USA > New York > Oneida County > History of Oneida County, New York, 1667-1878 > Part 1
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974.701 On2d 1219087
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
E
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01150 8568
E
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015
https://archive.org/details/historyofoneidac00unse
1
LITH BY L. H. EVERTS, PHILA, PA.
TRENTON FALLS, N.Y.
1667.
HISTORY OF
10%
ONEIDA COUNTY.
NEW YORK.
WITH
Illustrations and Biographical Sketches
OF
SOME OF ITS PROMINENT MEN AND PIONEERS.
PHILADELPHIA: EVERTS & FARISS.
-1878.
PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA.
Midlagel -$27.50
1219087
CONTENTS.
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
CHAPTER
PAGE
I .- Physical Features
9
II .- Pre-Historie Raees
14
III .- Indian Occupation
15
XXVI .- Bridgewater 427
IV .- Protestant Missions 29
XXVII .- Camden
432
V .- French Discoveries 36
XXIX .- Florence
447
VII .- Land-Titles .
53
XXX .- Floyd .
449
XXXI .- Forestport 452
XXXII .- Kirkland 454
XXXIII .- Lee 472
480
XII .- Relief of Fort Stanwix
115
XIII .- Surrender of Burgoyne
131
XIV .- Sullivan's Campaign
141
XXXVII .- Paris 495
XXXVIII .- Remsen
507
XVI .- Internal Improvements
174
XVII .- The Oneida Civil List .
185
XVIII .- The Learned Professions
191
XIX .- Statistical .
239
HISTORY OF THE VILLAGE AND CITY OF
UTICA.
XX .- The Village of Utica .
. 257
HISTORY OF THE TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF ONEIDA COUNTY.
XXI .- City of Rome
363
XLIX .- Military History and Rosters
639
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
View of Trenton Falls (Frontispiece)
facing Title-Page.
Ballou Block .
facing 307
Map of Oneida County
facing
9
Portrait of John J. Francis
312
Portrait of Rev. Samuel Kirkland
29
E. B. Shearman
318
Map Oncida County, showing Patents, Land Grants, 1829 " 53
Utica City Library
320
Portrait of Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea)
70
Hackett's Block .
between 320, 321
Plan of St. Leger's March .
93
Portrait of C. Hackett (steel) 320, 321
Portrait of Peter Gansevoort
95
John Carton
facing 330
Plan of the Siege of Fort Stanwix
102
Owen O'Neil
334
" Battle of Oriskany .
105 .
Faxton Hospital
View of County Infirmary, Rome
faeing 234
Portrait of H. Barnard
= E. S. Barnum
Wm. J. Bacon .
347
Robert Middleton (steel) .
between 348-349
348-349
T. S. Faxton 66
facing 349
Hiram Greenman 66
between 350-351
Portrait of Francis Kernan
facing 257
Residence of Thomas Hopper
the late John Butterfield
hetween 264, 265
Wm. II. Watson (steel)
facing 352
Portrait of John Butterfield
264, 265
Ebenezer Leach
. 353
Hiram Greenman
facing 276
Jacob Hunt (steel) Alonzo Churchill (steel)
355
Josiah Rathbun
294
Alfred Churchill
355
James Benton .
298
John (Jean) B. Marchisi .
357
Horatio Seymour (steel) .
299
William Russell (steel) facing 358
Ellis H. Roberts
301
G. A. Foster 359
De Witt C. Grove
303
C. H. Hopkins .
359
.
382
Baron Steuben Monument
facing 637
Portrait of Col. Marinus Willett
638
Thomas Hopper
E. J. Richardson
350-351
Patrick Cassidy
.
351
Silas C. Greenman
"
276
.
3
587
XLV .- Western
593
XLVI .- Westmoreland 600
XLVII .- Whitestown. 610
XLVIII .- Biographical
628
XXII .- Annsville
403
CHAPTER PAGE
XXIII .- Augusta 409
XXIV .- Ava 417
XXV .- Boonville 419
XXVIII .- Deerfield
439
VI .- Settlements in the Mohawk Valley 45
VIII .- The Revolution
67
IX .- Second Meeting of the Continental Congress
81
X .- Burgoyne's Campaign . 91
XI .- St. Leger's Proclamation 101
XXXV .- Marshall
484
XXXVI .- New Hartford 487
XV .- Civil Organization
157
XXXIX .- Sangerfield
515
XL .- Steuben
526
XLI .- Trenton
534
XLII .- Vernon
570
XLIII .- Verona
580
XLIV .- Vienna
335
338
N. Y. State Lunatic Asylum, Utica
234
341
Plan of Rome, in 1810
264
facing 354
CITY OF UTICA.
PAOE
XXXIV .- Marey .
4
CONTENTS.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Portrait of Stephen Thorn .
.
360
FLOYD.
Portrait of Ingham Townsend .
facing
450
FORESTPORT.
Forestport Steam Mills (Denton & Waterbury, proprietors) facing
452
Portrait of Jonathan A. Hill (stcel) .
453
KIRKLAND.
Portrait of Thomas Dean .
facing 456
Horaee Bartlett
between 466, 467
Portraits of W. S. Bartlett and Wife .
466, 467
Residence of Wm. S. Bartlett
466, 467
John S. Barker (with inscription) .
facing
467
James L. Blackstone
467
Portrait of Marshall W. Barker
.
471
LEE.
402 Portrait of Andrew Davidson between 472, 473
Residence of the late Andrew Davidson
472, 473
Portraits of Curtis Spinning and Wife
474, 475
Roswell F. Spinning and Wife 66 474, 475
Lewis Eames and Wife . facing 476
Portrait of Jerusha Eames
478
James Eames, Sr. 478
James Eames, Jr. 478
Martin Washburn
.
.
480
MARCY.
Residence of James Cavana
facing
482
Edward T. Marson
483
Portraits of Edward T. Marson and Wife
484
MARSHALL.
Residence of Charles A. Hovey (with inscription)
.
facing 486
Mrs. Ira Melvin .
487
NEW HARTFORD.
Residence of George Hatfield
facing 490
Morgan Butler
= 490
Portrait of Charles McLean (steel) .
494
PARIS.
Residence of Moses M. Gray facing 496
Harvey Head 497
Portrait of Harvey Head 497
Jonathan E. Head . 497
Residence of L. and J. E. Head
66 498
Portrait of Lysander Head
498
Residence of J. P. Tompkins, with Portraits " 499 Geo. W. Chapman, William Richards 500 between 500, 501
Portrait of William Richards (steel) 500,501
Residence of George D. Dunham, with Portraits " 504, 505
Portrait of Darius Dunham
504, 505
Portraits of Stephen Chapman and Wife
facing 564
REMSEN.
Residence of Jerome B. Witherell, with Portraits
faeing 508
Property of J. R. and C. R. Thomas
509
Portraits of Evan Owens and Wife 510
Residence of Didymus Thomas, with Portrait . between 510, 511 510, 511
the late Robt. Roberts, with Portraits
Hugh Roberts, with Portrait 510,511
Chester G. Kent, with Portraits
facing 511
John James,
512
James Mitchell,
513
Portrait of Milo Mitchell
. 513
Henry Patrick, with Portrait
365
Portrait of A. Ethridge
66 368
N. Hyde Leffingwell
" L. Zenana Leffingwell
370
Residenee of D. M. Crowell, with Portraits between 370, 371
Portraits of Elijah Crowell and Wife 370, 371
Residence of Jonathan Talcott facing 374
E. B. Armstrong, with Portrait
386
George Abbe, with Portraits
387
Portrait of Harold H. Pope
392
Roland S. Doty
396
D. M. K. Johnson (steel)
401
M. C. West (steel) .
ANNSVILLE.
Portraits of Nelson Dawley and Wife
Harrison Lillybridge and Wife
406
Portrait of W. J. Lasher
408
AUGUSTA.
Residence of George W. Dodge
facing 412
66 W. G. Strong
413
BOONVILLE.
Portrait of Thomas Traffarn
facing 420
Residence of John M. Fisk, with Portraits
422
Portraits of Walter Booth and Wife . 423
Residence of Samuel Johnson, with Portrait
424
B. O. Jackson, with Portraits
425
Portrait of A. L. Hayes
426
66 P. B. Shultz
66
426
BRIDGEWATER.
Residence of S. Bailey
facing 428
W. N. Southworth
428
Portrait of Silas B. Wood .
429
Nehemiah N. Peirce
430
Oid Homestead of Jesse Ives
66
432
CAMDEN.
Residence of E. B. Upson
facing 432
J. G. Dorranee, with Portrait
436
McCall Bros. Canning-Factory
437
Portraits of Francis Skinner and Wife
439
DEERFIELD.
Residence of Archibald Blue (double page) between 440, 441
L. C. Schermerhorn
440, 441
Allen L. Blue 440, 441
Portrait of Duncan Blue .
440, 441
440, 441
Residence of Peter Walker
66 James M. Cox, with Portraits
Stephen Northup (double page)
Robert Coventry .
facing 442
Franklin S. Davis (double page) .
between 442, 443
Giles Smith . facing 443
Portrait of Alexander Coventry
. 444
Robert Coventry
445
Aaron Barnes
445
Pratt Smith . 446
FLORENCE.
Residence and Tannery of W. W. Graves
between 448, 449
Portraits of W. W. Graves and Wife
448, 449
PAGE
John B. Wells (steel)
facing 360
Philo Gridley .
. 362
CITY OF ROME.
Residence of A. Ethridge .
facing 364
440, 441
440, 441
440, 441
Allen L. Blue .
facing
404
370
5
CONTENTS.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
SANGERFIELD.
PAGE
PAGE
Residence of Daniel G. Dorrance
facing 572
Silas B. Croeker
between 572, 573
Portraits of Silas B. Crocker and Wife
572, 573
Portrait of Timothy Jenkins
facing
576
Daniel G. Dorrance (steel)
.
580
VIENNA.
Portrait of John D. Yager
592
Residence of Samuel Faulkner
facing 592
WESTERN.
Residence of Henry G. Reid, with Portrait Portrait of Thomas McMullin
facing 593
Residence of the late Moses T. White 596
Israel White
596
66 John Ellis
between 596, 597
Henry R. Hill, with Portraits 596, 597
C. W. and J. Porter, with Portraits facing 597
Portrait of Gen. Henry W. Halleck . 597
Jahez Hallock, Jr. . 599
facing
Jahez Halleek 599
Joseph Halleek 599
Jerome V. Gue
600
WESTMORELAND.
Portraits of Amos Barns and Wife . facing 602
Erastus W. Clark (steel)
609
"Union Hall," William P. Dodge, proprietor
66
560
Property of Henry Joy
561
WHITESTOWN.
Portrait of Philo White facing 614
Mrs. Nancy R. White
614
Portrait of George Watkins
568
"Evergreen Lawn," Residence of W. D. Waleott
615
Portrait of Samuel Campbell (steel)
627
BIOGRAPHICAL.
PAGE
Hon. Franeis Kernan
. facing 257
Stephen Thorn .
360
John Butterfield .
hetween 264, 265
Philo Gridley
361
Josiah Rathhun .
facing
294
N. Hyde Leffingwell .
facing 370
James Benton
" 298
Daniel M. Crowell
between 370, 371
Hiram Denio
299
Harold H. Pope .
facing 392
Horatio Seymour
299
Roland S. Doty .
396
Ellis H. Roberts
facing 80
301
D. M. K. Johnson
401
De Witt C. Grove
303
M. Calvin West .
401
John J. Francis .
312
Henry Patrick .
402
E. B. Shearman .
Phineas Abbe
402
John Carton
E. B. Armstrong
402
Owen O'Neil
Nelson Dawley .
facing 8.0
404
H. Barnard
338
Harrison Lillyhridge .
406
E. S. Barnum
William J. Lasher
. 408
William J. Bacon
346
Thomas Traffarn facing
420
Rohert Middleton
347
Walter Booth 423
429
Theodore S. Faxton
349
Nehemiah N. Peirce
430
Hiram Greenman
349
S. Bailey
432
Eaton J. Richardson .
350
Francis Skinner .
439
Patrick Cassidy .
351
Alexandor Coventry
444
William H. Watson
351
Allen L. Blue
445
Ebenezer Leach .
353
Aaron Barnes
445
Jacob Hunt
354
Peter Walker
445
Corden Hackett .
354
Pratt Smith
446
Alfred Churchill
355
James Cox .
446
Alonzo Churchill
355
Levi C. Schermerhorn
446
Jean Batiste Marchisi
356
William W. Graves
between 448, 449
William Russell .
358
facing 450
Gilbert A. Foster
358
Jonathan A. Hill
453
Charles H. Hopkins
359
Thomas Dean
facing 456
John B. Wells .
360
William S. Bartlett
between 466, 467
6
R. P. Roherts, 528, 529
R. R. Roberts, facing 529
Portrait of William Lewis
530
Residence of the late Rev. R. Everett, D.D., with Portraits 532
Portrait of Sarah Porter
534
.
Morris W. Morris facing 368
TRENTON.
Residence of William H. Comstock . facing 536
Miss Mary R. Willard
Francis A. Wilhur 540
J. J. Davis 541.
D. A. Crane, with Portrait 544
Alexander Pirnie,
545
Mrs. Francis Guiteau, with Portraits 550
Portraits of William J. Baheock and Wife
554
Portrait of Sylvanus Ferris
560
Residence of Colonel T. H. Ferris, with Portraits
565
Portraits of William Perkins and Wife
566
Paseal C. J. De Angelis (steel)
facing
569
VERNON.
Portrait of Francis Marion Stetson . 525
Daniel Livermore
James G. Preston
526
STEUBEN.
"Crigga," residence of John R. Griffith
facing 528
Residence of Richard D. Davis
528
John C. Owens, with Portraits between 528, 529
525
50
52
7
Ingham Townsend
Thomas Hopper .
348
Silas B. Wood
318
330
334
341
PAGE
594
540
6
CONTENTS.
BIOGRAPHICAL.
PAGE
PAGE
James L. Blackstone .
471
William J. Babcock .
facing 554
Marshall W. Barker
471
Colonel Timothy H. Ferris
· 565
John Kirkland . ,
472
William Perkins
566
Andrew and Alexander Davidson
between 472, 473
Alexander Pirnie
566
Curtis Spinning .
474, 475
Francis Guiteau
567
Roswell F. Spinning .
474, 475
D. A. Crane 567
Lewis Eames
facing 476
George Watkins 568
James Eames
478
William P. Dodge
568
Martin Washburn
480
Pascal C. J. De Angelis
569
Edward T. Marson
483
Ephraim Willard
570
Ira J. Melvin
487
F. A. Wilbur .
570
William Richards
between 500, 501
Silas B. Crocker
between 572, 573
Darius Dunham .
504, 505
Timothy Jenkins
facing 576
Stephen Chapman
507
Daniel G. Dorrance
580
Evan Owens
facing 510
John D. Yager .
592
Chester G. Kent
511
Thomas McMullin
594
Robert and Hugh Roberts .
511
Jeptha Brainard
. 597
John James
512
General Henry W. Halleck
597
Jerome Witherell
512
Henry R. Hill .
598
John R. Thomas
512
C. W. and J. Porter
598
Milo Mitchell
513
The White Family
598
James Mitchell .
513
Jabez Hallock, Jr.
facing 599
Didymus Thomas
514
The Hallock Family
599
Francis Marion Stetson
525
Jerome V. Gue .
600
Daniel Livermore
525
Henry L. Reid .
600
James G. Preston
526
Amos Barns
facing 602
William Lewis
facing 530
Erastus W. Clark
. 609
John R. Griffith .
531
Philo White
facing 614
Dr. Everett
532
Benjamin S. Walcott .
626
Richard R. Roberts
533
Samuel Campbell
627
Richard P. Roberts
534
Baron Steuben .
628
John C. Owens .
. 534
Colonel Marinus Willett
638
INTRODUCTORY.
" Time rolls his ceaseless course. The race of yore, Who danced our infancy upon their knee, And told our marveling boyhood legends' store Of their strange ventures happ'd by land or sea, How are they blotted from the things that be ! How few, all weak and withered of their force, Wait on the verge of dark Eternity,
Like stranded wrecks,-the tide returning hoarse
To sweep them from our sight : Time rolls his ceaseless course." SCOTT.
THE task of writing the history of Oneida County is one of no small magnitude. Geographically it occupies a most remarkable position in the centre of that grand arch of wealthy counties which reaches from the Hudson to Lake Erie. In ancient days it was the home of one of the nations of the most remarkable confederacy of savage people of whom we have any history. The great war-trails of the children of the forest passed along its principal valleys, and these have been succeeded in recent times by the turnpike, the canal, and the iron way, over which have passed an unmeasured commerce and an unnumbered army of immi- gration.
For more than a century it was the pathway of the armies of Gaul and Britain, and, during the Revolution, the centre of attraction by reason of its commanding loca- tion. Battles and sieges have made its grand old woods echo with the thunders of war, and the cries of murdered innocence have mingled with the thrilling yell of the Iroquois amid the smoke of conflict.
Into its pathless wilds came the son of the church, far in advance of permanent settlement, risking, and often losing, his life in the vain endeavor to tame and elevate the savage, whose barbarous instincts were tenacious as those of the wild ostrich in the desert.
Its early settlers were the avant-couriers of various nationalities : phlegmatic sons of the Netherlands ; exiled Palatinates from the banks of the Rhine; sturdy farmers from the " Merry Isle"; wearers of the bonnie Highland plaid and plume; wanderers from the banks of Shannon .; hardy men and women from the classic land of the Druids; bold and venturesome men of rugged New England, and even the gay and chivalrous sons of France, here sought and found a home on the very verge of civilization. And within the compass of a century the wilderness has been
subdued and made literally "to blossom as the rose"; and where spread the sombre forest over leagues of hill and dale, and only wild beasts and wilder men were found, is now the home of more than a hundred thousand civilized beings, the abode of Peace and busy industry, of intelli- gence and refinement.
The materials for a history of this wonderful region are abundant and accessible, but the difficulty that confronts the historian consists more in a judicious choice from amid the accumulated mass than in the labor involved in collect- ing, and the exercise of careful discrimination and sound judgment ,are of the first importance.
It has been the desire and aim of the compilers of this work to avail themselves of every possible means of infor- mation within their reach, and many thousand pages of the writings of various authors have been carefully read and utilized in the course of its preparation. Among the works examined may be mentioned the " Documentary and Colo- nial History of New York," Parkman's Works, Smith's " History of the State," Hammond's "Political History," " Annals of Tryon County," Stone's "Life of Brant," " Annals of Oneida County," Morgan's " League of the Ho- de-no-sau-nee," Colonel Willett's "Narrative," Dr. Bagg's " Pioncers of Utica," " Ancient America," Squier's " An- tiquities of New York," Oriskany "Centennial Volume," " Lectures and Addresses of Ex-Governor Seymour," sev- eral local histories, Craig's "Olden Time," the State civil list, legislative manuals, reports of the adjutant-general, " Gazettecr of the State," various works on geology, records of the courts, supervisors, and societies, city and county directories, newspaper files, Lives of Baron Steuben, Dr. Kirkland, and others, " Battles of the United States," " Annals of the West," etc.
In addition to the vast amount of printed information obtained, we have visited every portion of the county, and consulted the oldest living settlers, town authorities, and officers of various societies, churches, schools, etc., and endeavored to the best of our abilities to collect whatever of information, both local and general, could be found.
That we have seen cvery one who might have furnished information we do not pretend, for such a labor would have required years, and produced a work voluminous beyond the possibility of remunerative publication. Our object has
7
9
4
3
69 70
5
8
INTRODUCTORY.
been to get what was reliable upon all important subjects, and utilize it to the best possible advantage in a volume combining utility and variety, and sufficiently voluminous to satisfy the just expectations of our patrons and the public generally. Our best endeavors have been given to insure accuracy and reliability, without verbosity and useless multiplication of language.
It has been deemed eminently proper that the early his- tory of the county and the various towns should occupy the most important portion of the work, leaving to the future historian the task of preserving whatever may be of value in the passing events of to-day. We have labored assiduously in this magnificent field, whose materials can never be exhausted, and have everywhere met with gener- ous consideration and received valuable assistance from hundreds in all the walks of life, without which our labors would have been practically in vain.
How far our efforts have been commensurate with the importance of the subject is for the people of Oneida County to determine. All we can do is to commit the work to their hands, with the assurance that we have labored faithfully and honestly, and with the hope that they will be reasonable in their criticisms.
The various chapters have been made as complete as our space and the means at hand permitted. In some matters
we have been considerably disappointed, more particularly in obtaining the history of the various military organiza- tions which went out from the county during the War of the Rebellion, and which we had reasonable assurances would be furnished by parties familiar with the subject. In most respects we have been greatly favored.
It would be impossible to mention by name all those who have aided and assisted us in the compilation of the work, but to the following-named persons we are under special obliga- tions for valuable favors rendered : Hon. Horatio Seymour, Hon. William J. Bacon, Hon. Ellis H. Roberts, John F. Seymour, Esq., Joseph B. Cushman, Esq., the various county and city officials, Dr. M. M. Bagg, the press gen- erally, Hon. Horace Capron, of Washington, D. C., Rev. Marinus Willett, of Westchester County, Dr. John P. Gray, of the State Lunatic Asylum, Professor Edward North, of Hamilton College, T. S. Faxton, Esq., Professor Andrew McMillan, superintendent of city schools, Henry S. Miller, Esq., Frank H. Latimore, city librarian, T. D. Curtis, Esq., Dr. D. G. Thomas, Dr. Charles P. Russell, Dr. L. B. Wells, Dr. C. E. Chase, the clergy generally, and the principal manufacturers. To all others we would hereby acknowledge our sincere obligations.
SAMUEL W. DURANT. UTICA, September, 1878.
Outline Plan of
T
T
ONEIDA N.Y.
N
Scale 34Mileto 1Inch.
2
W
FOREST
BoonvillePO
Florence Hill
Florence PO
EVOR
EN C
BO ON
-
Einpevville
Port
East FlorenceRo.
West Camden
/
Thunsony Cor.
HurIbut ville
AldenCreek
Zack River
C A M
E
IN
West BranchEof
/Brook PO.
Steubent Sta
0
Hemnere
Monaw
East Steuben
-
R
-
Elpais
P.O./Stokes .O.
Steuben Cors Steuben (P.O.
I
E
N
# S
Prospect P.O.
R
Hest Vielma
PO Nord Bay
PO
P.O.
Como den PO.
Fiskiereck
LandingWood
Canada Creek
theomstille
tanw
Dunbarton
ERIE
3
State Bridge
0
A\ Space Settlement Oriskal E Eureki
M
ARCY Mar cy P.O
M
Thamville
Towell 7
Pleasant Valle
Verona Depoi
Bartlett P.G.
Colemans Mills .. WING
bord estown P.O.
/P.O
D
Vernon
PO.
N
Deerfield Cor s Deerfield P.O.
PO.
Lairsville
Uttica Cotton Mats
Oneidas Community
ER N
P.O. Kirkfind N E W
UTICA
Vernon Conter!
Clinton Mills. P.O. CANTAI
MIDLAND A R. UTICA
New HartfordP.O
College Phil
HARTFORD
Clinton P.O.
0
Franklin Trong Works Washington Mills PO.
KIR AN
NGO
Farmers
PO.
Knoxbygg Deausville./ CHENA
iskany
SaufmuoftP.
ParisHil
- AUGUST A PO.B Peck's Corn's
Paris R
Augusta, Center
PARI IS
P.O. Augusta BOM/AR SHALL
@Hona
THEN ANGOT
Richfield Funci w
Waterville THE
fBabcock Hill
P.O.
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. HISTORY
OF
ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
BY SAMUEL W. DURANT.
CHAPTER I.
PHYSICAL FEATURES.
GEOGRAPHY.
THE geographical position of Oncida County is a re- markable one. Situated in the centre of the State, it forms the keystone of that magnificent arch of wealthy and populous counties whose extremities rest upon Long Island Sound and Lake Erie, and including the beautiful and historie valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, the group of charming lakes having the Oswego River for their common outlet, and taking in the fairest and richest portion of the famous " Genesce Country," the granary of the State.
The commercial metropolis of the county, the beautiful eity of Utica, may well be termued the " central city," for it stands very near the geographical centre of the Common- wealth, and in the most delightful portion of the Mohawk Valley. Rome, in the centre of the county, and its demi- capital, is distant 110 miles from Albany, and stands immediately on the water-shed which divides the head- streams of the St. Lawrence and the Hudson, the gateway through which passes the mighty stream of commerce and travel between the Atlantic and the great West.
Within the borders of the county are the springs from whence flow in various directions the waters that mingle with the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean at New York. The principal streams are the Mohawk and Black Rivers, and Wood and Oneida Crecks, with their affluents.
The Mohawk River and its branches, West Canada, Sauquoit, Oriskanv. Nine-Mile, and Lansing Kill Creeks, drain the central and eastern portions of the county ; Black River the extreme northeastern portion; Wood Creek and its branches, Fish Creek, Mad River, and Little River, the northwestern; and Oneida Creek the southwestern por- tions. In the western part of the county lie a portion of Oncida Lake, the towns of Vienna and Verona, includ-
ing about 10,000 square acres of its arca, whose total is given in the Gazetteer of the State at 57,000 acres. In the town of Forestport is a cluster of small lakelets, the largest of which are Long and White Lakes, cach contain- ing perhaps a square mile of surface ; and there are natural ponds in Ava, Boonville, New Hartford, Sangerfield, Vienna, and perhaps other towns. Three of the great canals of the State are partly within the county, the Erie, Black River, and Chenango, and the Black River feeder, which runs from the State reservoir, in the town of Forest- port, to the village of Boonville, a distance of 123 miles.
Area .- The superficial area of the county, according to the State Gazetteer (a very reliable authority), is 1215 square miles, equivalent to 777,600 square acres, being not far from the area of the State of Rhode Island .*
Boundaries .- Oncida County is bounded on the north by Lewis and Oswego, on the South by Otsego and Madi- son, on the east by Herkimer, and on the west by Madi- son and Oswego Counties.
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