USA > New York > History of the state of New-York : including its aboriginal and colonial annals, vol. pt 1 > Part 37
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417
New Netherland.
entered the bay, where the silence and solemnity of deat !! prevailed. A cannon was fired, but the natives had fled. 'The ensuing day, some of them were visible near the verge of the forest. De Vriez in his boat, ascended! the creek to that part of the valley which was strewed with the 'heads and bones' of his murdered countrymen. He beckoned and exclaimed " rancontyn marinet." But words importing peace were received with guilty hesitation. At last, one of the mnost fearless entered the boat, and was rewarded by a present for his confidence. His example was gradually followed ; and De Vriez, having collected a circumstantial account of the destruction of his colony, next day met the assembled chiefs, formed with them a treaty of peace, with its usual ac- companiments of presents-and the Indians departed, over- joyed to find that no retribution was exacted for the blood of the colony. He deemed this pacific measure the true policy -instead of waging war against an itinerant people ; and knew also, that reconciliation was consonant to the wishes of the directors of the West-Indian Company, who, when solicited, refused to allow a war.
The tragical fate of the colony detered Goodyn, Van Rense- laer, and the other patroons, from engaging in the second en- terprise, and De Vriez had undertaken it on his own respon- sibility. He brought a small number of people with the de- sign, partially to cultivate the soil, but principally to pursue the whale fishery. This resulting less profitably than he had anticipated, he remained four months only. In this interim, though nothing very remarkable occurred in the adventures of the colonists, yet to show the precariousness of their con- dition and the state of the country, it may not be unimportant to notice some incidents. De Vriez, in order to obtain sup- plies of provision for his people, visited the Indians on the south river, beyond the deserted Fort Nassau. Upon his approach, they listened to his request, and urged him to go into the Timmerkil .* But warned by a female, f that the
* Carpenter's Creek, opposite Quequenaku, (Philadelphia.)
{ Many instances of the friendship of the female natives occur in the
418
History of New-York.
crew of a vessel had lately been there murdered, he returned to Fort Nassau. It was thronged with Indians. More than forty entered his boat ; some played on reeds, and others of- fered beavers. De Vriez had seven men only, whose vigi- lant eyes were directed to every movement of the Indians, and whose suspicion of their intention becoming sufficiently confirmed, they were ordered on shore, with threats of being fired upon, and with a declaration that their Manetto had re- vealed the wickedness of their intention. After this, sixteen chiefs formed a circle on the shore, and invited De Vriez to make peace, declaring that they had discarded all evil de- signs. A peace was ratified, with the formalities of presents, the purpose of cach of which was explained by a speech-but on this occasion the Indians refused, though urged by De Vriez through his interpreter, to accept any presents ; the former declaring that they did not now give presents for the sake of obtaining others in return.
Failing to procure corn on the south river, and conceiving it impossible that he should find any at " the large river near Fort Amsterdam," he resolved to go to Virginia for provi- sions for his return voyage, and enjoy at the same time the pleasure of being the first visitor to that province from New Netherland. This be accomplished. While in Virginia," he learned from the governor that he had sent a party to the Delaware, who had never returned. This was conjectured to have been the same that had been assassinated-a circumstance which shows the hostility which, at that period, actuated the Indians towards all Europeans.
Having succeeded in the object of his visit, and received from the governor a peculiar present, for his colony, De Vriez returned in April (1633), and learning that the whale-
annals of the colonies, from the time of the heroic example of Pocahontas to that of the female that saved Fort Detroit from the fate which Pontiac had visited upon Mackinaw.
* De Vriez says he saw here, for the first time, a peach tree.
i Six goats. These were, no doubt, brought to Fort Amsterdam, and were the parents of a very numerous. and troublesome progeny. They had been introduced to Virginia in 1611.
1
419
New Netherland.
fishery had proved unsuccessful, he hastened* his departure, and with the other colonists embarked for Holland, visiting on his way Fort Amsterdam, where he arrived on the sixteenth of that month.
He was welcomed into the fort by Wouter van Twiller, who had arrived from Holland with sole power, as the second governor of New Netherland. The ship Salt Mountain, t then lying before the fort-a vessel of twenty guns, į fifty- two sailors, and one hundred and four soldiers, had borne the director general to his new government.§
Governor Minuit had been recalled and displaced by the directors of the company, and his secretary and chief com- missary, a victim to the factions that had rent the colony, shared the disgrace of his master. || A disagreement, whether fomented by intrigue, or resulting from mismanagement or accident, had arisen between Minuit and his principals, and Van Twiller enjoyed the honours which the misfortunes or
Ilis people during his absence, had taken but seven whales in Goodyn's bay, or the Delaware, which gave 32 " carteels" of fish oil. ¡ Soutberg.
# Four brass and sixteen iron guns. De Laet's Ilistory of the West India Company, gives the rate. &c. of this ship.
{ " 16th April, 1633," (says De Vriez in his Journal) " we weighed anchor and went to Staten Island, where we arrived about noon, opposite Fort Amsterdam. We found there the ship De Zoutberg, belonging to the West Indian Company. It had on board the new commander, named Wouter van Twiller, from Nieuw-Kerke. Hle had been a clerk of the West Indian Company at Amsterdam, and he left Holland after we had been gone. I went on shore near the fort, he bade me welcome and asked how the whale fishery had fallen out. I told him that I had a sample of it, and that they were fools who came here at such expense to fish for whales. The company could have known how this fishery was, by sending two or three sloops from the settlement here. At least Godyn, who since the West Indian Company had been in existence, was one of its directors, and also a director of the Greenland Whale Company, ought to have known that these things should have been tried at less expense." De Vriez' Voyages to New Netherland, MS. copy, in Loganian Library-translated by Doctor Gidcon Troost of Philadelphia. (Note, the above extract ' seems to settle the date of Van Twiller's arrival, in confirmed authority. ) !! Acrelius and Gov. Bradford.
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History of New- York.
the folly of his predecessor had forfeited. Remunt succeeded Razier. Notleman was Van Twiller's high-sheriff and attor- ney-general .; The members of his council, composing also the commercial gradations of upper koopman, under koop- man, koopman, and assistant, were, besides the above officers, Andries Huddie and Jaques Bentyn; Sebastiaen Croll ap- pears as first commissary of Fort Orange, while Jaques Elckens now held the rank of koopman over the North river; and Jacobus van Corlaer seems to have been Van Twiller's chief trumpeter.
Minuit had not lost his ambition with his authority. With a knowledge of New Netherland, resulting from an experi- ence of nine years, he proceeded from Holland to Sweden, where Queen Christina had just been elected, and under her patronage, or rather that of her illustrious chancellor, it will appear that he became the founder of New-Sweden, on the banks of the river which had so lately been made desolate by the destruction of one colony and the departure of another.
Before the arrival of Van Twiller, little progress was made in the settlements of Pavonia and Renselaerwyck. It does not appear that the lord of Achthienhoven took effectual mea- sures to settle Pavonia, or retain its title, unless as trustee for the company. Though denominated the colony of Michael Pauuw, it reverted, finally, to the company, either by con- cession or compulsion. De Heer Van Renselaer bad not yet arrived in New Netherland, but had shipped some colonists with farming stock, implements and necessaries, and caused some houses to be erected.§ The first large island south of Fort Orange was cultivated, || and on this, Renselaerburgh, afterwards the place of residence of the patroon, was laid out. TT
i De Hecr-Officier or Hoofdt-Schout and Procureur-general, two offices blended in one, and synonymous with high-sheriff and attorney-general. De Vriez and Dutch Records.
# See further, a list of names at the end of Van Twiller's administration.
4 Rensela erwyck MISS.
! By Brant Pyien. See Map of Renselacrwyck.
-- 4
421
New Netherland.
The patroons in Holland were at variance among them- selves, and with the director's of the company. The contro- versy among the patroons particularly related to the South river, where the largest grants had been monopolized ; and the dispute with the company referred to the extent of limits, and the validity of the charter of liberties and exemptions of 1.629. The subject was submitted to the Lords Commission- ers of the College of XIX, when the preliminary inquiry, whether the charter had been fairly obtained and was binding, was decided in the affirmative Committees were appointed to reconcile the patroons with each other and with the com- pany, the controversy was submitted to the States-General, when they clearly recognised, perhaps for the first time, the existence of New Netherland, and adopted measures to pro- duce a reconciliation .* This may have been effected, as be-
Extract from the Report of Resolutions of the Directors of the West Indian Company, Department Amsterdam. 24th Nov. 1633.
The gravamina delivered by the patroons of the South river Colony be- ing read, is resolved, to refer it to the commissaries of N. Netherland --- when first was moved-if the conditions granted to the colonies, were deemed legal, which being answered in the affirmative, it was concluded, that the commissaries of N. Netherland should furtherexamine the patrons in regard to the colonial affairs, how far the limits of their jurisdiction in their opinion ought to be extended. Vol. xiii. Dutch Records, p. 42.
DECEMBER 1633.
Extract from the Report of Resolutions of the Lords Commissaries, for the Department of the XIX. of the West Indian Company, now in ses- sion at Amsterdam. Monday, 19th Dec. 1633.
Appeared before the meeting, Michael Pauuw, Hendrick Hamel, Nico- las van Sitterich, Kilian van Renselaer, and Samuel Blommert, who an- swered by mouth to the resolution of the 17th of this month, with regard to the colonists, when it was resolved, after mature consideration, to ap- point a committee of five, to negotiate with them, who shall defend the claims of the company, and if it should happen that they could not agree upon the points in dispute, that in such a case it should be referred to a committee of their High Mightinesses, or one of the high court of justice.
Before this is to be executed, it is understood, that the privileges granted to the patroons and recorded in the Book of Resolutions of the XIX. arc VOL. I. 53
422
History of New-York.
tween the immediate parties, but another controversy of long standing, though finally adjusted, tended, in conjunction
deemed to have been legally acquired ; when there were directly chosen, Coenrad Velineq, Bruyn, Nicolai Delphyn, and Schresl.
MAY 13, 1634.
The States-General of the United Netherlands.
Honourable, respectful, and dearly beloved : Whereas we deputed this day some of our members, to agree and reconcile you with the other pa- troons, colonists of the colonies in New Netherland from the one side, and from the other with the committee of the directors of the West Indian Company, and the authorized principal partners (hoofd-participanten) about the present difficulties, with authorisation, to decide upon these dif- ferences, which they by a majority of votes may deem proper and just- And whereas our aforesaid deputies to meet for transacting this business on the 22d instant, so is it, that we deemed it becoming, to give you notice of it, with order, that having prepared themselves in every respect for this meeting, ye shall endeavour to be here in the Hague, on the evening of the 21st, to appear the next day, for the proposed purpose, before the afore- said deputies, who then shall open the conferences, which therefore ye will not neglect, and make the same communication to the other patroons and colonists. Remain with this reconnnended to God. In the Hague, the 13th May, 1634. S. VAN BEAUMONT.
By order of the above named States-General,
CORNELIS MUSCHI.
(And was sealed with the seal of their High Mightinesses, the States- General, representing a lion with arrows in red wax.)
(The superscription was) Honourable, respectful, beloved Kilian van Renselaer, being, with his associates, patroon of a colony in New Nether- land, and merchant in Amsterdam. Vol. xiii. Dutch Record, p. 13.
Note-The meeting was postponed upon the request of the West India Company, to July .- The final proceedings are not given. But from so much of them as has been preserved, we glean some important par- ticulars.
(Extract from De Vricz.)
" July 24, 1633. Arrived at Amsterdam, where I found my associates at variance with one another, and with other directors of the West India Company, because I had traded a few beaver skins, certainly a circum- stance not worth the while to talk of, it being granted by the 15th article, that a patroon should have the privilege to do so where the company has an officer or commissioner, so that our colony-making was now suspended. The directors have done nothing but to fight with their own shadow. As I was at variance with my associates, and these being all directors of the
423
New Netherland.
with the former quarrel, and with circumstances interwoven in the character, spirit, and policy of those who had a con- trolling influence over the affairs of New Netherland, to re- tard its growth and impair its prosperity.
Agriculture had, prior to the recall of Minuit, received but slight attention. Some stock had been transported by the company to their farms on the Manhattan, and the agricul- tural settlement on the west end of Long Island begun to ex- tend in 1632 .* Commerce had increased, the exports hav- ing nearly doubled, while the imports diminished gradually, during his administration. In its course of nine years the aggregate amount of exports was nearly two hundred thou- sand dollars in value ; while the imports were a little more than one hundred thousand dollars .;
The friendly relations with New Plymouth had continued since 1627, notwithstanding Governor Minuit's peremptory refusal to relinquish the trade to Narraganset. But Ply- mouth, meantime, had acquired relations with some new colo- nies, the effect of which was to diminish the necessity of a direct intercourse or commercial interchange with New Ne- therland.
In 1628, the settlement of Salem was commenced. Next year, while the charter of liberties was granted to New Netherland, King Charles confirmed the charter of Massa-
West Indian Company, and they being continually quarreling with one another, I have resigned." De Vriez. " End of the 1st Voyage ;" which included two trips to New Netherland.
It has been erroneously supposed, that about 1633 Kilian van Renselaer came over.
" Kilian van Renselaer came over with Van Cortlandt (who had been bred a carpenter) and brought a number of low people, indented servants and others not servants, for the purpose of planting colonces, as the Dutch called them." Judge Benson to Dr. Miller, in MSS. of N. Y. Hist. Soc.
* Governor Stuyvesant and Council, speaking of the attempt of the English to settle on Long Island in 1640, and their forcible removal by Kieft in the month of May, says, that "about eight years before, viz. 1632, this western part of Long Island had been actually settled and cultivated by the subjects of their High Mightinesses, eight or nine years before any other nation, or any part of Long Island had settled." Vol. xxii. Dutch Records, p. 91. i See Table of Exports and Imports next page.
424
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History of New- York.
chusetts, and the year following, while Renselaerwyck, l'a- vonia, and Swan-valley in New Netherland, were founded, Governor Winthrop and fifteen hundred colonists arrived in Massachusetts, and laid out Dorchester, Charlestown, Water- town, Boston, and Roxbury. At the same period, the Earl of Warwick received a charter from the Council of Ply- mouth, for the territory one hundred miles along the shore
TABLE OF EXPORTS J'rom New Netherland, or returns to the West India Company -- Chamber Amsterdam-the first nine years.
500 otters, &c. value 27,125 guilders.
1625
5,295
463
"
35,825
1626
7,258
"
359
45,050
1627
7,520
370
12,730
1628
6,951
734
61,075
1629
5,913
681
62,185
1630
6,041
"
1,085
"
63,012
1631
No Exports.
1652
13,513
1,66]
143,125
0 years
56,491 beavers
0,551 otters, &c.
454,127 guilders.
Or $189,219: 58
TABLE OF IMPORTS
To New Netherland-by the Chamber of Amsterdam, the first nine years.
1624 In Two ships, goods, wares, &c.
value 25,569 guilders.
1625
Several ships,
8,772
1620
Two ships,
"
20,3844
1027
Four ships,
56,170
.
1628
No Imports.
1629
Three ships,
55,778
1630
Two ships
57,499
1631
One ship,
17,355
1632
One ship,
31,320
18 ships
272,847 guilders.
Or, $113,686:25
Balance in favour of the Lords Proprietaries of the
Colony,
$75,533:33
Note -- The above Table of Exports and Imports, during the first nine . years of the regular established commerce of the colony, is founded on the authority of official statements, as given by De Laet, in his History of the West India Company.
1621
4,000 beavers
425
New Netherland.
south-west from Narraganset, and within that breadth from the Atlantic to the South Sea. . This, which was the original charter of Connecticut, was assigned the year after to Vis- count Say and Seal, Lord Brook, and their associates, among whom, it is said, were the famous John Hampden and Oliver Cromwell. The advancement, therefore, of colonization in New England, was far more rapid than it had been in New Netherland ; but the causes that respectively operated to produce the diversity, were altogether different in their character and tendency. In the one case, religion became the powerful motive, and it introduced as auxiliaries, talent, enterprise, and skill. In the other, monopoly and aristocracy, with their cold and calculating selfishness, were in collision with the freedom of trade and the genius of liberty, and the consequences were withering to the blossom of promise which nature had so bountifully displayed in New Netherland.
During the occurrence of these events, a transfer by subju- gation of territorial sovereignty among the Indians, was also destined to effect, materially, the relations between New Ne- therland and New England. The chief of the Pequods, the grand monarchi of the country, to whose authority twenty-six Indian princes were amenable, had finished (1631) the con- quest of the country from Narraganset towards the Dutch settlements. The subdued Mahiccans,* on the ' C'onecticoot or Sicagothe river,' had been expelled from their country, and their sachems now strove to enlist the sympathies and obtain the aid of the New Englanders, in favour of a restoration to their ancient fire-sides. Mr. Winslow of Plymouth, made a journey to the Connecticut, and the impressive beauty of its. surrounding landscape, fully realized the vision which the Dutch had so early, so earnestly, and at the time, so sincerely recommended to the attention of their friends at New Ply- mouth. It was apparent that the country possessed great fa- cilities for agriculture, as well as trade ; and the Dutch not having taken any formal possession, the Plymouth people determined to avail themselves of the advice which they had
Or. Mohegans, as usually pronounced.
:
420
Mistory of New-York.
received, and of the invitation which the Mahiccans now pres- sed upon them. Accordingly, Mr. Winslow and Governor Bradford visited Governor Winthrop at Boston, and invited him and his council to unite with Plymouth in a trade to the Connecticut, for hemp and beaver, and in the erection of a commercial house, representing this as necessary to prevent the Dutch from taking possession of that fine country. Go- vernor Winthrop declined, because the Connecticut was inha- bited by four thousand Indians, and the navigation of the river was seven months in the year obstructed by ice. To New Plymouth alone, was left the prosecution of the enter- prise. The Dutch, meantime, had at Shallop-bay, * an Indian commander in their interest and service, and learning the in- tentions of New Plymouth, commissioned him (1633) to con- tract with Nepaquate, the Pequod conqueror, for the purchase of the land adjacent to that river, or at least, so much of it, as the Dutch could see from the trading-house which they should there erect. The purchase was completed : and while measures were concerted to give effect to it by a formal pos- session, New Plymouth, deriving its claims from the original owners, prepared to replace them in their country, and esta- blish a settlement.
Thus was the commencement of Governor Van Twiller's administration signalized by a controversy which was the prelude to a series of rancorous, bat bloodless hostilities, and of tantalizing vexations, unparalleled in all the colonial annals of North America.
-
-
* West channel of the Narraganset bay.
*
427
New Netherland.
General Note for 1632 -- 1633.
Ir seems that " De Heer Minuit" had been recalled some time before Van Twiller left Ilolland the last time for New Netherland. During the interim the council at Manhattan exercised the powers of government. Van Twiller, according to tradi slaid in New Netherland a short time only after his first arrival in 1629: While absent, he conquered in 1632, from the public enemy, the yacht or caravel, the Hope, which with the Wesel, the Prince William, and one or two other sinall vessels, consti- tuted the little navy of New Netherland. Minuit did not entirely neglect agriculture. He made some experiments. Canary seed, which he had introduced from the West Indies and planted, came up very well, but was afterwards neglected. It does not appear that he gave his attention, as his successor did, to the cultivation of tobacco. Perhaps the Virginians, who had now " found out the Dutch colony," had commenced a competi- tion with Plymouth, and supplied tobacco for prices, and in quantities, that rendered the domestic cultivation inexpedient. But during Van Twiller's administration, the island Manhattan had numerous tobacco plantations, and before the close of his authority, New Netherland tobacco acquired a high reputation in Holland. Manhattan, which in the charter of liberties of 1629 was reserved by the company, appears to have been bought from the Indians, in small tracts at different times. The first purchase was for the purpose of a garden round the fort. This extended from the Capsey or point of the Battery, along the Breed-weg, or Broadway. The next, was a tract of land called the West India Company's Bouwery (i. e. farm) No. 1., directly northerly from the company's garden .* Bouwery No. 2. was cast of this, extending north of the swamp. Bouwery No. 3. was at Tapoha- nican .¡ Bouwery No. 4. was near the plain of Manhattan,t and the neighbourhood of de Kolck,s or fresh water pond, and two other farins, No. 5. and No. 6. were north of these. Stock had been sent from Hol- land by the company, and placed on some of these farms, which in the time of Minuit, had, through the aid of the company's negroes, been cultivated for supplying the garrison. Some fruit trees were also introduced, but the peach tree, it seems, was not found north of Virginia in 1633. Tobacco became the principal object, because it was an article of commerce. Van Twiller's mansion-house was on Farm No. 1, and his tobacco plantation on Farm No. S. Overseers of the company's farms, as well as overseers of the company's negroes, were subordinate officers, and through their aid, Van Twiller cultivated the ground, cleared land, burnt lime, broke up rocks, commenced the reconstruction of Fort Amsterdam, and erected
* Farm No. 1. was from Wall-street to Hudson-street along Broadway in New-York, and was after the English conquest, called the Duke's fs f. . Kita's Firm, the Queen's for.
# Greenrich in New-York.
: Commons, or Park of the city,
. Collect-street.
1.
42S
History of New- York.
within it " the big house," where he and the members of his council con- vened to legislate, adjudicate, and execute. On the outside of the fort he built a church of rude materials. Persons in the service of the compa- ny and others, who came hither as settlers, and who could not be accomo- dated within the fort, received grants of lots around it, built low houses, with gable-ends fronting the shore; and hence was forined the semicircu- Jar street called Pearl-street, which at first extended a short distance only beyond the fort. Some of the public structures were of Holland brick, covered with Holland tiles. The majority of private dwellings were con- structed of wood, and covered with reed or straw roofs, and had wooden chimnies. Corn was ground, and it seems boards were sawed by wind- mills, of which two or three were erected by Minuit. One was on the south east bastion of the fort, another on the high ground of farm No. I, and a saw-mill was built by Van Twiller on Nut Island .*
A wind-mill was at first, in the contemplation of the Indians, " the world's wender; they durst not come near his long arms, and big teeth biting the corn to pieces," as they expressed it. The appearance of negroes also confounded all the ideas of the uatives, who had looked upon the whites as Manittoes, or supernatural beings. " The blacks," exclaimed the Indians, " were the true breed of devils." They were, therefore, for a long time called Manettoes by the Indians. The expenses on the civil list, in the time of Minuit, might probably be determined, if the "Books of Monthly wages," which he and his successor sent to Amsterdam, could be found among the ancient papers of the West India Company. The bigh- est wages allowed to subordinate officers, were those to the secretary of New Netherland ; at first, ex officio book keeper, and afterwards Geheym Schryver, or recorder of secrets. whose pay, according to the earliest re- cords of the Dutch, was 36 guilders (§15) per month, and 200 guilders ($83 : 38) for board annually. Minuit's salary as Governor, may have ex- ceeded a little this sum, and then it would appear to have been a much more lucrative office than that of his contemporary, Governor Bradford. D'or so much in these days was the prevailing spirit of cqual liberty, so little did office secure distinction without merit, so little was honour at- tached to station, unless dignity was conferred by the incumbent, so little tras avarice pampered into a venal fondness for official rank, and so little did ambition aspire to high places in New Plymouth, that a law was pass- ed by the General Court in 1632, that whoever should refuse to accept the office of Governor, should forfeit twenty pounds sterling, unless chosen two years successively; and whoever declined the office of counsellor or magistrate, should pay ten pounds. The next year (1633) Governor Brad- ford having been Governor about ten years, " now by importunity got off," and Edward Winslow was chosen Governor. Thus he, and Wouter Van Twiller, commenced simultaneously the government of their respective rolonie ..
" Norden-Eglant. Governor's Island is New York bay.
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