
1
14
1.50,000
13,000
164,00010)
Marble and stone work (not specified) . .
34
127,500
1
22
330,000
9,360
$93,800
Agricultural implementa .
2
$22,700
836,800
curried
morocco, tauned, etc.
25
4XX
994,287
4,900
12,000
Hoop-skirts and corse
1
162
70,00%)
323,637
721,460
Glass, stained .
3
59
87.000
29,000
Glue.
etc.
Hats und caps .
Hubs and wagon material
Instruments, professional,
patent and en'd
23,219
83,400
4,000
10,000
123,800
42
122,300
INDUSTRIES.
10,3000
169,600
Coffee and spices, ground
Confectionery
5
-
Marble and stone touts'es
347,000|
40,000
2
Furniture
565
INDUSTRIES OF NEWARK.
Establish-
Hands
Employed.
('apital.
Wagen.
Producta.
Mineral and Mxin water .
5
39
31,000
15,660
71,1
Musical instruments, pri-
3
93
33,0000
70,500
154,500
Oil, lubricating .
1
3
200
floor-cloth
3
261
1,015, 000000
154,350
110,1100
Patterns and models
G
16
4,175
7,300
21,200
l'laster and plaster-work .
37
10,230
23,000
79,832
I'Inted-ware
1
newspaper
li
129
195,500
88,100
310,986
..
job .
12
14,000
4,140
21,680
Roofing materials .
2
4, (MM)
2, 430
15,000
Saddlery and harness
849
181,650
367,799
1,321,778
Sund and emery-paper cloth .
1
3,000
1,20 0 )
10,000
Sush, doors and blinds .
15
490
1+0,300
318,584
798,108
SAWM .
1.5
3,500
8,100
36,460
Scales and balances .
1
13
3,200
5,700)
45,00h
Ship building and repui'g
0
16
22,500
9.025
23,807
Silk goods (not specified) .
1
3,000
3,500
17,000
" sewing and twist .
1
6
30,1MM)
6,3-2
106,430
Soap and candles
4
30,000
8,140
175,1KM
" spring»
-
136
176,1001
69,607
258,779
Stone and earthen-ware .
15
32
15,0000
15,500
AN, (MK)
Tin, copper and sheet-iron ware .
20
110
110,750
62,470
182,775
Tobacco and cigars
2
134
240,000
47,8.00)
356,800
69
207
1:22, 255
42.1.1,170
Trunks, satchels
13
1,3,
757,40NI
771,150
3,793,000
7
27
8,300
7,750
16,540
Varnish
15
71
399,800)
38.00017
682,419
Watches
1
89
200,000
82,000
Wire .
1
60,000
10,IMK)
69,000
" work
1
Wood, turned and carved
7
34
10,7Ml
12,250
42,000
Woolen goods
4
363
435.000
117, 60M1
835,500
In looking over the figures in the table given above, taken from the Ninth United States census, and com- paring them with the results of the census of 1880 of the manufacturing industries, it will be found that in the main they are correct, with an over rather than an under estimate of the amount of capital employed and the gross products of the year's business. There are among the industries many small errors and a few flagrant ones, such as that classified under the heading of leather, which includes tanning and curry- ing of hides, skins and patent-leather. In the above table, taken in 1870, there are enumerated 66 leather establishments in this city. This is a mistake, for the last census returns of 1880, taken ten years later, include every leather establishment in the city, and the number is thirty- nine, and at no period of the history of Newark has the number been greater. There is also an evident inaccuracy in the amount of capital employed and the total products of leather in the re- turns of 1870. It is probable that the total products of Essex County of manufactured goods in 1870 was not more than $50,000,000, instead of $52,108,958, as reported by the census of that year.
In 1872 the Board of Trade in Newark published what purported to be a statistical census of the manu- factured industries of the city. In this report is in- cluded the sales of provisions, groceries, dry-goods, andallother domestic commodities used in house-keep- ing, which, as a matter of course, would not properly lwlong to, or be included in a work of this kind. The report referred to was published under the auspices of the Board of Trade, with no purpose or intention to mislead, for their report is head-lined "Trade and Manufactures of Newark. ' It, however, gave the impression that the amount of capital invested and the total sales of manufactured goods in the city of Newark were twenty million dollars more than the facts would warrant at that time. The reason that this is mentioned is to correct an error, for the totals from this report have been copied in other publica- tions without any explanation, and quoted as correct data as to the extent and magnitude of the manufac- turing industries of Newark on Jan. 1, 1872, giving the total products of the sales of manufactured goods and wares at $72,879,036, while the United States census returns taken one year before makes the prod- uct of the whole county of Essex at $52,108,958. The report of 1872 is not and was not intended by its authors to represent the manufactured products only, for, as stated before, the sales of dry-goods, groceries, etc., are enumerated, and swell the footings from 852,000,000 to $72,000,000; and since the publication of the latter, in 1872, they have been frequently quoted as the products of the manufactured industries, which they did not represent at the time they were compiled, nor do they approximate in the whole or the individual features of the leading branches of manufacturing industries then or now.
In 1860 Newark ranked seventh in manufacturing products. There were then ahead of her New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Brooklyn, Cincinnati and St. Louis. In 1870 Newark dropped down two steps, Pittsburg and Chicago leading her both in capital and in products-as may be seen by the following list of names of the cities and their annual products in im- portance as placed :
18GO.
Prixluct. 1×70
Product.
New York
$159, 107,369
Non York $3. 2,951,520
I'Iladelphia
135,976,077
Philadelphia
322,004,500
Cincinnati
40,0005.100M)
138,800,300
Brooklyn
31,241,620
Chicagu
st. loomis
27.610,070
l'ittaburg
85,790,000
Newark.
20,007,201
('incinnati
75, 905,940
Inttaburg
26,563,379
Brooklyn.
60,900, 0(1)
Chicago.
13,650,671
Newark
48, 1.33,302
Taking the population of each of the cities named as a basis for capital and product, per capita, then Newark would rank fifth, as may be seen by the following table, compiled from the l'nited States census of 1870.
15,0.
Tupulat on.
Pittsburg .
86,076
Philadelphia
. 322,104,50
674,022
St. Louis .
. 1.58, 2013, 300
310, 464
Ihnton
. 111,381,4%})
250,526
3
1:25, (MM)
21,3. 7
126,000
Paints
Paper ..
Printing of cloths
20,1MM
33,370
260,402
212,500
.4
Steel, casi
1
40
101,10000
511, 4%)
253, WX1
Silver-ware .
cigara
valises and
I pholstery
37,681,NOS
111,381,000 92,519,000
21,000
75,000
INDUSTRIEN.
57,000
100,200
560
HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY.
1870
Products.
Popul. tion.
Newark .
1×.1. 3,302
165,019
New York .
32,951,520
942,212
Chicag . . .
92,519,000
208,977
Cincinuatı
7,905,980
216,239
Brooklyn
390,099
Taking the ten years from 1860 to 1870, St. Louis and Chicago made the most rapid advances in manu- facturing industries, the former increasing her prod- urts in ten years nearly six hundred per eent., and the latter somewhat less, while New York, Philadel- phia and Newark kept about the same ratio of in- erease. It will be seen by the foregoing figures that the city of Newark in 1870 held the eighth place among the great manufacturing centres.
The factories and workshops in Newark were run to their fullest capacity for the first two years of the past decade, and many new branches of industries were organized and started in the city. Everything was flourishing and prosperous until the close of the year 1872, when there came a noticeable falling off' in all branches of our industries. This falling off was looked upon at first as short-lived and temporary. In this the shrewdest men were disappointed. The hard and depressing times that appeared in a mild form in year, for the term of six dreary years, extending its dismal and discouraging influence to almost every branch of productive as well as our industrial inter- ests. These years of depression and lack of trade were burdensome, and weighed heavily on the business men, who labored incessantly to avert what appeared at times likely to result in general disaster to the in- dustries of Newark.
the fall of 1872 increased in severity each succeeding | some future date a similar exhibition will be held
It was not until the fall of 1878 that there were any apparent signs of better times. The fall of the year named brought marked indications of a revival of busi- branch of industry in Newark-is one of the execp- ness. Manufacturers even then were cautious and tions referred to, for of late years it has not maintained the position that age and long experience would seem to warrant. The cheap and indifferent work of Eastern and Western manufacturers seems to have lessened the demand for the best quality of carriages, the making of which Newark has always been justly noted for, in the past as well as the present time. chary in purchasing raw materials, fearing that this was but a temporary "spurt," that would be chilled off by the frosty weather. In this they were favorably disappointed, and what seemed at first to be only tran- sient relief, improved in briskness and a steady in- creased demand for manufactured goods, all through the years 1879 and 1880. In the fall of 1875 the State The manufacturing of jewelry was commenced in this city in the early part of the present century by Epaphras Hinsdale, with a small capital and only half a dozen of hands employed. In 1836 there were four jewelry establishments in Newark, employing one hundred men and having an annual product of $225.060. This branch of industry has from the start improved steadily, and in 1880, three-quarters of a century after Mr. Hinsdale began business here, there had grown up seventy.two establishments, with a capital of $2,501.899, employing two thousand five hundred and thirty-five hands, paying in wages $1,094,016, giving an annual product of $1,632,827, and if we add to this the product of gold and silver refining and smelting, we have the enormous amount of annual productions of $13,427,427. Centennial Commission made a thorough canvass of the manufacturers of the city, with an urgent ap- peal that each should make an exhibition of their goods the following year at the Centennial Exhibition, in Philadelphia. It is to be regretted that more of Newark's manufacturers could not, or did not, avail themselves of this rare opportunity to show to the world the quality and quantity of goods that are man- ufactured in this city. Those who made an exhibition at the ('entennial have been long since compensated for the outlay and time spent. Goods manufactured in Newark are now shipped to all the principal mar- kets of the world and in open competition with the same class of goods manufactured in England, France, and Germany. The reputation of Newark goods are 80 well known, and valued so highly, that during the The leather business-that is, tanning and currying
year 1880 leather tanned in Newark was shipped to Berlin to enclose a state carriage for the Emperor Wil- liam of Germany. Another manufacturer gives the information that a single morning's mail often brings him orders for his goods from Germany, England, Cuba, South America and Mexico, besides points in our country. In an article of this sort, giving a brief outline of the growth of Newark's manufacturing in- dustries, it would be a negleet indeed if no mention was made of the good results that grew out of the opening of the Industrial Institute of Newark, in 1872. The great variety, as well as the superior qual- ity, of articles made here, and exhibited then, was a surprise as well as a great pleasure to our citizens, who then realized for the first time the multiplicity of sorts of goods that were manufactured in Newark, and the superior skill and fine workmanship of the mechanics of Newark. This exhibition played an important part in showing to people from all parts the character and quality of goods made here; and the association of business men who organized and successfully carried out the project deserved great credit for so laudable an undertaking; and it is to be hoped that at in this city.
The fragmentary scraps of information, which have been gathered and classified, bearing upon the growth of the manufacturing industries of Newark since the beginning of the present century show that, with a few exceptions, the industries have maintained a healthy and uniform growth, increasing in each suc- cessive decade, abreast of the increase in population, and the facilities for receiving and shipping goods. The manufacturing of carriages-onee a prosperous
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