USA > New York > Jefferson County > History of Jefferson County, New York, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 28
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EDUCATIONAL.
On the 18th day of April, 1691, the Colonial assembly passed a bill providing for the appointment of a school- master for " educating and instructing children and youth to read and write in the English language in every town in the province."§ April 9, 1795, the legislature of the State passed an act appropriating twenty thousand pounds per annum, for five years, for the encouragement and mainte- nanee of common schools, wherein the children of the in- habitants of the several towns and districts might be " instructed in the English language, or be taught English
# See history of town of Wilna. + See Antwerp.
Į Dr. C. P. Kemball, of Rutland.
¿ Journal of Assembly, p. 7.
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HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, NEW YORK.
grammar, arithmetie, mathematies, and such other branches of knowledge as are most useful and necessary to complete a good English education."* The several counties were to receive a portion of this annual distribution according to their population, and were required to raise a sum annually equal to the amount received by them by tax for the like purpose. Herkimer county's proportion of the first distri- bution was nine hundred and thirty pounds. Seven com- missioners of schools were chosen in each town. In 1812 the legislature passed an aet for the establishment of eom- mon schools, and provided for the appointment of a super- intendent of common sehools, whose duty should be to prepare and digest plans for the improvement and manage- ment of a common school-fund. In 1813 a permanent fund was provided for the support of common schools by an appropriation of the net proceeds of the sales of the State lands since April 2, 1805, and sufficient of the unsold lands at the date of the passage of the aet, April 9, 1813, to make five hundred thousand aeres. The money arising therefrom to be loaned at seven per eent., and distributed among the counties when the ineome reached fifty thousand dollars annually. The first distribution under this law to Jefferson County was made in 1813, and amounted to seven hundred and eighty-nine dollars and thirty-two eents, and was apportioned to the several towns as follows :
Le Ray, $59.93 ; Hounsfield, $49.20 ; Rutland, $90.57 ; Champion, $77.21 ; Lorraine, $42.41; Watertown, $95.92; Ellisburg, $89.37 ; Rodman, $66.57; Brownville, $86.51; Henderson, $59.36; Adams, $72.27.
These towns raised by tax as much or more than the amount they received for similar purposes. In 1831 the distribution for the State amounted to $100,000, Jeffer- son's share being $2527.61. Azarialı C. Flagg was the State superintendent. In 1836 the distribution was in- creased to $110,000, Jefferson getting $2686.74, John A. Dix being the superintendent. By the aet of March 26, 1849, free schools were provided for; but the law was re- pealed in 1851, the people of Jefferson County voting for the repeal by a large majority, some sixty per eent. of the total vote. The law of 1851 appropriated $800,000 annu- ally for the payment of teachers' wages, and abolished the requirement for the raising of an equal amount by taxation in the towns. A rate-bill was established to pay any de- ficieney in teachers' wages not covered by the annual distribution. In 1856 the clause in the law of 1851 appro- priating $800,000 annually was repealed, and a tax of three- fourths of a mill on the dollar of the real and personal valuation of each county substituted therefor for the pay- ment of teachers' wages, and the rate-bill continued. The board of supervisors was to eleet the school commissioners. In 1853 the law providing for Union free schools was passed, which permits and authorizes the inhabitants of two or more adjoining districts to vote for and clect trustees, and levy a general tax on the property in the united dis- tricts for the payment of teachers' wages and all other ex- penses. In 1867 the rate-bill was finally repealed and the common school made entirely free from private assessment of its patrons.
EARLY SCHOOLS.
The earliest schools in the county were opened at various points,-Watertown, Rutland, Ellisburg, Brownville, and perhaps a few other localities, principally in the western and southwestern portion of the county,-commencing about 1802. They were supported by a tax made up in the form of rate-bills, which system was not entirely super- seded until 1867, when the schools became really free to all classes, rich and poor alike.
Probably the first school in the county was opened in Watertown, in 1802, under the supervision of Miss Sally Coffeen, a daughter of Henry Coffeen, one of the pioneers of the county. This embryo school is said to have been taught in an unoccupied barn which stood on the ground now occupied by the " Dispatch" bloek, on Arcade street. A sister, Heiress Coffeen, subsequently taught in a log house on Washington street. It is said that the first school distriet organized in the county was in 1804, and embraced the whole town of Watertown. A small frame building was erected for school purposes on the brow of a steep hill near where the Universalist church now stands. It was elevated upon logs set endwise, and stood about four feet above the ground. The seats consisted of a pine board extending around the outside of the room, while the teacher occupied the central amphitheatre. A Mr. McGregor, a native of Scotland, was the first teacher, and following him was a " missionary," named Leavenworth. Succeeding him , were Roswell Babbitt and a Mr. Laidlow. Then came Jeremiah Bishop, who became badly involved, and as im- prisonment for debt was legal in those days, the school interests of Watertown were seriously endangered by his misfortune. But his ereditors were magnanimous, and allowed him the liberty of the "jail limits," which prob- ably comprised a radius of a mile around the jail buildings, and the school was not interrupted. Bishop appears to have been a man of considerable seientifie attainments, and among other projeets of his fertile brain was one for eradi- eating weeds and Canada thistles from the public square. His plan was to sprinkle freely with salt and let the eattle eat them as a salad ; but the plan did not produce the de- sired result, though the diseoverer insisted that it was only a question of time. Sueeeeding Mr. Bishop came two gen- tlemen named Cowan and Everett, the latter of whom eon- tinued as late as 1816. It is said that the first court ever held in the county was in this school building, in 1807.
ACADEMIES.
Schools of a higher grade were established at an early day and flourished for many years, and there are several institutions of a high order now in operation. A detailed account of all these will be found in the history of the respective towns where they are, or were, situated.
The first academy which went into operation in Jeffer- son County was located in Watertown, and was opened in 1811. In 1835 the " Watertown Academy" was ineor- porated. In May, 1836, the " Black River Literary and Religious Institute" was incorporated. In February, 1846, the name was changed by act of the legislature to " Jeffer- son County Institute." This school continued until 1865, when the building was leased for a high-school to the
* This appropriation expired in 1800.
8
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HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, NEW YORK.
board of education of the eity of Watertown. The " Union Literary Society," at Belleville, in the town of Ellisburg, was incorporated in April, 1826, and is still in operation. The "Orleans Academy" was put in operation in 1851, and continued for many years. The " Brownville Female Seminary" was opened in 1849, and continued in opera- tion until April 5, 1855, when an aet was passed allowing it to sell its property and elose up.
An association ealled the "Jefferson County Education Society" was formed by a convention which assembled at the court-house for the purpose September 7, 1835. It was intended to be a part of a general system of similar associations for the promotion of improvements in common schools. Its officers consisted of a president and vice- president in each town, a secretary and treasurer, and an executive committee of five. Meetings were to be held onee in three months, addresses delivered, and strenuous efforts made in the several towns to carry into effeet effi- eient measures for the employment of competent teachers, and any improvement ealeulated to advance the interests of schools and elevate the standard of education. The first officers elected were as follows : William Ruger, President ; J. Mullin, of Watertown ; Joseph Graves, of Rutland ; Al- fred Lathrop, of Champion ; Herman Strong, of Rodman ; Daniel Howard, of Adams; John Boyden, of Lorraine ; Hiram Barney, of Ellisburg; Forrester Dexter, of Houns- field ; Thomas Knapp, of Brownville ; Dr. Wood, of Lyme ; E. G. Merrick, of Clayton ; William Martin, of Alexan- dria ; A. M. Harger, of Pamelia ; E. Tueker, of Philadel- phia; Elisha Steele, Jr., of Le Ray ; Rufus H. King, of Antwerp; Eli West, of Wilna, Vice-Presidents ; Peleg Burchard, Secretary ; Egbert Ten Eyck, Treasurer ; B. A. Hiekox, Dr. Reuben Goodale, Justin Butterfield, Dr. A. Trowbridge, and Charles Mason, Executive Committee. This association was very short-lived.
The supervisors, in November, 1841, by a vote of eigh- teen to nine, agreed upon appointing two superintendents of schools, and Ira Mayhew, of Adams, and Henry D. Sewall, of Pamelia, were accordingly named for that office. In 1842, Lysander H. Brown was appointed in place of Sewall, and in 1843 Porter Montgomery in place of May- hew. In the same year the county was divided into two distriets, Black river being the dividing line, except that Wilna was attached to the southern portion. Mr. Brown received the charge of the northern, and Mr. Montgomery of the southern district. In 1844 this division was abol- ished, and Mr. Montgomery received the charge of all the schools in the county. In 1845, Erwin S. Barnes was ap- pointed, and held his office until it was abolished by an aet of the legislature.
At the adoption of the free-school law, a special meeting of the supervisors was held, December 26, 1849, and the treasurer was authorized to borrow of the State, on the eredit of the county, the sum of $7112.59, to be applied to the use of common sehools. This loan was sanctioned by a special aet, passed April 10, 1850, and directed to be made from the capital of the school fund, to be repaid the next year by a tax upon the county. At the first election on the free-school law, about sixty-five per cent. of all the votes were for the law ; and in the following election sixty
per cent. voted for its repeal. In 1849, active efforts were made to sustain the law by its friends, and a convention met at Watertown in October, at which resolutions were passed warmly eommending the spirit of the aet, and an address was published urging the electors to support it. The several candidates for assembly were interrogated upon their views on this subjeet.
The free-school law in all its bearings was not fully adopted until 1867.
STATISTICAL.
According to the State superintendent's report for the year 1875, the number of school districts in the county, not including the city of Watertown, was 356, and inelu- ding the nine eity districts, 365, with a total attendance of 15,645, of whom 382 were from other districts. The ag- gregate number of children in the county, between the ages of five and twenty-one years, was 21,239, ineluding 3031 in the city of Watertown.
The amount of State tax for school purposes was $21,898.05 ; distriet tax, $80,677.27; total income from all sourees for school purposes, $140,822.03.
There were also ten private schools, with an attendance of 334. The aggregate number of school buildings was 364, of which 6 were log, 310 frame, 11 brick, and 37 stone structures. The total valuation of school property in the county, exelusive of the higher institutions of learning, was $326,436, of which the property in Watertown con- tributed $88,132. The higher institutions of the county probably inelude an additional valuation of over $100,000.
The number of licensed teachers employed for 28 weeks or more was 437. The total number of licensed teachers in the county for the year ending September 30, 1875, was 770.
The number of volumes in the various sehool libraries was reported at 16,826, of the value of $8237.
The county is subdivided into three distriets, each super- vised by one of three commissioners, who makes his reports directly to the State superintendent of publie instruction. The present commissioners of Jefferson County are Wm. H. H. Sias, of Henderson ; Ambrose E. Sawyer, of Car- thage; and Don A. Watson, of Redwood. The various towns of the county are divided into distriets having one school each, and these distriets are superintended by trus- tees (one or three to each, as the people may choose), who make their reports to the commissioner of their respective distriets. The commissioners receive a salary, but the services of the district trustees are gratuitous. All local taxes are levied and collected by each district independent of other taxes, and also independent of each other.
The city schools of Watertown are under the control of a board of education and a general superintendent, and each separate school is superintended by a principal with several assistants. The high school is under the manage- ment of a faculty. Iu Watertown and most of the larger villages the schools are conducted upon the graded system, but those of the rural distriets are not graded. The schools of the county are generally in a prosperous condition.
Teachers' institutes are held at different places in the county, and a "county teachers' association" holds quarterly
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HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, NEW YORK.
sessions for discussion of subjects pertaining to educa- tion.
EARLY LIBRARIES.
Under an aet of the legislature of April 1, 1796, pro- viding for the establishment of town libraries, several of thesc institutions were formed, by the united effort of indi- viduals in various towns, the first one being the WATER- TOWN SOCIAL LIBRARY, organized March 9, 1805, at the house of Aaron Brown. John Patrick was chairman of the mecting, and the following-named trustees were elected : William Huntington, Corlis Hinds, Hart Massey, Henry Jewett, and Daniel Brainard. The certificate of organiza- tion was acknowledged before Joshua Bealls, judge, June 22, 1805.
THE RUTLAND FARMERS' LIBRARY was organized No- vember 11, 1806, Ethel Bronson, Hugh Henderson, Abel Sherman, Daniel Eames, and Curtis Mallery being elected the first trustees, the certificates being acknowledged before Perley Keyes, judge.
THE BROWNVILLE LIBRARY was organized February 10, 1807, with John Brown, John Baxter, Henry Ansley, John Simonds, Stephen Stanley, Isaac Parse, and Thos. Y. How as trustees.
THE UNION LIBRARY OF LE RAY was organized August 10, 1810, with Abner Passell, James Shurtleff, Horatio Orvis, Renel Kimball, Oliver Pearee, Isaae Inger- son, and Jonathan Miller trustees.
THE ELLISBURG UNION LIBRARY was organized Feb- ruary 16, 1813, with Elijah Woodworth, chairman ; Lyman Ellis, librarian ; Ebenezer Wood, treasurer ; Caleb Ellis, Brooks Herrington, Oliver Seott, Shubael Lyman, and Isaae Burr, trustees.
THE FARMER'S INSTRUCTOR was organized in Rutland, June 9, 1813, with William Parkinson, Stephen Burnham, Dorus Doty, Cyrenus Woodworth, Cyrus Butterfield, Simeon Woodruff, and Ira Delano, trustees.
THE UNION LIBRARY OF SACKET'S HARBOR was in- corporated September 13, 1815, by eleeting the following trustees : Justin Butterfield, Elisha Camp, Amos Hotton, Daniel McGinn, James Goodhue, Andrew B. Cooke, and Samucl Bosworth.
THE CARTHAGENIAN LIBRARY was incorporated May 12, 1818, by eleeting twelve trustees, as follows : Tyhrian Quillard, David Wright, Nathaniel Brown, Lanis Coffeen, Ebenezer Tobin, Seth Hooker, John Wait, Elijah Fulton, Walter Nimmick, S. E. D. Angelis, John Hodgkins, and John D. Balmat.
THE HENDERSON SOCIAL LIBRARY was incorporated February 19, 1819, by the election of the following trustees : Pereival Bullard, Peter N. Cushman, Chester Norton, Rufus Hateh, Thomas Fobes, Allen Kilby, and Elijah Williams.
THE WATERTOWN FRANKLIN LIBRARY, formed Feb- ruary 12, 1829, with Charles E. Clarke, Ralph Clapp, John Sigourney, Daniel Lee, Isaae H. Bronson, Clarke Riee, Otis Colwell, Henry L. Harvey, Baker Massey, Alvin Hunt, Ira Brewster, and Win. Smith, trustees, had formed a collection of books, that were sold . in February, 1834, when the society disbanded.
RELIGIOUS.
Religious instruction and organization were nearly coeval with the first settlements.in Jefferson County. The earliest laborers in this important field were missionaries from the older portions of the country, who came while the country was yet new and sparsely settled, and labored industriously among the people. Many churches were eventually organ- ized as a result of their labors. Among the earliest of these missionaries was Rev. James W. Woodward, who came in 1802, and spent about four months in the Black River region. In his report he acknowledges one dollar collected in Adams, fifty cents in Watertown, thirec dollars and forty- seven and a half eents in Rutland, one dollar and fifty cents in Champion, and twenty-five eents in Brownville.
In 1803, Rev. Mr. Hovey, a candidate for the ministry, was appointed by the Connectieut missionary society to labor for four months in the Black River settlements. Rev. Aaron Kinne was sent by the same society to the Oswegatehie region.
Nathaniel Dutton, John Taylor, and R. Phelps from the Hampshire society, and Ira Hart and Lathrop Thompson from Connecticut, E. Lazelle, David R. Dixon, Oliver Lev- vitt, David Spear, Oliver Alger, Bennet Taylor, and others were among the early missionaries of this region.
PRESBYTERIAN.
Watertown Presbytery .- The Synod of Albany, at Utiea, October 3, 1816, formed the Presbytery of St. Lawrence from that of Oneida. The Rev. Messrs. James Murdoek, Isaae Clinton, Samuel F. Snowden, Jeduthan Higby, and Daniel Banks, with the congregations at Martinsburgh and Ogdensburgh, comprised the new body, which embraced Lewis, Jefferson, and the most of St. Lawrence county. The first mecting was held at Martinsburgh, October 31, 1816. In January, 1822, the Ogdensburgh Presbytery was set off, including the county of St. Lawrence, and the first meeting being directed to be held at DeKalb. At the February session, 1822, at Champion, the following reso- lution was passed :
" That it be recommended to each member of the Presbytery to use his influence in the society where he belongs that certain fields be set apart and sown or planted with some valuable crop, and cultivated in the best manner, and that the avails of said field, together with the free-will offerings or donations from mechanies or merchants, be appropriated to the missionary, Bible, and educational funds, equally, or to one of them only, as the donor shall desire, and that the said avails be transmitted to the deposit at Watertown, or any other place which may hereafter be appointed."
In September, 1824, the subjcet of establishing a Do- mestie Missionary Society and a Sabbath-school Union eame up for action, but both these were postponed. The Presbytery subsequently resolved itself into a benevolent association, and recommended the formation of auxiliaries in the several churches.
In January, 1822, the remainder of the Presbytery of St. Lawrence, after setting off that of Ogdensburgh, was named Watertown Presbytery. This title continued until the reunion of the two Presbyterian bodies in 1870, when Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties were united in one under the name of Presbytery of St. Lawrence. At the same
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HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, NEW YORK.
time Lewis county, which had previously formed a part of Watertown Presbytery, was set off to the Utica Presbytery.
The Presbyterian church in Kingston for many years belonged to this Presbytery. At the February meeting of 1834 it withdrew.
A compendium drawn up by order of the Presbytery in 1828, gives the following facts in relation to religious revivals in that church, with the numbers added :- 1815, Lowville, 1st and 2d church united, 25 added; 1817, Rutland, 30; 1818, Sacket's Harbor, 15; 1819, Adams, 65; 1820, Sacket's Harbor, 70; 1821, Watertown, 93; 1822, Rutland, 20; Adams, 62; Brownville, 20; 1823, Sacket's Harbor, 25, mostly from the army, and families of officers ; 1824, Lowville, 1st, 95 ; 2d, 16; Martinsburgh, 23; Leyden, 1st, 42; Ellisburg, 20; Denmark, 1st and 2d united, 30 ; Cape Vincent, 30 ; Antwerp, 35 ; Le Ray, 30; Orleans, 15; 1826, Adams, 25; 1827, Watertown, 29; Smithville, 25 ; total added to Presbyterian churches, 840. The above years were noted for religious excitements, and great numbers united with other churches. The au- thority above quoted attributes much of this to the mecting of the Albany synod at Brownville in 1820. In the re- vivals of 1824 the Rev. Jedediah Burchard was particularly active at Ellisburg and Cape Vincent, and Charles G. Fin- ney at Antwerp, Le Ray, Brownville, etc. Both have since acquired a very unusual degree of celebrity as evangelists.
In the summer of 1831 there occurred another series of religious revivals throughout the country, and " protracted meetings" were held in nearly every village. Great num- bers professed conversion, and all the evangelical churches received accessions. These proceedings were strongly dis- countenanced by a portion of the citizens, and led to a convention at the court-house, July 2, 1831, at which addresses deprecating these excitements were made, and resolutions were published expressing their sentiments on this subject. In these a conscientious approval of pure religion was avowed, but the popular excitements of the day were denounced as whirlwinds of moral desolation.
The Presbytery of St. Lawrence is included in the Synod of Central New York, which comprises five Presbytcries, viz., Binghamton, Otsego, St. Lawrence, Syracuse, and Utica.
There are at present fourteen organizations of this de- nomination in Jefferson County, as follows : Adams, Brown- ville, Cape Vincent, Carthage, Chaumont, Dexter, Evans' Mills, Oxbow, Orleans, Plessis, Sacket's Harbor, Theresa, Watertown First, and Watertown Stone Street churches. The number of families connected with these churches, by the report of 1876-77, was 905, and the number of com- municants 1775. The total congregational expenses of these churches was $17,108, and the miscellaneous charities amounted to $1238.
Sabbath-schools are connected with each of the churches, and the total membership was by the same report 1671. All the schools have good libraries, but the number of volumes is not given.
CONGREGATIONAL.
This denomination was among the earliest in the county. The Black River Association was formed in 1807, at Low-
ville, Lewis county, by delegates from churches at East and West Leyden, Turin, Lowville, Denmark, Champion, Rut- land, Watertown, Rodman, Adams, and Lorraine. Quite a number of the early organizations were eventually merged in the Presbyterian body.
At the present time there are organizations belonging to this denomination in the following villages of Jefferson County : Antwerp, Burrville, Champion, Mannsville, Phila- delphia, Rodman, Rutland, West Carthage, and Woodville. We have not been able to obtain the desired information as to membership and other statistics of the general body, but a history of cach society will be found in the history of the respective towns and villages where they are situated.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
Previous to 1836 the county of Jefferson had formed at dif- ferent periods a portion of Albany, Cayuga, Oneida, and Black River districts. In 1836 the " Black River Conference" was organized, and formally incorporated April 17, 1841. It included a large number of counties in northern New York. The first board of trustees consisted of George Gary, John Dempsey, Nathaniel Salisbury, Gardner Baker, Wm. S. Bowdish, Isaac Stone, and Lewis Whitcomb. Its original charter restricted its powers to the holding of property which should produce an annual income not exceeding ten thousand dollars ; but the new charter, obtained in 1873, enlarged its jurisdiction so that its annual income might amount to fifteen thousand dollars.
The " Black River Circuit" was formed in 1804, and up to 1815 included the entire county and considerable additional territory. In the latter year " Sandy Creek Cir- cuit" was formed, including part of Jefferson County. Among the early preachers were the following: Black River Circuit, 1804, Griffin Sweet, Asa Cummings ; 1805, G. Sweet, Seymour Ensign ; 1806, Matthew Van Duzen, William Vredenburgh ; 1807, Datus Ensign ; 1808, Mat- thew Van Duzen, Luther Bishop ; 1809, L. Bishop, Wm. Jewett; 1810, Joseph Willis, Chandler Lambert ; 1811, Win. Snow, Truman Gillet ; 1812, Joseph Kinkead ; 1813, Isaac Puffer, Goodwin Stoddard ; 1814, C. Lambert ; 1815, Ira Fairbanks, Jason Hazen. Sandy Creek Circuit, 1815, James Bowen.
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