USA > New York > A short history of New York State > Part 73
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Inland waterways continued to play an important role in New York trade. J. C. Mills, Our Inland Seas, Their Shipping and Commerce for Three Centuries (1910), and R. G. Plumb, History of Navigation on the Great Lakes (1911) are the best accounts so far. Noble Whitford, History of the Barge Canal of New York State (1922), is primarily the story of construction. It can be sup- plemented by Henry Hill, Waterways and Canal Construction in New York State (1908), which contains much information on the movement for canal enlargement. H. G. Moulton, Waterways versus Railroads (1926), gives the arguments by proponents for each form of transport.
The Dictionary of American Biography should be consulted for accounts of Jay Gould, Daniel Drew, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and other prominent people associated with the history of transportation and communication. A good intro- ductory account is John Moody, The Railroad Builders (1919).
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There is no adequate history of the development of highways in New York. The extensive activities of the Port of New York Authority is described in E. W. Bard, The Port of New York Authority (1939); F. L. Bird, A Study of the Port of New York Authority (1949).
The N.Y. State Department of Commerce has issued many publications including its Commerce Review which contain valuable summaries of water, air, and highway transport.
Market Place of the World
The several publications of the N.Y. State Department of Commerce, espe- cially the Commerce Review, are excellent for statistical information. The Port of New York Authority has also issued many important documents about its activities and the business trends in the great seaport. A. E. Elbrecht, About Foods and Markets (1932), is a valuable teacher's handbook and con- sumer's guide. Its bibliographical materials are most helpful.
The material on foreign trade is extensive. For representative studies, see E. R. Johnson et al., History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States (2 vols., 1915); Hutchins, op. cit., Stuart Chase, Tomorrow's Trade, Problems of Our Foreign Commerce (1945). The monthly summaries of the foreign commerce of the U.S. compiled by the U.S. Bureau of the Census are also useful to the student of New York trade.
Retail trade has attracted many students and observers. Among the better books are: G. B. Hotchkiss, Milestones of Marketing (1938); P. H. Nystrom, Chain Stores (1930) and Fashion Merchandising (1932); E. B. Weiss, Selling to and through the New Department Store (1948); A. B. Young, Recurring Cycles of Fashion (1937). The distribution of food can be studied in W. P. Hedden, How Great Cities Are Fed (1929); H. E. Erdman, American Produce Markets (1928); E. R. French, Pushcart Markets in New York City (1925); W. A. Sherman, Merchandising Fruits and Vegetables (1928); L. D. H. Weld, The Marketing of Farm Products (1916).
L. D. Brandeis, Other People's Money (1913), summarized much of the material which the Pujo committee unearthed about finance capitalism. F. L. Allen, The Great Pierpont Morgan (1949), and Lewis Corey, House of Morgan (1930), contain much interesting material about the great financier. A. D. Noyes, Forty Years of American Finance (1909), is a fascinating memoir by a participant. Marquis James, The Metropolitan Life: A Study in Business Control (1947), describes the corporation with the largest assets in the world. More penetrating is S. B. Clough, A Century of Life Insurance (1946).
CULTURE IN AN INDUSTRIAL AGE
General
Most books dealing with this subject are concerned primarily with the nation rather than the state. An important exception to this rule, however, is Flick, History, vol. IX, which consists of a series of topical essays by acknowl- edged authorities. Although the essays are not of equal merit, this book re-
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mains the starting point for anyone interested in New York social and intellectual history.
Although the volumes in A History of American Life series describe national rather than local developments, each contains a great deal of pertinent in- formation on New York. The volumes in this series covering the period under consideration are Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Modern America, 1865- 1878 (1927); A. M. Schlesinger, The Rise of the City, 1878-1898 (1933); H. Faulkner, Quest for Social Justice; Dixon Wecter, The Age of the Great Depression, 1929-1941 (1948). Every student of this period should consult Mark Sullivan, Our Times (6 vols., 1926-1935), which covers roughly the first twenty-five years of this century and comprises an indescribably rich source of information on the habits and mores of the American people.
A convenient and lively account of New York City's cultural and social history from 1850 to 1950 is furnished in L. R. Morris, Incredible New York; High Life and Low Life of the Last Hundred Years (1951). Although Morris is not interested in historical analysis or interpretation, his book is filled with colorful and amusing details that he uncovered through diligent research. See also Morris, Postscript to Yesterday; America: The Last Fifty Years (1947). The Diary of George Templeton Strong covers only a small part of the period after the Civil War, but it is a constant delight and required reading for any student of New York City's history. Klein's anthology The Empire City con- centrates on the picturesque, if not lurid, aspects of the metropolis.
1865-1914
Education and Libraries
The problems of education in the state have produced an immense literature. An adequate history of public school education in New York since the Civil War remains to be written, but there is a great deal of valuable material in Fitch, The Public School, and in the Annual Reports of the New York State Department of Education. Some attention is given to developments in New York in E. P. Cubberley, Public Education in the United States (1934). Some- what specialized contributions to the growth of secondary education are dis- cussed in C. W. Blessing, Albany Schools and Colleges, Yesterday and Today (1936), and D. E. W. Hodge and L. F. Hodge, A Century of Service to Public Education (1945). Kindergartens are discussed in N. C. Vanderwalker, Kindergarten (1908), and C. D. Aborn et al., Pioneers of Kindergarten (1924). The Regents of the State of New York authorized the inquiry, Education for American Life (1938).
Adult education has received attention in C. A. Whipple, Adult Education, University of the State of New York (1931), and Lester Dix, Higher Educa- tion Services to Adult Education in New York State (1948). For the history and unique contributions of the Chautauqua movement, see J. L. Hurlburt, Chautauqua (1921), and R. L. Richmond, Chautauqua (1943). Although settlement houses are not usually considered educational institutions, their contributions in this field have been considerable. The history of one of New
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York City's most important settlement houses is recounted in L. D. Wald, The House on Henry Street (1915).
Surveys of higher education can be found in C. F. Thwing, A History of Higher Education in America (1906); Abraham Flexner, The American Col- lege (1908); and Thomas Woody, A History of Woman's Higher Education in the United States (2 vols., 1929). Developments in higher education in New York before the twentieth century are summarized in Sherwood, The University of the State of New York. For trends in higher education, see C. M. Armstrong, The Need for Higher Education in New York State (1948); O. C. Carmichael, New York Establishes a State University (1955); R. F. Butts, The College Charts Its Course (1939). The most recent history of education is H. H. Horner, ed., Education in New York State, 1784-1954 (1954). Although there have been several histories of Columbia University, they have been sup- planted by a series of volumes which are now in the process of publication under the general editorship of D. C. Miner. For Cornell University, see C. L. Becker, Cornell University: Founders and Founding (1943), and the autobiography of Andrew D. White. Brief histories of individual institutions can be found in E. E. Slosson, Great American Universities (1910), and Flexner, The American College. The financial problems of the schools and the need for more state aid is well examined in the report of the Heald Commission of 1956.
There are several books on the public library movement which deal in part with the situation in New York. Among those that are most helpful are S. H. Ditzion, Arsenals of a Democratic Culture: A Social History of the American Public Library Movement in New England and the Middle States, 1850-1900 (1947); S. S. Green, The Public Library Movement in the United States, 1853-1893 (1913); A. E. Bostwick, The American Public Library (rev. ed., 1929); R. D. Leigh, The Public Library in the United States (1950); W. I. Fletcher, Public Libraries in the United States (1894); and U.S. Bureau of Education, Public Libraries in the United States of America: Their History, Condition, and Management (1904). The influence of Melvil Dewey on the libraries of New York is fully treated in G. G. Dawe, Melvil Dewey: Seer, Inspirer, Doer, 1851-1931 (1933), and Fremont Rider, Melvil Dewey (1944). For developments in an upstate center see Blake McKelvey, ed., The History of the Libraries in Rochester and Monroe County (Rochester Historical Society Publications, XVI).
Religion
There is a vast literature on the history of religion in America, and almost all the books on this subject devote considerable attention to developments in the most populous state in the Union. Two of the best general surveys are W. W. Sweet, The Story of Religion in America (rev. ed., 1939) and A. P. Stokes, Church and State in America (3 vols., 1950). The histories of the various denominations are treated in separate volumes in Philip Schaff, H. C. Potter, S. M. Jackson, eds., The American Church History Series (13 vols., 1893-1898). More recent studies of religious groups in the United States (and New York) include Joseph Leiser, American Judaism: A Historical Survey (1925); C. E.
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Corwin, A Manual of the Reformed Church in America, 1628-1922 (1922); Theodore Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism (1941); and W. W. Manross, A History of the American Episcopal Church (1950). For the history of two leading New York City churches, see Morgan Dix, A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York (4 vols., 1898) and Shepard Knapp, A History of the Brick Presbyterian Church in the City of New York (1909). R. F. Weld, A Tower on the Heights: The Story of the First Presby- terian Church of Brooklyn (1946), is especially valuable, for it contains far more social history than is usually found in studies of this type.
In the years after the Civil War the churches were confronted with a variety of new problems that demanded new solutions. Some of these prob- lems and solutions are dealt with in C. H. Hopkins, The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865-1915 (1940); A. D. White, Warfare of Science with Theology (1896); Edward Judson, Institutional Church (1899); John O'Grady, Catholic Charities (1931); A. I. Abell, Urban Impact on Ameri- can Protestantism, 1865-1900 (1943); and H. F. May, Protestant Churches and Industrial America (1949). For two special branches of religious endeavor, see C. H. Hopkins, History of the Y.M.C.A. in North America (1951), and E. W. Rice, The Sunday School Movement, 1878-1917 (1917). There are too few biographies of New York's many religious leaders between the Civil War and World War I, but R. R. Sharpe, Rauschenbusch (1942), is one that should not be missed by anyone interested in the growth of Social Christianity in both the state and the nation. Walter Rauschenbusch's numerous books are indispensable for an understanding of his ideas and the movement of which he was a leader.
Literature
The most recent and in every way the most valuable general survey of American literature is Spiller et al., Literary History. This work can be sup- plemented with Oscar Cargill, Intellectual America: Ideas on the March (1941); W. P. Trent et al., The Cambridge History of American Literature (4 vols., 1917-1923); Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds (1942); Horace Gregory and Marya Zaturenska, History of American Poetry (1946). There is no history of New York's literature as such, but books by or about the leading literary figures who lived in the state are often remarkably helpful. In addition, Sheehan, This Was Publishing, should be consulted by those interested in what might be called the business of literature in New York City.
Newspapers and Magazines
Among the general histories of newspapers and press associations that can be consulted with profit are W. G. Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (1927); W. A. Dill, Growth of Newspapers in the United States, 1704-1925 (1928); Oliver Gramling, AP, the Story of News (1940); R. W. Jones, Journalism in the United States (1947); A. McL. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America (1937); F. L. Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States through 260 Years, 1690-1950 (rev. ed.,
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1950); G. H. Payne, History of Journalism in the United States (1920); and Victor Rosewater, History of Cooperative News-Gathering in the United States (1930).
For the history of individual newspapers within the state, see Frederick Follett, History of the Press in Western New York (1920); H. W. Baehr, Jr., The New York Tribune since the Civil War (1936); Royal Cortissoz, The New York Tribune (1923); Meyer Berger, The Story of the New York Times (1951); Elmer Davis, History of the New York Times (1921); J. L. Heaton, The Story of a Page: Thirty Years of Public Discussion in the Editorial Columns of the New York World (1913); Allan Nevins, The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism (1922); F. M. O'Brien, The Story of the Sun (1928); D. C. Seitz, The James Gordon Bennetts, Father and Son, Proprietors of the New York Herald (1928) and Joseph Pulitzer: His Life & Letters (1924).
The standard work on the history of magazines is F. L. Mott, A History of American Magazines (3 vols., 1930-1938). Volume III covers the period since the Civil War. The stories of two of the nation's (and the state's) leading magazine publishers can be found in George Britt, Forty Years-Forty Mil- lions: The Career of Frank A. Munsey (1935), and S. S. McClure, My Auto- biography (1914). Rollo Ogden, Life and Letters of Edwin Lawrence Godkin (2 vols., 1907), discusses the career and policies of the editor of the Nation and Evening Post.
Painting, Sculpture, Music
The two best general surveys of the development of the fine arts in America are H. Cahill and A. H. Barr, Art in America: A Complete Survey (1935), and Larkin, Art and Life in America. Homer St. Gaudens, The American Artist and His Times (1941), contains much information that is difficult to find else- where and is distinguished by its illustrations.
The standard works on the history of American painting include C. H. Caffin, The Story of American Painting (1907); Alan Burroughs, Limners and Likenesses: Three Centuries of American Painting (1936); Samuel Isham, The History of American Painting (rev. ed., 1927); and J. C. Van Dyke, American Painting and Its Tradition (1919). Special or allied fields of the pictorial arts are covered in Frank Weitenkampf, American Graphic Art (rev. ed., 1924); William Murrell, A History of American Graphic Humor (2 vols., 1933-1938); A. B. Maurice and F. T. Cooper, The History of the Nineteenth Century in Caricature (1904); and E. H. Blashfield, Mural Painting in Amer- ica (1913).
For sculpture, the following books can be consulted with profit: Joseph Hudnot, Modern Sculpture (1929); Lorado Taft, The History of American Sculpture (rev. ed., 1924); Adeline Adams, The Spirit of American Sculpture (rev. ed., 1929); and J. W. McSpadden, Famous Sculptors of America (1924). The work of an outstanding sculptor is discussed in Royal Cortissoz, Augustus St. Gaudens (1907), and Homer St. Gaudens, ed., The Reminiscences of Augustus Saint Gaudens (2 vols., 1913).
The history of American music is recounted in J. T. Howard, Our American Music: Three Hundred Years of It (1939); L. C. Elson, The History of Amer-
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ican Music (rev. ed., 1925); W. L. Hubbard, ed., The American History and Encyclopedia of Music (12 vols., 1910); Arthur Farwell and W. D. Darby, eds., Music in America, vol. IV of The Art of Music (14 vols., 1915-1917). For opera, see E. E. Hipsher, American Opera and Its Composers (1934), and H. E. Krehbiel, More Chapters of Opera (1919). Among books on popular music are C. K. Harris, After the Ball: Forty Years of Melody (1926); Sigmund Spaeth, Read 'Em and Weep (1926); Wilder Hobson, American Jazz (1939); Winthrop Sargeant, Jazz (1946).
Architecture
There are several competent histories of American architecture, including S. F. Kimball, American Architecture (1929); T. E. Tallmadge, The Story of Architecture in America (1927); T. F. Hamlin, The American Spirit in Archi- tecture (1926); and G. H. Edgell, The American Architecture of Today (1928). W. A. Starrett, Skyscrapers and the Men Who Build Them (1928), is a useful summary. For the student interested in interpretative studies of architecture there is an abundance of stimulating material, much of it applying to New York, in Wayne Andrews, Architecture, Ambition and Americans: A History of American Architecture (1955), and in Lewis Mumford, Sticks and Stones: A Study of American Architecture and Civilization (1924) and The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (1931). For biographies of two leading New York architects, see Charles Moore, The Life and Times of Charles Follen McKim (1929), and C. C. Baldwin, Stanford White (1931).
Drama
Among the numerous histories of the American theater, the following should be mentioned: W. L. Phelps, Twentieth Century Theatre (1918); Archibald Henderson, Changing Drama (1914); O. M. Sayler, Our American Theatre (1913); C. D'A. Mackay, Little Theatre (1917); M. J. Moses, American Dramatist (1925); Douglas Gilbert, American Vaudeville (1940); and Lloyd Morris, Curtain Time: The Story of the American Theatre (1953). For count- less details concerning every variety of theatrical performance in New York City before the turn of the century, see G. C. D. Odell, Annals of the New York Stage (15 vols., 1927-1949).
1914-1956
Mechanization: Communication and Standardization
There is much colorful information on the spread of the automobile in Lloyd Morris, Not So Long Ago (1949), and D. L. Cohn, Combustion on Wheels: An Informal History of the Automobile Age (1944). Llewellyn White, The American Radio (1947), is a general history. For facts about radio in the Empire State, see "Radio Broadcasting in New York State," New York State Commerce Review, VIII (Sept. 1954). The interrelationships between radio and reading is brought out in P. F. Lazarsfeld, Radio and the Printed Page (1940). Not So Long Ago by Morris has interesting material on motion pictures.
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Margaret Thorp, America at the Movies (1939), is a well-balanced history. See also Edgar Dale, The Content of Motion Pictures (1935). Mott's American Journalism and A History of American Magazines, vol. III, are authoritative on journalism. Jones, Journalism in the United States, is useful. The comic sheet has played an important role in New York City publishing. The stand- ard account is Coulton Waugh, The Comics (1947).
Leisure and Recreation
The standard work on sports is F. R. Dulles, America Learns to Play (1940). Valuable also are J. F. Steiner, Americans at Play (1933) and Gove Hambidge, Time to Live (1933), on the use of leisure time. G. D. Butler, Introduction to Community Recreation (1940), is helpful. Few New Yorkers have done as much to stimulate public interest in parks as Robert Moses. For a typical statement by Moses, see his article "The Moses Recipe for Better Parks," New York Times Magazine (Jan. 8, 1956).
Literary Output in a Technological Revolution
The literature on "literature" is enormous. The following titles are repre- sentative: J. W. Krutch, The American Drama since 1918 (1939); Malcolm Cowley, Exile's Return (rev. ed., 1951); Oscar Cargill, Intellectual America; H. E. Luccock, American Mirror: Social, Ethical and Religious Aspects of American Literature, 1930-1940 (1940); Maxwell Geismar, Writers in Crisis (1942).
The Creative Arts
Larkin, Art and Life in America, is the best introduction and also has a good bibliography. Good for background is F. P. Keppel and R. L. Duffus, The Arts in American Life (1933). See also Martha Cheney, Modern Art in America (1939).
On the theater the monumental work by Odell has a wealth of detail. For a shorter account of the modern stage, see Krutch, American Drama. During the 1930's the New York stage received government support which stirred up much controversy. For the W.P.A. venture into the theater, see Hallie Flanagan, Arena (1940), and Willson Whitman, Bread and Circuses (1937). Cecil Smith, Musical Comedy in America (1950), is satisfactory.
On painting and sculpture, begin with Peyton Boswell, Modern American Painting (1940), an excellent text, or Sheldon Cheyney, The Story of Modern Art (1941). Frederick Wight, Milestones of American Painting of Our Century (1949), is stimulating. The Museum of Modern Art Catalogue, New Horizons in American Art (1936), shows the best work done under the W.P.A.
On architecture, see John McAndrew, Guide to Modern Architecture, North- east States (1940). F. L. Wright, Modern Architecture (1931), is a provocative statement by the master of modern architecture. An able statement by a well- known historian of architecture is Talbot Hamlin, Architecture: An Art for All Men (1947). Huson Jackson, New York Architecture, 1650-1952 (1952), is a detailed list of outstanding buildings in Greater New York. For contrast,
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see the small but beautifully illustrated booklet by L. C. Jones, Cooperstown (1953).
On music, see J. T. Howard's detailed and authoritative Our American Music (3d ed., 1946). The latter chapters of Gilbert Chase, America's Music from the Pilgrims to the Present (1955), are suggestive. Useful are: Aaron Copeland, Our New Music (1941); C. Reis, Composers in America (1938); Herbert Graf, The Opera and Its Future in America (1941); S. W. Finklestein, Jazz: A People's Music (1948) .
Science and Religion
For general introductions to physical science in the machine age, read S. M. and L. F. Rosen, Technology and Society (1941) and Lewis Mumford, Tech- nics and Civilization (1934). A more recent account is James Stokley, Science Remakes Our World (1946).
For religion, see items cited for period 1865-1914. The religious situation is discussed in H. S. Commager, The American Mind (1950) and William Sperry, Religion in America (1946). A liberal Catholic analyzes the religious situation in the depression years: J. A. Ryan, Seven Troubled Years, 1930-1936 (1937). For the Protestant churches in the same period, see H. P. Douglass and E. de S. Brunner, The Protestant Church as a Social Institution (1935). The story of the cults is told in Marcus Bach, They Have Found a Faith (1946). H. W. Schneider, Religion in Twentieth Century America (1952), is the best recent survey.
Index
Abbott, Lyman, 604 Abercromby, James, 58 Abolition, 226, 310, 311
Adams, John, President, 76, 108, 128, 130, 131 Adams, John Quincy, President, 148, 149, 212
Adams, Myron, 173 Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 173, 635 Adler, Felix, 634 Advertising, commercial, 573-574 Age of Reason (Paine), 194 Albany commissaries, 44
Albany Congress (1754), 17, 55-56
Albany Regency, 145, 148, 192, 212, 215, 327
Alexander, William ( known as Lord Stir- ling), 106-107 Alfange, Dean, 435 Alfred University, 595 Alien and Sedition Acts, 131
Allen, Ethan, 99, 122
Allen, Frederick Lewis, 542
Allen, Heman, 122 Allen, Ira, 122 Allicocke, Joseph, 92 Alsop, John, 97 Alva, Duke of, 34 American Anti-Slavery Society, 310-311 American Federation of Labor, 529
American Locomotive Company, 505, 565, 572 American Peace Society, 313 Ames, Ezra, 329
Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, 58
Anderson, Maxwell, 641 Anderson, Robert, Major, 242 André, John, Major, 117 Andros, Sir Edmund, Governor, 32, 34, 79, 84 Andrustown, 115
Annapolis Convention, 124 Anthony, Susan B., 312, 391 Anti-Federalists, 124-132 Antirentism, 77, 94, 159-161, 220-224 Archer, Michael, Sheriff, 160 Architecture, 68, 330-332, 612-613, 636- 637 Armstrong, John, 140
Arnold, Benedict, 99, 100, 109, 111, 117
Arthur, Chester A., President, 365, 366 Articles of Confederation, 118, 124 Arts, 317-334, 610-617, 640-650 Astor, John Jacob, 162, 325, 358 Astor, Mrs. William, 617-618
Astor, William B., 340
Auctions, 174
Auden, W. H., 649 Automobiles, 461, 551-553, 572-573, 626- 627
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