USA > New York > Geography of the state of New York. Embracing its physical features, climate, geology, mineralogy, botany, zoology, history, pursuits of the people, government, education, internal improvements &c. With statistical tables, and a separate description and map of each county > Part 1
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F .
IV
GEOGRAPHY . OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK.
EMBRACING ITS PHYSICAL FEATURES, CLIMATE, GEOLOGY,
· MINERALOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, HISTORY,
PURSUITS OF THE PEOPLE, GOVERNMENT, EDUCATION, INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, &C.
WITH STATISTICAL TABLES,
AND A
SEPARATE DESCRIPTION AND MAP OF EACH COUNTY.
ACCOMPANIED BY A
LARGE OUTLINE MAP AND GEOLOGICAL CHART.
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, FAMILIES, ETC. -
BY J. H. MATHER, AUTHOR OF A SERIES OF OUTLINE MAPS AND KEY. AND L. P. BROCKETT, M. D. CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE.
HARTFORD: J. H. MATHER & CO.
NEW YORK, MARK H. NEWMAN & CO., ROR LOCKWOOD & SON ; ALBANY, E. H. PEASE. UTICA, H. H. HAWLEY & CO. SYRACUSE, HALL & DICKSON. ROCHESTER, SAGE & BROTHER. BUFFALO, O. G. STEELE. 1847.
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F 123 m42
X. 152
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, by J. H. MATHER AND CO. in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.
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Ench. Hamilton Cacésar Rib. 4.22.36
PREFACE.
IN offering to the people of New York a Geography of their state, the compilers deem it proper to explain briefly the rea- sons which have led them to prepare such a work.
They regard the geography of home as the first thing which should be acquired by the pupil. It is the first impulse of the child, even in infancy, to acquaint himself with the objects around him, and with localities which possess an interest for his juvenile fancy. This disposition leads the school boy to famil- iarize himself with the villages, roads, churches and dwellings of his native county.
We would cultivate this natural taste still farther ; we would place before the youth whatever is interesting and important for him to learn, respecting his native county and state, and when he is familiar with this, we would lead him step by step, to other states and countries, till he has acquired a knowledge of the different countries and nations of the earth.
Believing that the outline system of instruction affords the best means of impressing upon the mind the form of countries and the location of places, and, by the principle of association, aids in the recollection of historic facts, we have adopted that system in our work, and in addition to outline maps of each county, which have been inserted in the book, we have prepared a large Outline Map of the state, to accompany the work. In this, as well as the county maps, all the town lines are delineated.
Regarding it as desirable that the benefits of the late Geolog- ical Survey should be extended as widely as possible among all classes, we have compiled, from the natural history of the state, brief sketches of the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany and Zoology of the state, and have prepared a Geological Chart, from the map published by the state geologists.
We have also endeavored, by brief but comprehensive histor- ical sketches of the state, and of each county, and by official and other statistics, to render the work a valuable manual for every class of citizens.
1*
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IA
PREFACE.
We do not profess to have attained complete accuracy, for such a result in a work like this is not to be expected ; but from the ample resources which have been at our command, and the careful examination which has been made of every part of the work, we cannot but hope that no material errors will be found in it.
In compiling this work, we have consulted the Gazeteers of New York, compiled by Messrs. Gordon and Disturnell; the New York Historical Collection of Messrs. Barber and Howe; the Reports of the State Geologists, the Natural History of the State, and the various local histories of counties and towns; to the authors of which we acknowledge our obligations.
We would also acknowledge the courtesy of the Hon. Secre- tary of State, in giving us access to the Dutch records, and the documents transcribed in Europe by Col. J. R. Broadhead ; and of the officers of the New York Historical Society, for their kindness in opening to us their valuable library.
The friends, who, in the progress of our work, have so readily communicated to us important facts relative to the history and productions of several counties of the state, also merit our thanks.
With the hope that it may render the youth of the " Empire State" better qualified to become useful and intelligent citizens, we leave the result of our labors in their hands.
HARTFORD, March 20, 1847.
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HINTS TO TEACHERS.
Ir will be perceived that we have entirely dispensed with questions in this work. We have taken this course for the following reasons :
Ist. We wish to lead children to think.
2d. We believe that every competent teacher is qualified to frame his own questions, and to teach his pupils to do the same. Perhaps no exercise can be better calculated to induce the child to think, than that of requiring him to form questions on the subject of his lesson.
3d. We are satisfied that the use of printed questions tends to make superficial, rather than thorough scholars; while by analysis, mental power and discipline are acquired.
4th. We do not think it desirable to require the pupil, invariably, to commit to memory the words of the book ; he should rather be encouraged to treasure up the facts, and clothe them in his own language.
This work may, with propriety, be used both as a manual for study, and a read- ing book.
When used as a text book, we deem it highly important that the classes should be so thoroughly drilled upon the state and county mapa, by drawing them upon the slate and blackboard, as to be able to recognize them at a glance, and to name the rivers, mountains, towns, and villages, of each county correctly.
The primary scholars may become well acquainted with the physical features of the state, by oral instruction upon the large map, in classes; or if permitted to use the book, by drawing the county maps upon their slatea. The same course may also be adopted in the instruction of the more advanced classes.
A thorough knowledge of the topography of the state, being thus attained, the scholars are prepared for the study of descriptive geography. The course of de- acriptive study for the younger classes may very properly be confined to the boun- daries, surface, mountains, lakes, rivers, climate, and villages. The advanced classes may study the work in course. It will add much interest to the recita- tions by allowing the students to add such other incidents and historic facts which they may gather, as are not related in this work, The study of geology and mine- ralogy will be rendered highly instructive and interesting by collecting specimens, which should be labeled, thus forming a cabinet of minerals for the school room.
Geographical definitions and brief descriptions, should be committed to mem- ory, and perfect recitations required; in more extended descriptions, and histori- cal sketches, the pupils will receive greater benefit, if encouraged to use their cion language, rather than that of the book.
When the work is used as a reading book, we would suggest that the first scholar in the class should propose a question from the first paragraph of the les- son, to be answered by the second scholar, and he in turn should question the third, and so on, until the whole lesson has been analyzed. Should any scholar fail of answering the question proposed to him, let it be answered by the class. This examination prepares the scholars to read understandingly and correctly.
As an occasional exercise it may be well for the teacher to require some mem- bers of the reading class to draw upon the blackboard, maps of one or more coun- ties, from memory, the errors of which may be corrected by other members of the class. This exercise may be followed by descriptions of the surface, productions, or history of the counties thus drawn.
Scholars will find it a profitable and interesting exercise to form an atlas of the state for preservation, by drawing the state and county maps by the eye, from the maps before them, or from recollection only.
If these suggestions are fully carried out in practice, we believe that the youth who study this work, will attain a far more thorough and accurate knowledge of their own state, than by any system of study heretofore pursued.
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KEY TO THE MAP OF THE STATE.
COUNTIES.
I. Albany. II. New York. III. Kings. IV. Queens. V. Suffolk. VI. Richmond. VII. Westchester. VIII. Ulster. IX. Dutchess. X. Orange. XI. Montgomery. XII. Washington. XIII. Columbia. XIV. Clinton. XV. Ontario. XVI. Herkimer. XVII. Rensselaer. XVIII. Otsego. XIX. Saratoga. XX. Onondaga. XXI. Tioga. XXII. Schoharie. XXIII. Steuben. XXIV. Delaware. XXV. Chenango. XXVI. Rockland. XXVII. Oneida. XXVIII. Cayuga. XXIX. Essex. XXX. Greene.
.
XXXI. Genesee. XXXII. St. Lawrence. XXXIII. Seneca XXXIV. Lewis. XXXV. Jefferson. XXXVI. Allegany. XXXVII. Broome.
XXXVIII. Madison.
XXXIX. Cattaraugus.
XL. Chautauque. XLI. Cortland.
XLII. Franklin. XLIII. Niagara. XLIV. Sullivan. XLV. Schenectady. XLVI. Putnam. XLVII. Warren. XLVIII. Oswego. XLIX. Tompkins. L. Erie.
LI. Livingston. LII. Monroe.
LIII. Yates.
LIV. Wayne. LV. Orleans. LVI. Chemung. LVII. Fulton.
LVIII. Hamilton. LIX. Wyoming.
MOUNTAINS.
P Shawangunk Mountains. P in XXVII. Highlands of Black River. T Matteawan or Fishkill Mts. U Taghkanic Range. Y Peterborough Range. EE Kayaderosseras Range.
FF Highlands. GG Chateaugay Range. HH Clinton Range. JJ Au Sable Range. PP Highlands of St. Law- rence County.
. The mountains are omitted on the small map of the state in the book for want of room. They are inserted on the large map.
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KEY TO THE MAP OF THE STATE. IX
RIVERS.
B East River. C Hudson. F Mohawk. G Susquehanna. HI Delaware.
I St. Lawrence. K Allegany. M Niagara. N Genesee.
O Chemung River.
Tionghnioga. Nevisink. S Croton.
Shawangunk. Schoharie Creek. CC Chenango. II Unadilla.
-
LAKES.
J Lake Ontario. L Lake Erie. W Lake Champlain. X Lake George.
-
Z Oneida Lake. BB Seneca Lake. DD Cayuga.
BAYS, SOUNDS, &C.
A New York Bay. D Long Island Sound. -
E Atlantic Ocean.
TALLS.
SS Niagara Falls. -
SIGNS USED ON THE MAPS ACCOMPANYING THIS WORK.
Capital of the State.
County Seats.
Villages not County Seats.
Universities and Colleges,
Forts.
Battle Fields.
Falls.
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CONTENTS.
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF NEW YORK,
Boundaries, -
1
General Features,
1
Lakes,
1
Rivera, -
1
CLIMATE OF NEW YORK.
1
NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK, 8
GHOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, - 9
Tabular View of the Rocks of New York,
2
Mineralogy,
2 3
Mineral Springs,
-
BOTANY,
3
ZOOLOGY,
3
Class I. Mammalia,
3 3
Class III. Reptiles,
4
Ciams IV. Amphibia, -
Class V. Fisher, -
Class VI. Crustacea, -
' Class VII. Mollusca,
Class VIII. Insects, -
CIVIL HISTORY OF NEW YORK,
DUTOR COLONIAL ADMINSTRATION, 4
Discovery and Settlement, - 4
. Director Minuit's Administration,
5
Director Van Twiller's Administration,
5
Director Kieft's Administration, -
5
Governor Stuyvesant's Administration,
5
. ENGLISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT,
6
The State Administration, -
7
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS,
9
PURSUITS OF THE PEOPLE.
10
Agriculture,
10
Commerce,
- 16
Manufactures, -
10
Mines,
- 10
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Pag 1
Class IL. Aves- birds,
CONTENTS.
XI
GOVERNMENT OF NEW YORK, -
- 102
Constitution of New York,
108
Government of Counties, Towns, and Villages, 119
PUBLIC EDUCATION, .
180
Origin and History of the Common School System,
. 190
Present Condition of Common Schools, 191
·Btate Normal School, 123
City School Organizatione,
124
Universities, Colleges, and Academies, 196
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE COUNTIES. 199
Land Purchases,
129
I. ALBANY COUNTY, 131
IL NEW YORK COUNTY,
139
Love ISLAND,
- 158 154
IV. QUEENS, -
- 159
V. SUFFOLK,
VL RICHMOND.
164 169 173
VIL WESTCHESTER,
YIIL ULSTER,
- 181
IX. DUTCHESS,
186
X. ORANGE,
- 191
XI. MONTGOMERY,
199
XII. WASHINGTON,
- 904
XIIL COLUMBIA,
209
XIV. CLINTON,
914
XV. ONTARIO,
919
XVL HERKIMER, -
- 223
XVIL RENSSELAER, -
228
XVIII. OTSEGO, -
- 933
XIX. SARATOGA,
239
XX. ONONDAGA, -
· 248
XXI. TIOGA, - -
954 957
XXHL. STEUBEN,
869 966
XXV. CHENANGO,
969
XXVL ROCKLAND,
873
XXVIL ONEIDA,
287
XXVIII CAYUGA,
986 990
XXIX. Essax,
895
XXXL. GERESEL,
299
XXXII. ST. LAWRENCE, -
XXI. BEREÇA, - 307
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XXII. SCHOHAKIE, .
XXIV. DELAWARE,
XXX. GREENE, -
- 308
III. KINGS COUNTY, -
XII
CONTENTS.
XXXIV. Lewis, -
310
XXXV. JEFFERSON, -
313
XXXVL ALLEGANY,
320
XXXVII. BROOKE, -
323
XXXVIIL MADISON,
- 326
XXXIX. CATTARAUGUS,
330
XL. CHAUTAUQUE,
- 334
XLI. CORTLAND,
340
XLII. FRANKLIN, -
- 343
XLIII NIAGARA,
347
XLIV. SULLIVAN, -
- 354
XLV. SCHENECTADY,
357
XLVI. PUTKAN, -
- 361
XLVIL WARREN,
364
XLVIII. OsWEGO,
- 369
XLIX. TOMPKINS,
373
L. ERIE, -
- 375
LI. LIVINGSTON,
382
LUI. MONROE,
388
LIII. YATES, -
393
LIV. WAYNE,
396
LV. ORLEANS,
399
LVI. CHEMUNG, -
402
LVIL. FULTON,
406
LVIII. HAMILTON,
- 410
LIX. WYOMING,
413
STATISTICAL TABLES.
TABLE I. -
417
TABLE IL.
420
TABLE ILL
- 423
TABLE IV. -
430
TABLE V.
- 431
TABLE VI. Governors of the state, .
432
1
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STATE OF NEW YORK.
TOPOGRAPHICAL GEOGRAPHY.
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF NEW YORK.
Square Miles, 45,008, (exclusive of the Lakes.) Population, 2,608,905. Valuation In 1846, 0006.646,ces.
Date of discovery, 1000.
Boundaries. New York is bounded North by Lake Ontario, the river St. Lawrence and Canada ; East by Vermont, Massa- chusetts and Connecticut ; South by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania; West by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie and the Niagara river.
Its extreme length from North to South is 310 miles; from East to West, including Long Island, 408 miles; exclusive of that island 340 miles. It extends from 40° 30' to 45º .North Latitude, and from 5° 05' East to 2º 55' West Longitude from Washington.
General Features. The Hudson and Mohawk rivers natu- rally divide the State into three sections, of unequal size.
The first comprises Long Island, and that portion of the State lying east of the Hudson river and Lake George. The second embraces all of the State lying north of the Mohawk and Os- wego rivers; and the third and largest, the vast, fertile tract, south of those two rivers. These three sections may be called the Eastern, Northern and Southern.
The ranges of mountains of these different sections are nu- merous, and some of them quite elevated.
In the Eastern division, the Taghkanic range forms the east- ern boundary of the state, from Lake Champlain to Putnam . county. At this point it turns southwestward, and the Hudson forces a passage through it.
On the west side of the Hudson it assumes the name of the Kittating mountains, and continues its course, into New Jersey and Pennsylvania, under that name.
The Northern section, comprising that portion of the State lying north of the Mohawk and Oswego rivers, has six ranges of mountains running northeasterly.
2
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14
STATE OF NEW YORK.
1. The Palmertown range, some portions of which have also received the names of Black, and Tongue mountains.
This range rises in the northern part of Saratoga Co., runs northeast through the tongue of land which separates Lake George from Lake Champlain, and finaly terminates in bold and precipitous cliffs, at the shore of the latter lake, south of Ticonderoga.
2. The Kayaderosseras, or Luzerne mountains.
These are about six miles wide and seventy long, running from Montgomery Co., through Saratoga and Warren counties, along the Western side of Lake George to Ticonderoga.
The Hudson breaks through it on the line of Warren and Saratoga counties.
3. The Clinton range.
This extends from Montgomery Co. northeast, through Fulton, Hamilton, Sar- atoga, Warren and Essex counties, to Point Trembleau on Lake Champlain. It is the largest range of mountains lying north of the Mohawk. At its most ele- vated portion there are numerous distinct peaks, forming a remarkable group, known as the Adirondack. The Mohawk forces a passage through its south- western extremity. This range divides the waters flowing into the St. Lawrence, from those flowing into the Mohawk and Hudson. Its principal peaks are Mounts Marcy, Mcintyre, McMartin and Dial mountain. The first is the highest in the State, being 5467 feet above tide water.
4. The Au Sable, or Peru range.
This range commences in Montgomery Co., and, running parallel with the others through Fulton, Hamilton and Essex counties, terminates in the south part of Clinton county.
It is one hundred and sixty miles long, and higher than the preceding ranges White Face, its loftiest peak, is 2000 feet ta height.
5. The Chateaugay range.
This is the longest and highest range in the state. Commencing on the lin of the Kaa sberga, in Heridimer Co., it maintains an altitude of nearly 2000 fee through the counties of Hamilton, Franklin and Clinton; and crossing the Canada line terminates upon the Canada plains.
6. A range commencing ten or twelve miles from the north ern extremity of the Chateaugay range, and trending along the slope of the St. Lawrence.
This has been little explored, and is of less extent than the last. The St. Regi Grasse and other rivers descending into the St. Lawrence divide it into severe distinct portions.
The Northern section has also two smaller ridges worthy c notice.
1. The Highlands of Black river.
This ridge extends from the sources of Black creek, west, and northwes about sixty miles, covering much of the country between Black river on one cid and the plains north of Oneida Lake on the other. Its altitude is given at frei twelve to sixteen hundred feet ; and it has frequently a rolling surface upon i top of several miles in width.
2. The Hassencleaver mountain.
Hassencleaver ridge, extending from Herkimer county into Oneida, occupi the space between the Highlands and the Mohawk river. It is twenty miles lor - about nine miles broad at ita base-and has za altitude varying from eight nine hundred feet, with a rolling surface.
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15
PHYSICAL FEATURES.
The third, or Southern section may be subdivided into two distinct portions-the Eastern and the Western.
The Eastern division has three distinct ranges of mountains. 1. The Highlands of Orange and Putnam counties, running to the northeast.
2. The Shawangunk, running in a similar direction, and skirt- ing the valley of the Rondout.
3. The Catskill, or Kaatsberg, whose direction is northwest through the counties of Ulster, Albany and Schoharie, to the valley of the Mohawk. Those portions of this range lying in the counties of Albany and Schoharie, are called the Helderberg mountains.
The southwestern section, also called western New York, gradually rises, from the shore of Lake Ontario, till it obtains its highest elevation, in the southern tier of counties.
The first of the terraces, composing this ascent, extends from the Genesee river, . near Rochester, to the falls of Niagara, at Lewistown, a distance of eighty miles, and from six to ten miles in width. It is called the Ridge Road, and is supposed once to have formed the shore of Lake Ontario. It is about three hundred feet above the surface of the Lake.
The second extends from this ridge road to the falls of the Genesee, at Nunda And Portageville, where there is another abrupt declivity of nearly 300 feet.
This surmounted, the ascent is gradual to the summit level, at a height of 1500 to 2000 feet in the southern portion of Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Allegany and Steuben counties.
These terraces, though all quite fertile, are each characterized by a difference of soil and of forest trees.
NOTE. The following table presents the names, situation and elevation of the principal summits of these different ranges. Feet.
Mount Marcy, Adirondack Group, Essex county,
5,467
Mcintyre,
about
5,000
Dial Mountain or Nipple Top,
4,900
White Face,
4,856
Mount Seward, Adirondack group, Franklin county,
4,000
Round Top, Catskill mountains, Greene county,
3,804
High Peak,
60
3,718
Pine Orchard, "
3,000
Shawangunk,
. Orange
1,866
New Beacon, or Grand Sachem, Highlands,
1,685
Butter Hill,
1,520
Old Beacon,
1,471
Breakneck Hin,
1,187
Anthony's Nose,
1,128
Mount Defiance, near Ticonderoga,
760
Palisades,
550
Fort Putnam, near West Point,
600
Harbor Hill, Long Island,
319
Richmond Hill, Staten Island,
307
LAKES. New York abounds in lakes of great beauty and sur- rounded by the most lovely scenery.
Lake Erie, lying on the western border of the state, is the most extensive. It is 268 miles in length, and from 30 to 50 in' breadth.
Its surface is greatly elevated, being 565 feet above tide water, and 334 above Lake Ontario. Its greatest depth is 270 feet, though its mean depth does not exceed 120. Only 60 miles of its coast lie within the state, and these afford but
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5,183
McMartin,
to
STATE OF NEW YORK.
three good barbora, viz : Buffalo, Black Rock, And Dunkirk. The amount of its navigation, however, is very great, and rapidly increasing. During the autumnst montha, it is subject to storms of great violence. Area of the lake 8030 mq. miles.
Nors. The amount of business on Lake Erie is much greater than that upon any other of our inland seas. In 1845 the amount of shipping, registered, enrolled and licensed, for the district of Buffalo alone, was about 25,000 tons; and this was but a small portion of that employed upon the lake.
In 1844 more than 40,000 tons of shipping were owned by the American ports on that lake, aside from the English shipping, and that coming from other takes. The increase is estimated at not less than 10 per cent, per danum.
The entire lake trade of 1845 was estimated at #122,000,000, of which probably three-fourths passed over Lake Erie.
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