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DRY
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STAN
SITY
LIB RY
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Frances Agnes Bowman Memorial Collection
Presented by Roger W. Montgomery, Esq.
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THE MEMORIAL HISTORY OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK
THE
MEMORIAL HISTORY OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK
FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT TO THE YEAR 1892
EDITED BY JAMES GRANT WILSON
VOLUME III
BORA
18 86
STANFOR! LE
NEW-YORK HISTORY COMPANY 132 NASSAU STREET 1893 Pm
483174 Copyright, 1893, by the NEW-YORK HISTORY COMPANY
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PRINTED AT THE DE VINNE PRESS.
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THIS THIRD VOLUME OF THE HISTORY OF HIS NATIVE CITY IS DEDICATED BY THE EDITOR TO THE ABLE GOVERNOR, UNITED STATES SENATOR, AND SECRETARY OF STATE, HAMILTON FISH
NOTE TO THE BEAT
FRAME
THE PAPER . -- = PLEASE HANDLE TIE PI
Manna-hata, the handsomest and most pleasant country that man can behold. HENRY HUDSON.
The Island of New-York is the most beautiful island that I have ever seen. HESSIAN OFFICER, in "Stone's Revolutionary Letters," 1891.
She is a Mart of Nations. . . . The crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth. ISAIAH, xxiii.
History maketh a young man to be old, without either wrinkles or gray hairs, privileging him with the experience of age without either the infirmi- ties or inconveniences thereof. THOMAS FULLER.
This is a great fault in a chronicler, to turn parasite : an absolute history should be in fear of none; neither should he write anything more than truth, for friendship, or else for hate, but keep himself equal and constant in all his discourses. SIMON N. H. LINGUET.
Industrious persons, by an exact and scrupulous diligence and obser- vation, out of the monuments, names, words, proverbs, traditions, private recordes and evidences, fragments of stories, passages of bookes that concern not story, and the like, we doe save and recover somewhat from the deluge of Time. FRANCIS BACON.
They who make researches into Antiquity may be said to passe often through many dark lobbies and dusky places before they come to the Aula lucis, the great hall of light; they must repair to old Archives and peruse many molded and moth-eaten records, and so bring to light, as it were, out of darkness, to inform the present world what the former did, and make us see truth through our Ancestor's eyes. JAMES HOWELL.
I was surprised to find how few, if any, of my fellow-citizens were aware that New-York had ever been called New Amsterdam, or had heard of the names of its early Dutch governors, or cared a straw about their ancient Dutch progenitors. . . . A history to serve as a foundation, on which other historians may hereafter raise a noble superstructure, swelling in process of time, until Knickerbocker's New-York may be equally voluminous with Gibbon's Rome, or Hume and Smollett's England. WASHINGTON IRVING.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
NEW-YORK CITY UNDER AMERICAN CONTROL-FROM THE CONFEDERA- TION TO THE CONSTITUTION, 1783-1789.
Professor Henry Phelps Johnston, Ph. D. 1
Changes in the Population Before and After the Evacuation -Less Eng- lish and Dutch since 1783- Domestic and Foreign Immigration -Reestab- lishment of the City Government-Temporary Council in Control until February, 1784-First City Corporation Officers of the American Period- Their Character- Rights and Privileges of the Citizens as Freeholders and Freemen -Interior Life of the City-Industries, Societies, Amusements, Luxuries-Exterior Appearance of the Town-Streets, Public Buildings, Coffee-Houses, Means of Protection-Local Politics, or the Treatment of Tories by the Whigs-Hamilton's Position-John Jay and the Governor- ship-National Politics, or the Constitutional Period- Attitude of the City on the Question of Enlarging Federal Powers- Action of the Merchants- Hamilton and the Conventions-The "Federalist" - The City Delegates at the State Convention, Poughkeepsie -Their Speeches, Influence, and Final Victory for the New National Constitution -Rejoicings and the Federal Procession in the City - Dutch Medals on the American Revolution.
CHAPTER II
NEW-YORK AS THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, AND DURING WASHINGTON'S FIRST TERM, 1789-1793 .
Moncure D. Conway. 45
The City in a Poor Condition at Washington's Inauguration - The City Hall Converted into a Federal Hall -Members of Congress Disparage their Accommodations - Washington Arrives in New-York Amid Enthusiastic Greetings-The Inauguration and Attending Ceremonies- Mrs. Washing- ton's Estimate of Life in New-York-The President and his Social Obliga- tions -Caricatures and Party Spirit-Cincinnati and Tammany, and Other Societies- Newspapers-Washington's Mode of Opening Congress -The President's Residence and the Mansion on the Site of Fort George-The Slavery Question -The Site of a Federal Capital Determined -Indian Chiefs visit New-York -Congress and Government Remove to Philadelphia -The "American Museum"-The Bank of New-York Incorporated-A Columbia College Commencement-Tontine Association and Coffee-House -The Third Centenary of the Discovery of America Celebrated in 1792-Jay Counted Out at the Election for Governor -Virtuous Ordinances by the City Council -The Walter Franklin Family.
vi
HISTORY OF NEW-YORK CHAPTER III
SOCIETY IN NEW-YORK IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THE REPUBLIC.
The Editor. 87
A "Dinner and Supper List for 1787 and '88"-Character of New-York Society in those Years-The Secretary for Foreign Affairs under Congress - Mrs. John Jay-The French Court and the French Capital -The Representa- tives of the New-York Bar-Hamilton and Burr in Society-Mrs. Hamilton- Chancellor Livingston -Prominent Clergymen of Various Denominations - Bishop David Provoost -Some Members of the Medical Profession - Old Knickerbocker Families - Revolutionary Officers and Members of Congress -The Leading Ladies of the Day -President of Congress-The Corps Dip- lomatique-Foreign Travelers: Brissot de Warville-The President of the United States : His Title and Influence upon Social Circles-His Recep- tions called "Levees"-The "Three Hundred"- Dress Worn by Ladies and Gentlemen - A Memorable Ball at the French Minister's- A Last Glimpse at the Society of that Day.
CHAPTER IV
THE CLOSING YEARS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, 1793-1800. The Rev. Daniel Van Pelt, A. M. 113
Changes in Material Conditions Within a Single Lifetime - The Eigh- teenth Century in the American Colonies - Mayor Richard Varick and Muni- cipal Affairs During the Closing Period - The City's Budget in 1800- The French Revolution and its Sympathizers Here-New-York Ceases to be the Capital of the State - The City Turns the Scales in the Presidential Election of 1800-Death of Washington, and Funeral Ceremonies in New-York - The Appearance of the City at this Time as Described by Foreign Observers - The Yellow Fever Visitations of 1791, 1795, and 1798 - Experiment in Steam Navigation on the Collect -Associations for Literary, Benevolent, and other Purposes - New-York Society and Popular Amusements - Races on the Bowery - Behavior at the Theater - Commercial Advantages and Prosper- ity - No " Down-town " a Hundred Years Ago -"London in Miniature " -List of Houses and Lots valued at £2000 and over in 1799.
CHAPTER V
THE OPENING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, 1801 -1807. The Editor. 153
A Glance Backward - Great Cities of the World at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century - The Presidential Election Excitement Early in 1801 - The Tie Between Jefferson and Burr - The Duel Between Hamilton and Burr - Consequences to Burr - The Founding of the Public-school Sys- tem of New-York - Generous Support by the State Legislature and the Corporation - Churches Enlarged, Altered, and Newly Built - The Disap- pearance of Worship in the Dutch Language - St. Paul's and St. John's the only Relics of this Period - Mayors Edward Livingston, De Witt Clinton, and Marinus Willett - War with and Defeat of the "Barbary Powers"
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Items of Local Interest: College of Physicians and Surgeons, News- papers, Huguenot Church, Insurance Companies - Market-places Visited by the Country People - Strange Street Cries of Venders - The Change in the Conditions of Society-Class Prestige Disappears-Weehawken Duel- ing-Ground.
CHAPTER VI
THE BEGINNING OF STEAM NAVIGATION, 1807-1812.
Charles Burr Todd. 184
Earliest Attempts at Steam Navigation-Robert Fulton : His Birth and Youthful Experiments-Goes to England to Study Art under Benjamin West -His Attention is Turned to Steam Navigation - His Book on Canals - Fulton Meets Joel Barlow in Paris -Fulton Returns to America - Ameri- can Inventors who Preceded Fulton Failed in Practical Application - John Stevens and his Screw Propeller - Connection of Chancellor Livingston with Fulton - Experiments on the Seine at Paris-The Clermont Goes Up the Hudson to Albany and Back - Steam Ferry-boats - Parties in New- York and the Embargo - Threats of War, and Fortification of the City - The New-York Historical Society Celebrates the Two-hundredth Anni- versary of the Discovery of the Hudson -City Hall in the Park Completed -New Churches Built - The Laying Out of Streets - State Election of 1811 - Early Steps to Build the Erie Canal - Public School No. 2-New- York Orphan Asylum Founded-The Chartering of a Bank -" Salmagundi" and "Knickerbocker's New-York "- Cockloft Hall.
CHAPTER VII
NEW-YORK IN THE SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1812-1815. John Austin Stevens. 219
England's Hope of Reconciliation with the Colonies - Political Situation and Progress of Negotiations with England - Growth of American Ton- nage - Impressment of American Sailors by Great Britain - British Frigate Fires on American Ship, 1806- The Famous Orders in Council - Ruinous Effects of the Embargo Act of 1807- Ambition of Clay and Calhoun - Madi- son's Message to Congress - New-York Merchants' Memorial - Death of Governor George Clinton - War Declared Against Great Britain, 1812-Or- ganization and Preparations of the Committee of Defense - Enthusiasm of . Seafaring Men for the War - Naval Engagement of Captain David Porter - The Constitution Defeats the Guerrière - Decatur Captures the Macedo- nian - Great Britain's Mortification - The Wasp Defeats the Frolic - Mili- tary Organizations, Arsenals, and Forts - American Reverses in Canada - Battle of Queenstown - New-York Merchants' Grievances -Lake Defenses - Capture of Toronto and Fort George -Perry's Victory, 1813- British Successes on Land - The Chesapeake Defeated by the Shannon - Blockade of the Port - Reception of General Harrison -Canadian Campaign under Scott - Second Invasion of New-York State-Public Action for Improving Defenses of the City - Treaty of Ghent - Lawrence and Ludlow.
viii .
HISTORY OF NEW-YORK CHAPTER VIII
THE RETURN OF PEACE, AND THE COMPLETION OF THE ERIE CANAL, 1815- 1825 . William L. Stone. 295
The Effect of the Announcement of Peace - Packet Lines Established - Severe Weather -Removal of General Richard Montgomery's Remains from Quebec to New-York -Ball to General Andrew Jackson - Burning of the Old Park Theater - New-York Bay Frozen Over in 1820 - Yellow Fever in the City - Visit of Lafayette to the United States, and His Reception in New-York - Erie Canal Celebration - History of the Enterprise - First Canal-boat, the Seneca Chief, leaves Buffalo - Description of the Celebra- tion - Land and Naval Processions - Magnificent Appearance of the Fleet - The Greek Rebellion - Large Amounts of Money Subscribed in New- York for the Relief of the Greek Patriots - First Gas-pipes Laid.
CHAPTER IX
THE BEGINNING OF NEW-YORK'S COMMERCIAL GREATNESS, 1825-1837. John Austin Stevens. 334
The Tontine Coffee House and Chamber of Commerce-Increase of Trade owing to Opening of Erie Canal -Commerce of New-York - Larger Build- ings Erected -- Mayors Philip Hone, Walter Bowne, and Gideon Lee-First Appearance in the City of Asiatic Cholera, 1832 - The Election and Aboli- tion Riots, 1834 - Procession and Ceremonies in Memory of Lafayette- Stone-cutters' and Five Points Riots, 1834-35- Croton River Aqueduct Decided Upon -- Great Fire of 1835-Flour Riot, 1837-The Banks of New- York, including Savings-banks - The Farmers' Fire Insurance Company - Influence of Free Trade on the National Election - Albert Gallatin's Policy - The National Bank of New-York Established - The Bank of the United States Accepts a Charter from Pennsylvania - Enormous Increase in the Issue of Paper Currency -Sharp Reaction -The New-York Banks Suspend, May. 1837 - General Suspension of United States Banks-Convention of Bank Delegates from Seventeen States Meets in New-York-Favorable Prospects - Resumption of Specie Payments by the New-York Banks, May, 1838 -- The Bank of Commerce Established - The New-York University Founded - Literary Society : "The Club " Organized - Polish Exiles Arrive in New-York - Fashionable Localities and Walks- Favorite Cafés- Cele- brated Schools and Institutes- Death of Charlotte Canda - The Freedom of the City.
CHAPTER X
TEN YEARS OF MUNICIPAL VIGOR, 1837-1847. J. Hampden Dougherty. 364
Daniel Wolkter Visits New-York - Appearance of the Streets - Notable House - Improvements in Rebuilding Following the Fire of 1835- Parks and Squares - Public Halls Picture galleries Hotels and Theaters- Ball in Honor of Charles Dickens - Introduction of Gas- Churches-Clubs- Literature of the Day-Newspapers -- President Harrison's Death and Funeral - Stages and Horse-vars Introduced- Construction of the Fourth
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Avenue Tunnel - Immigration and its Factors - Its Effect on Local Poli- tics - The Native American Movement -First Elected Mayor, Cornelius W. Lawrence - The Council of Appointment - Suffrage Restrictions - All Property Qualifications for City Voters Abolished in 1842 - City Conven- tion Amends City Charter, 1829 - Charter Elections - High Character of Municipal and Judicial Officers -Charter of 1830 Provides for Departments in City Government - Early Police Systems - Municipal Police Act Passed, 1844 - Jacob Hays, the Last High Constable - Origin and Establishment of the Public-school System - Conflict between Protestants and Romanists over State Funds-City Pumps, Springs, and Water Supply -Croton Aque- duct Commissioners Appointed - Major Douglass's Plans Approved, and Work Begun - Water Admitted into Aqueduct, June, 1842 - Grand Cele- bration upon Completion of Aqueduct - Fashionable New-York Moving Up-town - Luxurious Living Indulged in - Distinguished Foreigners Ar- rive in the City - The Presidential Canvass of 1844 - Invention of the Tele- graph Perfected - Morse's Efforts to Obtain Patents in Europe - Election of Polk - War with Mexico - Great Fire of July, 1845 - Gotham as Ap- plied to New-York.
CHAPTER XI
TELEGRAPHS AND RAILROADS, AND THEIR IMPULSE TO COMMERCE, 1847- 1855 Charles Burr Todd. 413
Commercial Development - First Telegraph Line Opened - Succeeding Lines Established - The Erie Railroad - Preliminary Survey - First Sec- tion Opened - Ceremonies on Completion of Entire Line, 1851 - Receiver Appointed and Reorganization Effected - Second Receivership, and Sub- sequent Reorganization - The New-York Central and Hudson River Rail- road : Its Charter and Construction - The Pennsylvania Railroad - The Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad -The West Shore Railroad - The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad - Discovery of Gold in California - The Clipper Ships and their Remarkable Voyages - The Yacht America and her Famous Race - The Great Ship-building Yards - The Century Club, and Gallery of Fine Arts - Passage of the New City Charter - The Astor Place Riot - Asiatic Cholera Again Visits the City - The Astor Library Opened - Philanthropic Societies Organized - The New-York Free Academy Opened - The Children's Aid Society Begins its Work - St. Luke's and the Demilt Hospitals Built - Young Men's Christian Association Formed - Arrival of Jenny Lind - The Grinnell Expeditions under De Ha- ven and Kane-The Central Park Decided Upon - The Crystal Palace Built - The Clearing House Association - The City Markets.
CHAPTER XII
PREMONITIONS OF THE CIVIL WAR, 1855 -1860 . . . . Eugene Lawrence. 447
Condition and Progress of New-York City in 1856 - The City Prosperous - Severe Cold all over the Country - Central Park Progressing - Original Plans for Parks in the City - Metropolitan Museum of Art and Other Build- ings Added to the Park - Battery Park Neglected - Incidents in the City -The Chief Newspapers of the Day - The Burdell Murder - The " Five
x
HISTORY OF NEW-YORK
Points "- Creation of the Metropolitan Police - Mayor Wood's Opposition and Resistance - A Riot Averted - The Advent of the Metropolitan Police to Power Causes Numerous Riots-The Commercial Panic of 1857-Gradual Recovery from Financial Depression - Resumption of Specie Payments - Crime and Disorder - The " Dead Rabbit " Riot-The Astor Library and Cooper Institute - Readings and Lectures by Noted Speakers - Proposed Introduction of Slavery into Kansas Creates Political Excitement in New- York - Aspect of Broadway in 1858- Laying of the Atlantic Cable, and Grand Celebration in the City - Burning of the Quarantine Buildings on Staten Island - Revival of the Slave Trade - General Condition of Affairs in 1859 - Visit of the Prince of Wales - Peril of Free Institutions, 1860- Lincoln's Election - Plans of Disunionists - Southern Preparations for Civil War-Vacillation of Buchanan - Evacuation of Fort Moultrie.
CHAPTER XIII
NEW-YORK IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION, 1861 - 1865.
Gen. T. F. Rodenbough, U. S. A. ( Retired). 478
The Empire City Furnishes Sinews of War -The Pine Street Meeting - General Dix Appointed Secretary of War - His Famous Despatch - General Scott and President Buchanan - President Lincoln Assumes the Presidency - The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment Passes Through the City - Great Meeting in Union Square - Patriotism of the Citizens - Large Sums of Money Raised - Thurlow Weed Assists the President - Union De- fense Committee Organized - Departure of the Seventh Regiment, April 19, 1861 - Other New-York City Regiments Leave for Washington - Com- modore Vanderbilt Presents a Steamer to the Government - Patriotic Ac- tion of New-York Women - Organization of the United States Sanitary Commission - Southern Disappointment at New-York's Loyalty - Foreign Correspondents in the City -The Government Arrests Disloyal Persons - Lieutenant-Colonel Martin Burke in Command of Fort Lafayette - President Lincoln Invites Three Eminent Citizens to Represent the Govern- ment Abroad - Call for Volunteers - The Enrolment Act - The Draft Riots, 1863 - The Seventh and other Regiments Ordered to Return to New- York - A Forged Proclamation by the President Published - Arrest of the Author - Metropolitan Fair in Aid of Sanitary Commission, April, 1864 - Assassination of President Lincoln, and Mass Meeting in New-York - No- table New-Yorkers who Died for their Country - Gallant Leaders of Both the Army and Navy - Military Organizations Recruited Wholly, or in Part, in the City and County of New-York - Compilation from Colonel Phis- terer's " New York in the War of the Rebellion."
CHAPTER XIV
RECOVERY FROM WAR -TWEED RING - SPECULATION AND REACTION, 1865 - 1878 . Arthur E. Bostwick, Ph. D. 518
New-York at the End of the Civil War-Activity in Building, and Local Improvements - Rapid Growth of the City - New Streets and Avenues Opened - Introduction of the Passenger Elevator - First Apartment-houses
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Erected - East River Bridge Begun - Underground Roads Projected -The Elevated Railroads -The Railroad Viaduct on Fourth Avenue - The Atlantic Cable Successfully Laid, 1866 - Admiral Farragut Leaves New-York with a Squadron - Volunteer Fire Department Abolished, 1865 - Steam Fire-engines Introduced- Board of Health Established, 1866 - Cholera Again Visits the City - Dock Department Created, 1870- The Orange Riot, July 12, 1871 ; Many Killed and Wounded on Eighth Ave- nue -John T. Hoffman - Formation of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals - Societies Formed for the Suppression of Vice, for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and for the Prevention of Crime - Visits of Prince Arthur and Grand Duke Alexis - The Chicago Fire and New-York's Contribution -Concentration of State Power at Albany Works Injury to New-York - Best Elements of the Democratic Party Not Repre- sented in its Councils - The Tammany Society Controls the Politics of Emi- grants - William M. Tweed and his Methods - Origin of the Tweed Ring -Peter B. Sweeny - Richard D. Connolly - The Ring Judges - Demoral- ization of the Press - Fraudulent Naturalization - A. Oakey Hall - The Ring in Control - The County Court-house Frauds - The Tweed-Frear Charter -The Rochester Convention, 1870 - Increase of City Debt - At- tacks on the Ring by the Press -James O'Brien Secures Information - Watson's Death - The "Times " Publishes the City's Accounts - The Com- mittee of Seventy - Disposition of the Plunder - Civil Actions Begun Against Members of the Ring - Tweed Imprisoned - His Escape and Sub- sequent Capture - The New City Charter - The Panic of 1873 - Failure of Prominent Houses - Stock Exchange Closed - The One-hundredth Anni- versary of American Independence - Emperor of Brazil Visits New-York.
CHAPTER XV
NEW-YORK DURING THE LAST FOURTEEN YEARS, 1879-1892. The Rev. Ashbel G. Vermilye, D. D. 570
Retrospective Review -The Genesis of the East River Bridge-Roebling's Engineering Triumph - Difficulties to be Overcome - Completion of the Great Work - Magnitude of its Passenger Traffic - Description of Hell Gate - Attempts at Removing its Obstructions - The Hallett's Point Reef : Its Destruction September 24, 1876 - The Harlem River Improvements - Cutting through Dyckman's Meadows - Revival of Architecture : its Pro- gress - High Office-buildings - Passenger Elevators - Apartment-houses - Up-town Movement of Large Institutions - The New-York University : Its Associations and Contemplated Removal-Source of Columbia Col- lege's Wealth - Cathedral of St. John the Divine - The Methodist Book Concern -Rapid Transit Discussed - The Streets Relieved of Telegraph Poles -The Electric-subway System - The Blizzard - Death of Roscoe Conkling - Overworked Switchmen - The Statue of Liberty - The Cen- tennial of Washington's Inauguration - The Columbus Celebration - The Presence of Tramps in the Public Squares- Schools and Schoolmasters - Nelson the " Blind Teacher " - Professor Anthon and His Characteristics : His Original Mode of Punishment- Requirements of the Education of To- day - Methods of Columbia and Barnard Colleges - The Condition of, and Attendance at, the Public Schools - Women on the Board of Education -The Public Schools Intended to Reach the Poorest, and all Nationalities -
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