USA > New York > Geography of the state of New York. Embracing its physical features, climate, geology, mineralogy, botany, zoology, history, pursuits of the people, government, education, internal improvements &c. With statistical tables, and a separate description and map of each county > Part 5
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Order I. ACCIPITRES. [Birds of prey,]
Family 4. Aleedintda.
King Asher tribe.
Spotted
Blue grey
Blackburnfan
Bay breasted
Family 1. Vulturide. Vulture tribe.
Red throated humming bird Black poll
Prairie
=
Blue, yellow backed
White breasted nuthatch,
Red bellied
Summer yellow bird,
Brown or bald eagle,
Brown creeper,
Black throated groon
-
American fish hawk, Rough logged buazard, Red tatted
House Wren,
Wood
Red shoulderod
Broad winged
Swallow tailed hawk, Duck
Pigeon
American sparrow
Blate colored
Cooper's
American goshawk,
Marsh harrier, Family 3. Strigide. Owl tribe.
Great borned owl,
Snowy
Hawk
Little screech
Great grey,
Long carod
Yellow throated greenlet, AoHtary
White eyed
Warbitng
Red eyed
Yellow breasted chat. Family 11. Lantide.
Wilson's Family 10. Motacillide. Titlark tribe.
Shrikes. Northern butcherbird. Family 16. Corvide. Crow tribe.
Blue jay,
Canada
Magpie, Common crow, Raven, Fish crow,
Family is. Quiscalida.
Oriole tribe.
Common crow blackbird,
Rusty Meadow lark
Golden oriole,
Orchard
Myrtle bird,
S
Rod winged " Cow bunting,
Digitized by
Order II. PASSERES. [Birds of passage.]
American titlark, New York water thrush,
S Oven bird, or ¿ Golden crowned wagtal. Family ti. Bylvicolida. Warblers.
Yellow throat, Mourning
Warbler,
Chimney swallow, Purple martin, White bellied swallow, Bank
Barn
Family s. Ampelide. Fruit eaters. "wok throated war wine. order bird.
Nashville Orange crowned,
Red poll
Spotted Canada Warbler,
Belted king fisher. Family 6. Trochilide. Humming bird tribe.
Turkey buzzard. Family & Falconide. Falcon tribe. Golden eagle.
Family 6. Certhides. Wren tribe.
Varied creeping Warbler, . Pine
Chestnut sided
Hemlock
Mocking
Cape May
Marsh =
Kentucky,
Winter
Hooded
Green, black capped
Blue grey gnat-catcher, Family 18. Muscicapide. Fly catchers.
Crested tit Black cap Carotina
American redstart, Small green crested catcher,
Yellow bellied fly catcher,
Wood pewee, Phobe bird,
Olive sided kingbird,
Great crested Family 18. Fireonida.
Greeniet tribe.
Short eared
Barred
44
Acadian
American barn "
Short billed " Family 7. Paride. Tomtit tribe.
Family 8. Sylviade.
Blue bird tribe.
Golden crested kinglet, Ruby crowned Blue bird.
Family 9. Merulide. Thrush tribe. Common mocking bird,
Brown thrush, Cat bird, American Robin,
Wood thrush, Hermit
Olive backed "
Family 1. Caprimulgida. Whippoorwill tribe. Whippoorwill, Night hawk. Family : Hirundine. Swallow tribe.
Worm eating Whistling Blue winged, Golden Tennessee
Black throated, blue,
ZOOLOGY.
Boblink, or Ricebird. Family 17. Fringillide. Finches. Blue Grosbeak, Rose breasted grosbeak, Snowbird, Fox colored sparrow, Bong
S Bay winged, " ¿or grassbird, White throated " White crowned "
Black throated bunting, Yellow winged Varied Fjeld
Chippingbird, Tree bunting,
Savannah
Blue striped "
Seaside finch, Quail head,
Swamp Finch,
§ Yellowbird or { American gold finch, Pine finch, Lesser redpole, Mealy
Crested purple finch, Cardinal Grosbeak, S Chewink or Ground robin, Indigo bird, --- Red Black winged red bird, Lapland snow
White Borned lark,
Pine bull finch,
American crossbill, White winged " Family 18. Picide. ( Borers.] Woodpecker tribe.
Crested woodpecker
Red headed Hairy
Downy
Yellow billed Red 44
Arctic Banded
§ Golden winged "
¿ or High hole. Family 19. Cuculide. Cuckoo tribe. Yellow billed cuckoo, Black 66
Family 30. Columnsbides. Pigeon tribe.
Wild Pigeon, Carolina turtle dove.
Order III. GALLINE.
Family 1. Phastanide. Pheasant tribe. Wild Turkey. Introduced and domestt- cated.
Peacock, Guinea fowl, Common cock. Family &. Tetraonide. Grouse tribe, American quail, Common partridge, Ruffed grouso,
Pinnated grouse,
Family 7. Phalarepodida. ?or Heath hen, prairie hon. Red Phalarope,
Spruce grouse.
Order IV. GRALLE. [Waders.]
Family 1. Charadride. Plovers.
American ring plover, Piping
Wilson's
Kill deer
Golden
Whistling
Turnstone
.4
American oy ster catcher. Family 2. Gruide.
Crane tribe. American crane,
Great blue heron,
Great white
( White crested "
for White poke, Blue heron,
Lousiana "
. Green
Small bittern,
American
Black crowned night heron, Yellow
Family 3. Tantalide. Stork tribe.
White ibis, Glossy
Family 4. Scolopacide, Curlew tribe.
Long billed . curlew, Jack
Small Esquimaux " Long legged sandpiper, Semi- palmated
Purple
Buff breasted Curlew
Cormorant, Double crested cormorant,
Black breasted "
Schinz's
Pectoral
Red breasted
Black Skimmer,
Sanderling,
Common tern,
Cayenne, Black Marsh
Arctic
Sandwich
Roseate
Silvery
Winter gull, Great black backed gon,
Common American Laughing Bonaparte's Fork talled
or
S Three toed ¿Killtwake, Arctic hawk gull, Pomarine Family 6. Anattde. Goose and Duck tribes.
Buff breasted shelldrake, Red Hooded
Family &. Recurvirostride. Canvass back duck, Avoset tribe. Red head
Broad bill
Creek Bastard
Digitized by
( Hyperborean lobefoot, or Sea goose. Wilson's Holopode.
Order V. LOMPEDEs.' [Lobe footed birds.]
Family 1. Podicipide. Coot or Dipper tribe. American coot,
Horned grebe or dipper, Crested grebe, Red necked "
Dipper or pied dobchick.
Order VI. NATATORES. [Swimmers.]
Family 1 , Alcide. Pumin tribo.
Black Guillemot,
Foolish E or Murre, Bea Dove,
Arctic Fuman,
Razor bill,
Family & Cotymbida.
Loon tribo.
Great loon or diver, Red throated loon · Family 3. Procellaride.
Petrels. S Large shearwater, or Putin, Little
S Wilson's Petrel, or { Mother Carey's chicken, Fork tailed Petrel. . . Family 4. Pelicanida. Pelican tribo.
Brown Pelican, American Gannet. Family &. Laride. Gull tribe.
Wilson's
Spotted sand lark, Grey
Yellow leg, $ Solitary Tatler
or Jack snipe, Varied Tatler,
Willet or stone curlew, Marlin, Ring tafled marlin,
S Dowitchee or ¿ Red breasted snipe,
Common American snipe, American wood cock. Family 5. Rallide. Rail tribe. Salt water meadow hen, Fresh
Mud hen, New York rail, . Sora
Florida Gallinule,
Lawyer, American Avoset.
2
STATE OF NEW YORK.
Pied
duck,
S Broad billed ceot, or Butter bill,
S American widgeon, or
Bald pate,
Wood duck,
European widgeon, Wild goose,
White fronted goose, Brant,
King Surf duck or coot,
Grey duck, or Gadwall,
Black duck,
Ruddy Old wife
White winged coot,
Bumde headed Whistler, Harlequin Dider
Blue winged toal, Green Pintailed duck,
Shoveller, or spoonbill,
American swan.
Class III. Reptiles.
There are but three orders of reptiles found in the state, viz.
1st, Chelonia. The turtle tribe. Among the animals belonging to this order are the green turtle, which, though a native of warm climates, occasionally makes its appearance in the waters of New York bay, and Long Island sound ; the leather turtle, a gigantic spe- cies; the soft shell turtle found in the Mohawk, and in the lakes; the snapping. turtle; the salt water terrapin, or mud turtle ; the smooth terrapin, which resembles the preceding in its appearance and habits; the painted tortoise ; the spotted tortoise or speckled tur- tle ; the wood or fresh water terrapin ; the red bellied terrapin ; Muhlenburg's tortoise ; the geographic, and the pseudo-geographic tortoise, both distinguished by the geometric lines upon their shells; the mud tortoise, found only in the southern counties; the musk tor- toise, also called mud turtle, and mud terrapin; the common box, or checkered, tortoise, also called box turtle ; and Blanding's box tor- . toise.
2d, Sauria. The lizard tribe. There are but two species of this tribe, known to exist in this state, viz. the blue tailed skink or liz- ard, called also the striped lizard, found in the southern counties; and the brown swift, frequenting the woods, in every part of the state. 3d, Ophidia. The serpent tribe. Most of these are harmless, only two species being venomous.
Of the harmless species, we have the common black snake, from three to six feet long ; the pilot black snake, or racer, found in the Highlands and Fishkill mountains; the chain snake, also called racer ; the milk or chicken snake, also called house snake, checkered adder, &c. ; the striped snake ; the ring snake, black and red, small ; the grass or green snake ; the brown water snake, or water adder-this snake has its tail tipped with horn, and is frequently regarded with dread, but without cause ; the striped water, green water, or water garter snake ; the yellow bellied snake ; the small brown snake : the ribbon snake; the red snake, very small, and found under stones and logs; the hog nosed snake, called also deaf adder, spreading adder, &c
The two venomous species are, the copper head, called also red ad- der, dumb rattlesnake, red viper, &c. ; and the northern rattlesnake. The popular belief that the latter add a new rattle every year is erro- neous. Instances have been known where there were forty-four of these fibula or rattles on the tail of a single snake, and that not of a very large size. They are found abundantly, in the rocky and unset- tled portions of the state. The deer and the hog destroy them rap- idly-the latter eating them.
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ZOOLOGY.
Class IV. Amphibia.
Animals living both on the land, and in the water. There are but four families of amphibia, in the state.
1st, Ranida. The frog tribe. The following are all the species of this family in the state: The common bull frog; the large northern bull frog, found in lakes George and Champlain, and their tributaries ; the spring frog, the kind most usually eaten ; the marsh or pickerel frog, used for bait, and called also, from its spots, tiger, and leopard frog ; the shad frog, which makes its appearance in the early spring; the wood frog, a very nimble animal; the hermit spadefoct, a singular animal, between a frog and a toad ; the common American toad, a harmless and useful animal ; Pickering's hylodes, a very small toad; the peeper or cricket frog, called in Savannah, the Savannah cricket; the northern, or common tree toad ; and the squirrel tree toad.
2d, Salamandride. The salamander tribe. These are usually, though incorrectly, called lizards. Among them are the yellow bel- lied salamander ; the violet colored, the red backed, the painted, the salmon colored, the blotched, the long tailed, the granulated, the striped baek, the red, the scarlet, and the blue spotted salamander.
3d, Sirenide. The triton tribe. Of these we have the tiger tri- ton, with a tongue like a fish ; the common spotted; the dusky, and the grey triton.
4th, Amphiumida. The proteus tribe. The banded proteus, or great water lizard, a very singular animal, having the body of a liz- ard, and the gills of a fish ; and the Alleghany hell-bender, another curious amphibious animal, very voracious, and from 12 to 24 inches in length, are the only species of this family in New York.
Class V. Fishes.
The fishes, belonging to the state, are very numerous.
Fishes are divided into two sub-classes, BONY and CARTILAGIN- OUS. The first sub-class has six orders, viz.
1st, Pectinibranchi, having gills arranged regularly, like the teeth of a comb. This order embraces many of our common fish, both in fresh and salt water. Those best known are the perch, bass, bullhead, sheepshead, porgee, pilot fish, mullet, black fish or tau- tang, cunner, sucker, mackerel, &c. &c. In all the fishes belonging to this order the rays of the fin are bony. The same arrangement of the gills occurs in the three succeeding orders.
2d, Abdominal, those having belly fins and ventrals. This order includes the shad, herring, salmon, trout, catfish, pipe fish, dace, shiner, carp, pike, pickerel, minnow, &c.
This, and the four succeeding orders, have soft rayed fins.
3d, Jugular, having shoulder fins, and ventrals attached to the bones of the shoulder. It includes the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flatfish, flounder, turbot, sole, lumpfish, &c.
4th, Apodal, without fina. This order includes the eel and conger.
5th, Lophobranchi, those having tufted gills. This order is small, comprising two species of pipe fish and the Hudson river sea horse.
6th, Plectognathi, those having the gills concealed under the
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STATE OF NEW YORK.
skin. The balloon fish, puffer, and globe fish are examples of this order.
Sub-class II. CARTILAGINOUS FISHES. These are divided into three orders, viz.
1st. Eleutheropomi, those having free gills. This order is rep- resented in the state only by the sturgeon.
2d, Plagiostoma, those having the gills attached. This includes the shark and ray tribes.
3d, Cyclostomi, those having circular openings on each side of the neck for respiration. This includes the lamprey, frequently called lamper eel.
FOSSIL FISHES. Twenty-five species of these have been enume- rated by the Messrs. Redfield. A number of them are extinct species.
The following catalogue contains the names of all the fishes as yet discovered in the waters of this state:
Sub-class I. Bony Fishes.
Order I. PECTINIBRANCHE Four spined stickleback,
Spotted caranx,
Many spined
Hair finned blepharis, or
[Spine rayed.) Family 1. Porcide. Perch family. American yellow perch,
Family 3. Scienide. Sheepshead family.
Hair flened dory, Rostrate argyrelose or
Lafayette,
Dory,
Weakfish,
Hair finned 4
Rough
Lake sheepshead,
S Blunt nosed shiner, or
Rough headed "
Silvery Corvina,
¿ Bristly dory,
Sharp nosed
Branded ..
Banded seriole,
Blender
Sharpfinned "
Blue fish,
Striped sea bass, Ruddy
King fish,
Spotted lampugus,
Little white
Big drum,
Long finned harvest fish,
8mall black
Banded "
Short finned
White lake
Speckled redmouth,
Burgeon.
Family 8. Atherinide.
Yellow pike perch, Grey
Banded pristipoma,
Tesselate ! darter,
Black triple tail.
Groper,
Family 4. Sparide. Porgee family.
Black sea bass, Growler,
Sheepshead,
White
Black do. 3
Rhomboldal
Rock Spotted
Common pond fish,
¿ Scup.
Family 5. Chetodonsida.
Spineless perch,
S Banded Ephippus, or
Bix banded chasmodes,
American butter fish,
Thick lipped eel pout,
Razor fish. Family 6. Scombride. Mackerel tribe.
Bordered Bea wolf,
Spring Mackerel, Fall
Variegated goby. Family 11. Lophide. Toad fish family.
Banded
Spanish =
American angler,
Spinous
Common tunny, Striped bonito,
Gibbous mouse fish,
Common bullhead,
Spotted cybium,
Smooth
Brazen
S Silvery bar tail, or ₹ Ribbon fish.
Dotted
Greenland
Common sword fish, New York pilot fish, Northern crab-eater, Carolina lichia,
Common toad fish, Two spined toad fish. Family 12. Labrida.
S Common bergall, or
{ Cunner, Spotted do.
Spinous dory, Black pHot,
Southern caranx,
Yellow
New York tautaug, or ¿ Black fish.
Digitized by
Dotted silverside, Blender Family 9. Muyilide. Mullet family.
Striped mullet,
Fresh water bass,
Sand porgee
Obscure do.
Aculeated gilthead,
S Big porgee, or
Family 10. Gobide. Goby family,
Black eared " Coachman,
Sea weed blenny, Radiated shanny,
Unarmed Uranoscope, Northern Barracuta, Cirrous Lepisoma. Family 2. Triglide. Gurnard family. Web fingered gurnard, Red
Bea swallow,
Short nosed malthea,
Smooth browed "
Bat
American sea raven,
Small sea scorpion, Spotted "
Silvery trachinote, § Spinous or
Northern sebastes, Little star gazer, American Aspidopboro, Spotted wrymouth, Two spined stickleback, New York
Black sheepshead,
Bottle headed dolphin,
Banded Corvina, Family 7. Touthide.
Black Huron or black bass, Champlain pickering,
Yellow finned 44
Squirrel fish,
Three tailed porges, Moon fish,
ZOOLOGY.
Order IT. ABDOMINAL. Oposted pipe Ash,
[Soft rayed fishes. ]
Family 1. Sutride. Catfish family.
Oceanic catfish, Milbert's arius, Great lake catfish, S Common or Horn pout-minister, Brown catdsh, Black
Family 2. Cyprinide. Carp family.
Common carp; Gold Varie gated Bream, New York chubsucker,
Brilliant
Long finned
4
Little
Batin striped "
Blue
Dea
Bullhead
American conget,
New York ophidtun,
American sand launce, Banded
-
Order V. LOPHOBRANCHi.
- Family 1. Syngnathidd. Banded pipe anh, Green Hudson river sea horse.
Order VI. PLECTOBRATEL.
Order III. JUGULAR.
Family 1. Gadide. Cod family.
American cod,
Power
Tom
Haddock,
American hake,
Plain . burbot,
Spotted
Compressed"
Short head fish, Family &. Baksida, File fish family.
Orange
file fish,
Long finned
Massachusetts ..
Thread Long tailed unicorn fish, Dusky balistes. Family 3. Ostraccontdas Dromedary, Yale's trunk dsb.
Sub-class II. Cartilaginous Fishes.
Order I. ELEUTHEROPONA.Mackerel porbeagle,
Family Burionide. Lake sturgeon, Bbort nosed " Sharp ..
Order. IL PLAGIOSTOMA.
Family Squalide Shark Family.
Threshing shark, gmail bles
Dusky Ground a
Long tailed
American boundfish, Basking shark, Spinous dog Ash, Nurse, Hammer head shark, ( American angel fish, of Sea devil, Common saw fish. Family 2. Raiadas. Ray family.
Clear nosed ray, Sported sting " Prickly
Rusty ft Ash,
Toothed, Oblong Flounder, Long toothed Spotted Turbot, New York sold. Family s. Cyclopteridd.
Lump ush. Family 4. Echind White talled remora, Indian Common
Order IV. APODALI
family 1. Angulusse. Eel family,
Common eel,
New York
Gibbous Round backed
44
Common Obetda
sacker,
Horned
Pale
Mullet Black "
Large scaled New York abtner, Black nosed dace, Spawn eater; Redfin, Roach dace,
Shining Black beaded "
Silvery
Banded
Pigmy
Bay shiner, Corporaalen, theepichead tobias, Striped killifish, Barred Big
Transparent minnow, Barred Champlain Family s. Esodide. Pickerel family.
Muskellungo, Common pickerel, Farted
Federation pike, Banded Garfish, Bill Ash, New York Dying fish, pingle bearded; Double A . Family 4. Mistularide. Pipe fish family. American pipe diah.
Halibut,
New York flat fish, Pigmy
Family 1. Gymnodentiden Balloon ush family.
Spot-striped balloon Ach,
Unspotted
Warty Hairy
"
Common puffer,
Curved
Lineated
Small globe fish,
New York Pollack, Green Coal fish, Cusk,
American Codling, Spotted Family 2. Planide. Flatfish family.
Broad sting ray, Cow nose
Hedge hog " " Whip
Smooth skate, Sea devil.
-
Order III. Crctorroni,
Family Patronysida. American sea lamprey, Bluish
Small lamprey, Colored mud lamprey, Plain
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Family &. Babnonide. Salmon Family,
Brook trout, Red bellled' Latte Mackinaw Salmon, Common sea " American smelt, Spotted Troutlet, Argentine, Lako white dsb, Common shad salmon, Otsego Family 6. Clupide Herring family.
Common herring,
Brit,
American shad, American Alewife,
Mosabonker,
Autumnal Herring,
Blender
Spotted ahadine, Spotted thread herring,
River moon-eye,. Lake
Baury, Western Mudfish. Family 7. Sauride. Bony Pikes. Buffalo bony pike, Flat nosed "
Striped
Green
Beaked
STATE OF NEW YORK.
Class VII. Crustacea.
The class Crustacea embraces those animals having a covering of a dense calcareous substance, adapted to their fort, which they usu- ally shed every year, and which is replaced by an exudation from the surface of the animal's body. . Ten orders of this class of animals are supposed to exist in the state, though the existence of two of the ten is not determined with certainty.
Order 1st, Decapoda, those having ten feet, is the most numerous and best known. It embraces the various species of crab, lobster, fresh-water lobster, and most of the prawns or shrimps. There are in all twenty-seven species of this order.
Order 2d, Stomapoda, those having the feet converging towards the jaws, is less numerous, containing but three species. It embra> ces the opossum shrimp and the squill.
Order 3d, Amphipoda, those having feet connected with both divi- sions of the body, comprising the sand flea, beach flea, and fresh-wa- ter shrimp. It has but four species.
Order 4th, Lomipoda, has but two species, the whale louse and the sea measuring worm.
Order 5th, Isopoda, is considerably numerous, containing four- teen species. Seven of these are parasitic animals which obtain a subsistence by attachment to other animals. Among them are the salt and fresh-water barnacle ; two species of sow bug ; the pill bug ; and a genus resembling the trilobite.
Order 6th, Pecilopoda, contains five species, and embraces the horsefoot, or king crab, so abundant on the sea coast ; and parasites peculiar to the shark, the rock bass, and the alewife.
Orders 7th and 8th, Phyllopoda and Lophyropa, are not certainly known to exist in the state.
Orders 9th and 10th, Branchiopoda and Ostrapoda, have but one species each, and those not known, except to the zoologist.
Class VIII. Mollusca.
Mollusca is the name given to the class of animals whose bodies are encased in shells. Many of these are known by the name of shell fish.
There are six orders, embracing a large number of genera and spe- cies, in the state.
The 1st order is Cephalopoda, those having the head surrounded by feet. The cuttle fish, or squid, and the syphon formed spirula, be- long to this order.
The 2d order is Pteropoda, having fins on each side of the mouth, and without feet. To this order belongs the clio, the food of the whale.
The 3d order is Gasteropoda, having the feet under the body. The mollusca, belonging to this order, are very numerous in the state, and are arranged into eight sections or subdivisions, according to the structure of their gills or breathing apparatus.
It comprises, in addition to many species known only to the natu- ralist, the family of slugs or snails, the animals inhabiting the turbi- nated shells, and those which yield the famous Tyrian purple dye.
The 4th order, Acephala, those having no distinct head, is divided
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ZOOLOGY.
into three sections, and comprises by far the greater number of shell fish with which we are familiar.
In the 2d section, Lamellibranchia, those having leaf-like gills, of a semicircular form, we find the oyster, scallop, bloody clam, mussel, and the fresh-water clam and mussel.
In the third section, Conchifera, those having single and distinct shells, we find the quahog, or common round clam, and the long clam.
The 5th and 6th orders, Cirrhopoda, those having filamentous or thread-like feet, and Tunicata, those covered with a leathery or membranous tunic instead of a shell, contain no species of general interest.
The researches of the state geologists have brought to light numer- ous genera and species of fossil mollusca, imbedded in the lime and sand stones of the state. The most remarkable and common of these are the various species of trilobite, the encrinite, the pentamerus, &c.
Class IX. Insects.
No full account of the insects of this state has yet appeared. The naturalists of the adjacent states, of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, have described most of those, which are inhabitants of the state-and relying upon their descriptions, we shall mention some of those best known.
The order Coleoptera, beetles, is very numerous. In Pennsylva- nia more than 1500 species have been discovered. The boring bee- tle, hammering beetle, tumble bug, ground beetle, horn bug, goldsmith beetle, and some others of brilliant colors, are the most common.
The order Orthoptera, includes the cockroaches, crickets and grass- hoppers, of which there are many species. The katydid, so well known by the peculiar sound produced by its wing cevers, belongs to the latter family.
The order Homoptera comprises the locusts; one species of these is remarkable for remaining seventeen years in the grub state.
The order Hemiptera, bugs, comprises many of those insects inju- rious to vegetation, particularly the May bug, the lady bug, the apple tree blight, &c.
The order Lepidoptera, butterflies, are very numerous, probably numbering not less than 1000 species. Among those that fly dur- ing the day, those best known are, the small yellow winged butterfly, and the large yellow and black butter-fly. The variety, and beauty of their colors, attract universal attention. Some of the nocturnal spe- cies are very large.
The order Arachnida, spiders, though now usually considered as a separate class, may come in here with propriety. There are proba- bly between one and two hundred species of these in the state. Some of them are very large, and possessed of great beauty. The long legs, the clawed spider, the tick, mite, louse, &c, also belong to this order.
The worms of the state, and its animalcules, have not yet been made subjects of general investigation.
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CIVIL HISTORY OF NEW YORK.
DUTCH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION.
DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT.
..
THE bay of New York was first discovered in 1524, by Jean de Verrazano, a Florentine in the service of France. It does not appear, however, that Francis I. the monarch under whom this discovery was made, ever took advantage of it, or laid claim to the territory adjacent, in consequence of Verrazano's explor- ation.
On the 4th of Sept. 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of the States General of Holland, again discovered it, and ascended the river, which now bears his name, to a point a little below the present city of Albany. His ship, or yacht, was of about eighty tons burthen, and was called the Half Moon.
Landing in England on his return, he despatched an account of his adventures to the Dutch East India Company, with the request, that they would furnish him with the means of making another voyage. The English Government, however, deter- mining to secure his services, forbade his sailing again in the service of Holland.
Shortly after, he received the command of a ship, with direc- tions to explore the Northern coast of America, in the hope of finding a North West passage. Having discovered and entered the bay which now bears his name, his crew mutinied, and put- ting him with some of his men into a small boat, abandoned them to their fate. Whether they perished by the waves, by hunger, or by the inclemency of the climate, is unknown.
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