History of Essex and Hudson counties, New Jersey, Vol. II, Part 29

Author: Shaw, William H
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: [United States :]
Number of Pages: 830

USA > New Jersey > Hudson County > History of Essex and Hudson counties, New Jersey, Vol. II > Part 29
USA > New Jersey > Essex County > History of Essex and Hudson counties, New Jersey, Vol. II > Part 29

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

Mr. Haskell died in 1×72, loved and respected by all who knew him. A lite-size bust of Mr. Haskell, resting upon a granite pedestal, stands at the left side of the main entrance to the park on valley road. Mr. Finlay, the park gate-keeper, with long flowing beard, silvered o'er with the frosts of many winters, is the faithful guardian and dignified gentleman that has held the position from the first to the present time. Ilis dignified and severe bearing inspires with whole- some fear the lawless tramp and wayward youth, while to the well-disposed he is kind and gentle.

THE MOUNTAIN COLONNADES. 1 - Weare indebted to the construction of the fine roads and highways of the Oranges for a better knowledge of the interior struc- ture of the trap formation of the Orange Mountain. In 1869 the city of Orange resolved to improve Main Street by laying a portion of it with the Telford pave- ment. In June of that year Daniel Brennan, Jr., who had contracted for the work, purchased eight acres on the Northfield road, near to and upon the summit of the mountain, for quarrying the trap rock for road purposes. The highway, which had been in use from the earliest history of this region, and which, until the Mount Pleasant turnpike was built ( 1807), was the stage road to Morristown and beyond, was, until 1869, not much better than a wide cart-path. It was cut into deep ruts and rough with stones. The steep

face of the trap wall overhung the road on the west, and a rail fence bounded its eastern side and sepa- rated it from the dense forest of lofty trees. The narrow pass down to Blue Bird Corner, thus shut in and overshadowed, can never be forgotten by the traveler at night for its blackness of darkness. Its only source of light was the phosphorescence of the decaying wood and fungi of the ancient fence which marked out the path of the benighted wayfarer.

The first rock which was quarried was" taken from the summit, and on the south side of the highway as it now runs. It opened an imperfect basaltic forma- tion, which appears in prismatic fragments, and is still seen over a considerable portion of its surface. The present working, which has now been continued for about fourteen years, presents a face of rock in places imperfectly columnar, mostly laminated, having near its summit irregular patches of basalt small in size, varying from five to twelve inches in diameter, some of them being quite perfect in all their angles.

About two years after this Brennan quarry was opened work was begun in the O'Rourke quarry. It is two-thirds of a mile north of the first, and near Mount Pleasant turnpike. The face of the mountain cliff in this locality had been noticed by the writer from the time when he became a resident of Orange as basaltie. It appeared in the places made bare by erosion, and its opening by quarrying has been watched with much interest. The work was begun east of what is now the centre of the dike. Its present face is nearly one hundred feet from the first place of working. In this part of the mountain, and for a space of one hundred and fifty feet, there were no basaltie columns. These became apparent on the north and south sides of the dike as the quarry was worked. They were short at first, according to the slope of the eastern face of the mountain, and became higher and more perfect as the work progressed. There has been no time when the face of the quarry has been so striking and so remarkable as it is at the present time. Its appearance eight years ago is manifested in a photograph taken in 1876 and pub- lished for private distribution by the New England Society of Orange.

It is not a causeway nor cavernous. To enll it so is a misnomer. It does not admit of comparison or of contrast with the grandeur of the gigantic forma- tion on the coast of Ireland nor with the beautiful angles of basalt on the Isle of Staffa. This formation is unique and sui generis, and in some of its features most satisfactory to the geologist and more instruc- tive in the science of the trap formation than the Giant's Causeway or Fingal's Cave. We look upon a façade seven hundred feet wide ; in the centre a dike, one hundred and fifty feet at the base, rising to an apex nearly one hundred feet high, flanked on each side by colonnades of basalt ; on the south one hun- dred and ninety feet wide and from twenty-five to thirty-five feet high; and on the north three

1 By stephen Wicken, M D., of Orange, N J.

WEST ORANGE TOWNSHIP.

hundred feet wide and from twenty to twenty- five feet high. (See page 16 of this work.) The columns on the south are at the full height of the formation which is covered on the top by about three feet of drift. If quarried any farther the probability is that their perfection would Un diminished. Those on the north of the dike, we infer, will become higher, as the mountain rises abruptly and a thin soil only covers the rock.

The dike, the interior of which is now 40 remark.i- bly displayed, is not an extinct volcano. It is an eruption of the metamorphie rocks in a state of fusion, through fissures in the earth's crust, caused by the irresistible forces beneath. Hayden, it his de- scription of the basaltic praks in Colorado, says that the basaltie eruptions produce formos resembling craters; but not one occurrence has been observed that could be directly compared to the cone and erater of a volcano. (Report, p. 251.) There is cer- tainly no crater in this dike on Orange Mountain. The waters within the earth at vast depths subjected to a temperature which held the granite rocks in fusion furnished an expansive power sufficient to forer through existing fissures these liquefied masses. The apes is the vent or chimney through which the steam escaped.

The sedimentary rocks with their earliest fossils through the gradations of treming life, excite in their study the wondering admiration and enthusiasm of the paleontologist, but in the study of the igneous rocks he finds his profoundest interest. The vast forces which the Creator set in operation when He laid the foundations of the earth are here illustrated in the sublimity of their energy. The Orange Moun- tain is but a hillock in contrast with the basaltie peaks of Colorado, described by Hayden as from four thousand to five thousand feet above their surround- ing regions.

The inquiry has arisen in the minds of not a few, In what cosmogonie period were the red sandstone and trap rocks made? It was on the " fifth (creative) day." (Gen. i. 22.) The sandstone and trap rock appeared the earliest. These were followed by the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits (the Reptilian age), and these by the tertiary and post-tertiary, when the earth was made ready for a higher order of animal life, created on the "sixth day," when, as the last creation, man was made to have dominion.

The reservoir of the Orange City Water-Works is located on the Rahway River, between the two mountains, on the farm of John Le Clare, south side of the Northfield road, and was built in 1543.

Civil Government .- AAs will be seen by the follow- ing act of the State Legislature, this township, when set off from the town of Orange and the townships of Caldwell and Livingston, was named Fairmount, no doubt in recognition of the beautiful mountain that crosses the territory embraced in the boundaries:

"AN ACT Increase aporta The Ia of the my and the realage of

tallet the I nohp of Far wat

I BE IT INA TED By the site and few rol , lave a of the state of N h si, That all that je tof the town if Grau " all the tiw tat je of Ca Jwell and lavin ton + ntain ] within the flow x onde, to wit begintluk ot the rt i .f tren r & d fallw 1] tw him at the southeast porter if Caldwell townsh | thener alibs n BloomfieH) and ('allwill line in a n otherly ; Heets i tht ty chans , then 'e n a dirert hne in an terly directs a to the unity brale thar the of My S. J. Underhill ( n . fast er in a westerly dig t 1, t the withenat ni roof the lot of laml n wo as the jurk het in the & stad Wat Dut-In, wo woun-1 by Alexa ide . 6 ubl ene libg the withern Iwont lary of il jurk It twenty la na then e in a atral ht lin 1 a mutherly dire tion to the new con'y bridge over Caron brook, n the Swinefield road, war the reader if Jab Willing . then farther in a montherly dire tion in a straight course to th . [ when it Mllb ra, at a point aix v chiuns went fr. ma the . m ] kie wi w he milf, was 1 malll townshipes, the is in an event ily a une al nog the lin { the townshipot M llhur i to the af resand mill then'e farther in an easterly direction along the line of the town hip of s uth Grab to the - utbedst torner of James E South Land, nose top of the Orange mountain thiên e lu a Hurtarly direction in a straight have to the west slo of the me uth of the real known as Percy lane, Dar Columbus Merker's bu- tienruling the westerly side of said Perry line to its intervention with the Swimelle I ral ; money in a stringl & love to the place of \ gemmes. In and Jerome hereby et fint a new township, t 1 calle I the town- ship df l'airmes it.

". . Imt h iten 11 That the inbul-tinta f the t wuship f Fair- monut are hereby constituted a laaly politie and corporate , las and shall les styled and knows by the name of the inhabitants of the Day- whip .f l'airmmant, in the county f Erex,' and shall be entitled t all the nights, powers, at. honity and prvi gre, and subject to the same laws regulations, x werments and 1 abilities, as the sol ilitants of the other

by the existing laws of this State.

Inthe it ennet d, That the inhabitants of the township of Fair- mount whnl hold their first town meeting at the Worst imatige w lan )- house in the said township, of Fairm unt, en the see and Moonlay in Sprer ensuing.

" Section & * * * * the Town ( smitter of Fairmount, and an equal number of the moon & muncit of the town of orange shall meet on the third Monday in April at Breves' hotel, in Orange, for the purpose of del. thing the necounts, und dividing of all property in which both ar . il. terested."-Chapter 1. XXXVIII. Laws of New Jersey.

Section 5 authorizes the people of Fairmount to vote by ballot.

Section & appoints John Grannis judge, and Edmund Condit elerk of election, and authorizes them to hold the first election.

Section 7 directs that school money due the districts in Fairmount be paid to the superintendent-elect of public schools.

Section & assigns the township of Fairmount to the Seeund AAssembly District of Essex County. Act approved March 11, 1862.

Township Lines Changed .- By an act of the State Legislature, approved March 14, 1563, the boundary lines of the township were changed as fol- lows, and the name of the township changed :

"I By: IT FONTEN By the Senale an Ilarnere ! Illy I the Nile / Vre Jerry, That all that part of the town of Orange, in the wild counter of Evox. contained within the following bounts, to wit Regt ning at a mint twelve chia ne westerly from the northwest corner of the bridge mar the Itte remdenre of Al kan Ier some, denmed). on the diving him between Orange and Bloomfield, theme running in a steht Ihr to Francis Duraaide a well ; thence with in a straight line to the allow et corner of the gas works on White street ; theme up the west by while at wait White strvet to the brilg . thene wath in a straight line to the Hier of the lan Is bre uging to the heart of charles Lighthiper, deerased. and the heirs if Jab \ sharp, decereal, on the south side of Main

800

IHISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY.

stree . theice wird im a straight line to the easterly line of Amos Stagg's lot : thener south in a straight line to a brook in Joyce street ; theuce along the line of said brook south to the north side of Freeman- town road; thence mouthwesterly along the love of said rond to the county bridge neur the & hool-home : there south down the brook to the South Orange lit. ; thene . west along the South Orange line to the sonthenst ourner of Fairmount , thence north along the line of the town- ship of Fairmount in its several cours- to the Bloomfield line, thence along the Bloomfield line in its several courses to the place of beginning, he and the same is hereby et off from the town of Orange and annexe to and made a part of the township of Fairmount, in said conaty, to all intente and purgomes us if said territory had originally been a part of sail towuship . and that the net entitledl ' An act to create from parts of the town of Orange and the townships of Caldwell and Livingdon, in the said e ninty of Essex, a new township, to be called the township of Fair- mount,' approved March eleventh, Anno Domini eighteen hnadred and sixty-two, shall have the same force and effect, within the territory hereby annexed, as they have heretofore helt, and now rightfully have within the original limits of said township."

"And be at enacted, That the name of said township of Fairmount be and the same is hereby changed to West Orange "

Since the passage and approval of the foregoing aets there have been several laws enacted by the State Legislature relative to the duties, powers and emoluments of the different township officers, also in relation to laying out and maradamizing different roads and avenues, also in relation to savage dogs, swine, cattle, tramps and various other matters, that would occupy several pages of this work, and that would be of no use to the present or future generations.

Township Officials .- From 1862 to the present time the following-named persons have filled the offices to which their names are attached, and for the years given, the first year for the township of Fair- mount, and siner that time for West Orange.

TOWN CLFREE.

Edmund Condit, 1862-64. Ich. wood Coadit, Isb5. Charles 11. Hedges, This. Ellis M. Brady, 1583-4.

ASSESSOnS.

Juha Giramais, 1-62.

James M. Ward, 1863-04, 18711-72.

William V. Williams, 1x05-9 William Reeves, 1x73. Edmund Comlit, 1874-78, 1AN. Falmond Williums, 1-79-83.

COLLECTORS.

Lewis Condit, 1x62. Albert Comit, Is 1-64.

Abram P. Williams, 1865-70. John H. Sharp, 1x66. Jeptha B Limi-ley, 1867.

JAMICA MI Ward, 1808-60, 1872-79.

Benjamin F. Small, 151. Henry D. oliphant, 1x80-x].

CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS,

1842, William N. Williams, Ephraim I. Jurulmy.

ING3, Napoleon String, W. S. Williams 18G1, Era Harrison, W. N Willinais.

1865-66, W. \ Williams, William Reeves. 1866 :», Edward Condit. Daniel Bond.

180, E Cor lit, charles Willinme.

1×70, Thomas 0 Wordruf, Charles Williams.

1>71-24 William N. Williams, Jabez H Hazard.

1× NI, \\ \ Williams, Harriman Whittingham. TAXI-N., W N. WilHams, George Lethbridge

TON SHITIP COMMETTER.

1962. Ambrow & aust. Louis hirstan, William F. Baldwin, Ellis F. Condit, Somnel MI Londil.

Ephraim I. Jacobus, Ambros Condit.

124, James W. Field, Charles J. Harrison, Thonus O. Woodruff, Ambrose C'opdit, Jonathan S. Williams.

1845, James W Field, Thomas O Woodruff, George Merrill, Edward "amplit, Ephraim 1. Jacobus.

18GG, James W Field, Thomas O. Woodruff, Benjamin F. Small, Francis C. Cantine, Edward Condit.

1×67, Jantes W Field, T. O Woodruff, E. Condit, Ohver M. Comlit, lewis Condit.

1865, Davis (' Damore, E. Condit, T. O. Woodruff, J W. Fjell, Avin M. Condit

IN J, E Condit. T. O. Woodruff, .I. W. Field, Davis Collamore, Wash- ington Mecker.

1870, Siaicon Harrison, Dwight M. Babcock, E. Condit, Washington Meeker, Albert ( omlit.

18"1, D. M. Babcock, D. Collamore, A. Condit, E. Condit, W Mecker. 1×72, D. M Babcock, Elward Williams, W. Mecker, John Otterbein, Edward Condit.

1×73, Egbert Starr, E. I. Jacobna, Jabez P. Condit, J. Otterbeia, F. Williaais.

1×74, George Lothl ridge. E. T. Jacobus, John Harrison, J. Otterbein, J. P. Condit

1×75, Samuel 0. Rollinson, John Powell, A. B. De Sanlles, John Harrison, J. Otterlwin.

1×76, Jabez H. Hazard, S. O. Rollinson, John Harrison, Henry D. Oliphant, John Otterbein.

1877, S. O. Rollinson, J. Otterbein, J. HI. Hazard, H. D. Oliphant. Stephen Van Reneelaer

1878, S. O. Rollinson, J Otterbein, J. Il. Hazard, Albert Condit, S. Van Rensselaer

1×79-80, 5. O. Rollinson, J. Otterhein, Ja ez H. Hazard, Orlando Wil- Jinmis, John Harrison.

1ss1, Jabez I1. Hazard, J. Otterbein, O. Williams, John Harrison, Edward B Murray.

1^^2, Alfred G, Atkins, J Otterbein, Jabez H. Hazard, Edward Austen, David A. Bell

1883, Inbez Il. Hazard, JĮ. Otterbein, John Harrison, David E. Green, Orlando Williams,

CONSTABLES

1×62, August Bodenweiser, Albert Condit.

1×63, Amos Stagg, John P. Coadit.

1864, Amos Stagg, Jacob Brain -.

1865, Antes L. Stagg, Jacob Brains.

1846, Amos 1. Stagg, Peter Beck.

1865-70, Ame 1. Stagg. Ellis F. Condit.

14;1-72, Edwin smith. Ellis F. Condit

1873, James MeGuirk, Elhs F. Condit, Alfred Harrison.

1874, James MeGnirk, Ellis F. Condit. Ferdinand Cummings, Engene Le Clair.

18777, Ellis F. Condit, James MeGuirk, William S. Rendell, Patrick Keirnan

1:50-7, James Metinirk, Patrick Kennan, Edwin Smith, William & Readell.

1×78, Nail Mi Peek, William & Rensdell, Jaanes MeGuirk, Edwin Smith. 1×70-80, Edwin Suath, Patrick Keirman, William S. Rendell, James Metinirk.

1××1, Edwin Smith, for one year; James McGinirk, for two years ; William S. Rendell, for three years.

1×$3, 6. Herbert Williams, for two years; James Metinirk, for three years.

JUSTIN'ES OF THE PEACE.

IN62, Charles Hartwick

INts, John H. Sharp.

1864, Charles W. Monroe.

1565, Zebulon Myer.

1866, Tonis Darmstadt, Edward F. Hillyer.

1467, 1872, 1877, Washington Merker.

1869, James Mager, Timothy Hale,

1×70, James Mager.

1×71, William Leadhenter

1873, William Broves, Michael Curran.

1871, Edward Comht, Christopher Met'nllongh, Thomas O, Woodruff.

1175, Benjamin N. Wiggle

1876, Christopher Mccullough, Benjamin N. Wiggins, Lawrence L. hocher

1478, lawrence T. Kucher.

1x70, Charles W Barry, Edward Condit, Elwurd Williame.

JemLI, Jabez P Condit, Elijah D. Burnett.

1882, Edwin South.

WEST ORANGE TOWNSHIP.

Township Committees' Meetings. The first meeting of the township committee of the township of Fairmount was held July 15, 1862, in the West Orange School-house, and organized by the election of Ambrose Condit as chairman, and by resolution adopted by the committee the township was divided into four districts.

During the year several meetings were held, and at the last meeting of the Fairmount townshipcommittee. hell in April, 1563, the following appears from the re- cords to have been the financial condition of this new municipality, destined to lose so soon its fair name :

" Amount of duplicate $1. 51.41 re vived ou with ment with Orange, fruit which the township ww taken, slim,un interest on sume, SINN , total, $147 38. Tradit, to pand for books, salmonery, che , Stund, State

23 4; contener of appeals, , ovender of per. ; town

-LI; J . Williams, Esq., for services, 50 7 W H. Williams, ex- -22.11. total, $1475

" EDMUND GANDET, Town Clerk."

The first meeting of the township committee for In the year 1819 these families were brought to the notice of the bishop of the diocese, John ('rows. D.D., who visited them and continued from this time nutil his death to include their neighborhood in his ejus- ropal visitations. In 1825 their neighborhood was made a missionary, station and placed under the the township of West Orange was held in the carly part of April, 1513, and on the 25th of the same month the committee met and appointed overseers of roads for the four road districts, as follows: First District, Jopthe B. Lind ley; Second District, Ira Harrison ; Third District, John Gramies ; Fourth District, Lau- 1 charge of the Rev. Benjamin Hohes. Mr. ITolines renee Kocher. The township was divided into dis- triets, as follows : By Mount Pleasant turnpike and Main Street, running east and west ; by the former lines between Orange and Fairmount, running north and south. The township was also divided into four pound districts, cach road district comprising a pound district, with the following pound-keepers : First, AAmos I .. Stagg; Second, Alfred Harrison ; Third, William Maynard ; Fourth, Mpheus Leclere.

At a meeting of the town-hip committee, held April 18, 1864, it was ordered that the Poor Farm, owned in conjunction with Orange, or so much of it as was owned by West Orange, be sold for three hundred dollars per acre.

Streets .-- In the carly fall of 1871 the present most excellent system of telfordizing the public . rounds in the township was inaugurated, and the job of grading and telfordizing South Valley Road was let to .J. C. Wright ; the grading at fifty cents per cubic yard, and the macadamizing at one dollar and thirty-zeven and a half cents per cubic yard. From that time to the present this commendable enter- prise has steadily progressed until West Orange stands in the front rank for excellencey in beautiful and pleasant boulevards.

Religious Interests of West Orange. -* r. MARK'S CHU ROD, ORANIA.I may be considered as a daughter of Trinity Church, Newark. In the year

ISUS the Rev. Joseph Willard, rector of Trinity, re- ported: "That he had performed divine service and preached twice at Benjamin Williams', Orange, where he had large and attentive congregations, that there were several families who appear to be attached to the Episcopal Church, for whom he had baptized seven or right children, and who regularly attend at Newark "

The families thusalluded to who formed the nucleus of the congregation were those of Benjamin Williams, Sr., of his nephew, James Williams, and of his sutes, Benjamin Williams, Jr., Josiah Williams, Samuel Williams and Amos Williams.

These families continued under the pastor a charge of the rector of Trinity Church, and were favored with occasional services from the successive rectors, Messrs, Willard, Bayard and Powers, until measures were taken for a separate organization. It appears that Benjamin Williams, Sr., was confirmed in New- ark, Sept. 16, 1813; Benjamin Williams, Jr., May 1, 1517 . Jaines Williams and Samuel William-, May 21, 1819; and Ninos Williams, Ort. 17, 1822.

resided at Morristown, and having several other sta- tions under his care, at first gave his services on hut one Sunday a month to Orange. Shout the time of his appointment the hearts of the little band of churchmen were cheered by the accession of Caleb Harrison to their number, with his family and several of his relatives. They then felt encouraged to take measures for the formation of a parish, and on April 7, 1827. St. Mark's Church was incorporated accord- ing to the laws of the State. The corner-stone of a church edifice was laid May 12, 1828, by the mission- ary, Mr. Holmes. A building of brown stone, forty feet by sixty, was created during the year at a cost of seven thousand to right thousand dollars. some portion of which hung over the parish as a dobe for some three or four years. The building was com- pleted so far as to admit of consecration by Bishop Croes, on Feb. 20, 1829. Before this glad event took place, however, death had made sad inroads upon the few church families. The first churchman of the place, the venerable Benjamin Williams, was called away Sept. 4, 1826, James Williams in 1826, and Josiah Williams, July 20, 1-2%. Soon after the con- serration of the church fifty -four pews were sohl, the most of them on very easy terms and all free of rent. The faithful and acceptable missionary was conse- quently enabled, in his annual report, May 27, 1829, to include fifty-four families and pew-holders as the number constituting the parish. It must be observed, however, that the greater portion of these families, as yet, were but nominally attached to the doctrines of

1 sketch of its early history, prepared by the late rector, Jatinew A Williams, DI.

805

HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY.

the church. Residing in the neighborhood and hay- ing contributed somewhat to the erection of the edi- fice, several families were induced to take pews, es- pecially as they were subject to no rent for the sup- port of the ministrations. The great burden, both in building the church and in supporting its services, fell upon a few individuals, among whom are espe- vally to be named Messrs. Caleb and John Harrison, and Mesers. Samuel, Amos and Benjamin Williams. Having thus organized the parish, erected a church and gathered a Hoek, Mr. Holmes relinquished the charge of the congregation, and confined his services to St. Peter's Church, Morristown, in the spring of 1-29. The parish then ceased to be a missionary station and was enabled to secure the entire services of the Rev. William Robinson Whittingham, who took charge about June 1, 1829, and immediately began regular morning and evening services on each Lord's Day. Mr. Whittingham was in deacon's orders, but was ordained priest on Dec. 17, and installed rector on Dec. 18, 1829. At the time when he took charge the communicants were thirteen in number. Hle was called on a salary of four hundred dollars, and was to continue to perform the duties of editor to the General Sunday-School Union. These united offices of rector and editor were filled by Mr. Whittingham to the en- tire satisfaction of the parish until Nov. 1, 1530. when, to the extreme regret of the congregation, he felt it to be his duty to resign for the purpose of giving his whole attention to the concerns of the Sun- day-School Union, to the editorship of the "Standard Works of Church Divines " and to the charge of the Protestant Episcopal pr ss. The zealous labors of Mr. Whittingham were greatly blessed. During his brief connection with the parish the number of communi- cant- was more than doubled, and much was done in dispelling prejudices and in confirming the attach- ment of some who had hitherto been but nominal members of the parish. Although retiring from the pastoral charge, Mr. Whittingham did not cease to take interest in its welfare. While retaining his connec- tion with the Protestant Episcopal pres -. and while a professor in the General Theological Seminary, he frequently visited it and officiated. During the year 1×32 he resided in the parish, and until his election to the episcopate of Maryland, and his removal thither in logo, the congregation very often enjoyed and profitel from his ministerial services.

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History of Essex and Hudson counties, New Jersey, Vol. II, Part 29

Author: Shaw, William H Publication date: 1884 Publisher: [United States :] Number of Pages: 830

Author: Shaw, William H
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: [United States :]
Number of Pages: 830