USA > New York > Orange County > The history of Orange County, New York > Part 4
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Valleys connect mountains and hills. That of the Delaware River, along the border of Deer Park, is narrow and irregular. being much broken by tributaries and mountains. The most of the cultivated land- of Deer Park are along the Neversink valley. The valley of the Wallkill is wide, fertile and beautiful Its bottom lands are among the best in the State, and its farmers are prosperous and thrifty. Wide flats. gradual
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THE COUNTY OF ORANGE.
slopes and steep declivities give variety of soil and scenery to the Otter- kill valley, and much of its scenery is charming. The same may be said of its tributary, Cromeline Creek. Sugar Loaf valley extends from Sugar Loaf Mountain to the village of Warwick, taking in Wickham Pond in its course, and extending into New Jersey. Smith's Clove, extending from Highland Mills to the Ramapo valley, should be men- tioned because it was the birthplace of Chief Justice William Smith, his brother, John Hett Smith, and the notorious tories, Claudius Smith and his two sons.
One cannot travel far in Orange County in most directions without coming upon a lake or a pond, and there are dozens of them in the south- eastern section. These feed its many streams, and when Eager wrote his history he said there was not one town in the county that had not water power to some extent. Beginning in the northern part of the Highlands in Cornwall the lake-and-pond system extends through the towns of Highland and Monroe to Greenwood Lake, thence west and north to Big Meadow Pond in the Highlands. Greenwood Lake, in Warwick, is the largest body of water in the county. It is about nine miles long and one wide, is partly in New Jersey, and is a feeder for the Morris Canal. Sutherland's Pond, half a mile long, southeast from Cro'-nest Mountain, has an outlet which runs into Murderer's Creek. Big Meadow Pond, in Highlands, covers about 300 acres, and its outlet pours over the rocks of Buttermilk Falls. The waters of Round Pond flow into Long Pond under a natural bridge about 80 feet wide, but the stream is lost sight of until it emerges on the other side. This is similar to the outlet of Wash- ington Lake in New Windsor, which emerges at Trout-hole and there becomes a fall of forty feet. Sterling Lake, at the beginning of the Warwick series, covers about sixty acres, and in 1751 iron works were established at its outlet. Round Pond, in Wawayanda, is in shape what its name implies, has no visible outlet, its water is clear, pure and deep, and it is about a mile in circumference. Thompson's Pond, in the north- western part of Warwick, covers about 100 acres, feeds Quaker's Creek, and this outlet furnishes power for mills. Orange Lake, in Newburgh. covers about 100 acres. But all the lakes and ponds of Orange are too many to be named. They are almost as interesting a feature of the county as its streams.
Orange County is richer in alluvions than any other in the State,
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TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.
as they cover about 40,000 acres. The "Drowned Lands," as they were formerly called, include about forty square miles, and are partly in New Jersey, but mostly in New York, extending in Orange from Checunk Outlet in Goshen through Wawayanda and Minisink to the New Jersey line, and covering about 17,000 acres. They contain a number of fertile islands, and thousands of acres of the waste lands have been recovered by means of an artificial outlet, which, at first a mere ditch, has been deepened and widened by the flowing water until the principal flow is through it. These recovered lands are rich and productive. They are belted by the Wallkill and three creeks, and the Wallkill's course through them is long because so crooked. The Gray Court meadows extend from near Craigville in Blooming Grove into the northern part of Chester, and embrace about 500 acres, which are nearly all under cultivation and very productive. They are drained by Cromeline Creek. The Black Meadows in Chester and Warwick, are about 1,000 acres in extent, and Black Meadow Creek flows through them. Long Swamp, in Warwick, also contains about 1,000 acres, and is drained into New Jersey. Great Pine Swamp extends northward from Howells on the Erie railroad seven miles in the town of Wallkill, and embraces many oases and cultivated farms. There are several other scattered areas of swamp lands. In the marl and peat beds in several localities many bones of the extinct mastodon have been found, including two complete skeletons. One of the latter was taken from a bed near Coldenham in 1845, and weighed 1.995 pound-, and the other from a bed in the town of Mt. Hope, and weighed 1.700 pounds.
The topography of the county has been changed somewhat by its rail- roads, of which there are 250 miles, not including double trackage or trolley roads. The following places in towns extending across the county have each direct railroad communication north, east, south and west : Port Jervis, Middletown, Campbell Hall, Goshen, Chester and New- burgh. The wagon roads are numerous, generally good, and are charm- ing arteries for carriages and automobiles.
The geology of Orange County is as varied as its topography. Along the eastern feet of the Shawangunk Mountains are Heidelberg lime- stones, gray and Medina sandstones, shales and grits, and the mountain rocks are mostly sandstones, shales and grits. The grits extend along the top of the range through the county and are from Go to 150 feet
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THE COUNTY OF ORANGE.
thick. Heidelberg limestone extends from the Mamakating valley to the Delaware River. Grit and red rocks are on the west side of Green- wood Lake, and grit of various colors extends from Round Hill to Wood- cock Mountain, and is also found in the southwest base of the Schune- munck range and in Pine Hill. Grawacke is the rock on the southeast side of the Bellvale range in Warwick, and is found in the town of Blooming Grove in the Schunemunck range. The Hudson River group occupies a large part of the surface of the county, and consists of slates, shales, grits, limestones, breccias and conglomerates. It extends from the Hudson River through Warwick to the Jersey line, and from the Hudson at Cornwall Landing to four miles above Newburgh. It is stratified with grawacke and grawacke slate. It forms the surface rock of the most of Goshen and Blooming Grove, and parts of Cornwall, New Windsor, Newburgh, Montgomery, Hamptonburgh, Crawford, Wallkill, Mt. Hope and Minisink. Dark Utica slate is found on the banks of the Hudson near Newburgh. Trenton limestone appears in Hamptonburgh near Mount Lookout, and this mountain is composed of Black River limestone, which is also found on Big Island in the Drowned Lands and in Minisink. There is a bed of blue limestone about a mile wide extend- ing from the Hudson at Hampton southeasterly through Newburgh into New Windsor. It is also found in the towns of Cornwall, Blooming Grove, Warwick, Monroe and Goshen. Oolitic limestone is on Big Island, near New Milford, and on Pochunck Neck.
Slate rocks of the Taconic system are above Newburgh, and its lime- stone between the Highlands and Grove Pond Mountain. Its white limestone appears in Warwick, where it is in narrow ridges separated by other rocks. It is also found along the shore of the Drowned Lands at Amity, and near Fort Montgomery in the Highlands, from which it may be traced by way of Little Pond across the Ramapo. In some localities it is so white as to be translucent. Many different minerals are found in it.
The primary rocks of the county consist of gneiss, hornblende, granite, sienite, limestone, serpentine, angite and trappean. They extend over parts of several towns, and several mountains and hills are composed of them. Granite is found at the foot of Butter Hill, sienite at Butter Hill and on the east side of Bare Mountain at West Point, gneiss along the Highlands, mica and slate north of Fort Montgomery, angite rock be-
47
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.
tween West Point and Round Pond and at several points in Monroe. greenstone trap at Tuxedo Pond, granular limestone at Cro'-nest and Butter Hill. Quartz rock and hornblende are all along the Highlands and in Monroe and Warwick. Crystalline serpentine is in the white limestone in Warwick, serpolite at Amity, yellow garnet at Edenville, soapstone in Monroe. Large sheets of mica are found southwest of the Forshee iron mine in Monroe, and in this mine, which embraces an entire hill, are red garnet, brown tremoline, carbonate of copper, serpentine, cocolite and umber. In the O'Neil mine, half a mile northeast of the Forshee mine, are crystallized magnetic ore, magnetic and copper pyrites, carbonate of copper, serpentine, amianthus, asbestos, brown and rhombic spars, angite, cocolite, feldspar and mica.
There are beds of arsenical and titanium ores in Warwick and a bed of hemolite ore near Canterbury village. Magnetic oxide of iron abounds in the primitive rocks of the Highlands, and at West Point is associated with hornblende. Beds of lead have been opened at Edenville and in the towns of Mt. Hope and Deer Park, and zinc and copper ores have been found in small quantities. The Sterling iron bed in Monroe, which was opened in 1781, extends over about thirty acres, and has pro- duced so strong an ore that it has been much used in the manufacture of cannon. There are a number of other iron mines. Searches for the tra- ditional silver, gold, lead and tin mines have been without satisfactory results.
Many evidences of glacial action in Orange County include masses of boulders scattered in places throughout the county. These are mostly of granite and gneiss, and there is occasionally one of grawacke. The eastern slope of the Shawangunk Mountains gives evidence of the pas- sage there of an enormous glacier, which ground the rocks into the rich soil that has been cultivated there for 200 years. Some of the county's drift deposits are valuable for casting, brick and pottery making, litho- graphic stones and glass.
The soil of the semicircular plateau from the Highlands of the Hudson to the Dans Kamer is mostly a mixture of gravel, sand and clay, which form a warm and fertile loam. That of the wide Wallkill valley is allu- vium mixed with clay, sand and gravel and is easily worked and richly productive. So is the soil brought down from the hills in the town of Deer Park. The lands on the islands of the Drowned Lands are among
48
THE COUNTY OF ORANGE.
the richest in the county. The alluvium of the Oterkill is a sandy and gravelly loam. In other sections of the county there is an alternating variety of soils, rich, medium and poor.
Show. Bradleys
49
EARLY GOVERNMENT.
CHAPTER V.
EARLY GOVERNMENT.
U NTIL after the conquest of New York by the English in 1004 Holland methods of government, with a local government for each town, prevailed. The next year the English introduced courts and sheriffs. In 1682 Thomas Dongan was appointed governor, with directions to organize a council of not more than ten "eminent inhabitants." and issue writs for the election by freeholders of a general assembly, the members of which should consult with the governor and his council as to what laws were necessary for the good government of the province. The first meeting of the first general assembly was in New York in 1683. and it passed fourteen acts, which were assented to by the governor and his council. One of them established twelve counties, as follows: New York. Kings, Queens, Suffolk, Richmond, Westchester Albany, Ulster, Dutchess. Orange. Duke's and Cornwall.
Except Orange, to be in the care of New York, and Ulster, to be in the care of Dutchess, the counties were to be entitled to representation in future general assemblies. Another act established town courts to be held for the trial of minor cases each month : county courts and court of sessions, to be held quarterly or half-yearly : a general court of over and terminer, with original and appellate power, to be held twice a year in each county ; and a court of chancery, or supreme court, composed of the governor and his council. for which the governor was empowered to deputize a chancellor to act in his place.
This was the system of administering justice eight years. Then, il 1691, Courts of Justices of Peace were organized in each town, and Courts of Common Pleas for each county. In 1701 an act was passed requiring justices of the peace in each county to meet once a year at Court of Sessions, to examine and allow necessary charges against the county and its towns.
There were supervisors, assessors and collectors in each town from the first, and in 1691 the freeholders of each town were empowered to
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THE COUNTY OF ORANGE.
choose three surveyors to lay out and look after highways and fences, and also to ordain laws and rules for the improvement of village, pastur- age and other lands.
Such were the laws which directed the early administration of govern- ment in Orange County.
For many years previous to 1701 Orange County shared in serious corruptions and frauds which were prevalent in the province. The As- sembly which convened in 1698 was so turbulent and brought so much confusion into its councils that Governor Bellomont, who succeeded Governor Fletcher that year, dissolved it and ordered a new election, taking care that the untrustworthy sheriffs of his predecessor were re- tired from the management. Protests were made to the King, but with- out avail. The Governor had been clothed with power to correct abuses, to veto any law, and "to adjourn, prorogue and dissolve the Assembly." The new Assembly, which consisted of seven Englishmen and fourteen Dutchmen, instituted some important reforms. It nullified grants to large tracts of lands, regulated election methods, and provided punishments for frauds. Unfortunately Governor Bellomont died in 1701, before some of his plans could be carried into effect, and Lord Cornbury was appointed as his successor, and acquired the distinction of being "the worst of all the Governors under the English crown." He was notoriously ill-man- nered, dishonest, rapacious, and openly vicious. The Assembly refused grants of money which he asked for, and asserted the rights of the people, declaring that they could not "be justly divested of their property without their consent." Thus began in New York the preliminary struggle which brought on the Revolution, ending in the establishment of the Re- public, in which the representatives of Orange earnestly assisted.
The first sessions of the Court of Common Pleas and of justices of the peace as a Board of Supervisors were held in Orangetown in April, 1703. The court justices were William Merritt and John Merritt. The super- visors were William and John Merritt, Cornelius Cypher, Tunis Van Houton, Thomas Burroughs and Michael Hawdon. The sheriff was John Perry, the clerk was William Haddleston, and the constable was Conradt Hanson. Orange and Ulster County people were then required to do their surrogate business in New York. This was continued until 1751, when the Court of Common Pleas of the county was empowered to take proof of wills and grant letters of administration. The Court of
51
EARLY GOVERNMENT.
Common Pleas was an institution of the county until 1847, when the County Court was substituted. The Supreme Court began holding ses- sions in Orange in 1704, and was succeeded by Circuit Courts established under the Constitution of 1821, as these were by the judicial system of 1846, consisting of a Supreme Court, Circuit Court, and Court of Oyer and Terminer. Surrogate's Courts were not established until 1854. In 1727 the original county was divided into two court districts, and the sessions were held alternately in Orangetown and Goshen, the former being the shire town. Not until 1708 was Goshen made the shire town, when the sessions alternated between Goshen and Newburgh, an arrange- ment which still continues.
The first public buildings for the original county were constructed at Orangetown in 1703. In 1740 a building of wood and stone for court house and jail was erected in Goshen, at a cost of fioo, and was torn down about 1776, a new stone court-house having been erected in 1773 to take its place, at a cost of £1,400. The old Orange court-house had been replaced by a new structure in 1704, and some years afterward was destroyed by fire. The Goshen building came into the present county when it was reorganized under the Act of 1775. It was two stories high, with a court-room on the second floor, and on the first a sheriff's office and dwelling, and a dungeon for prisoners. During the Revolution Tories and war prisoners were confined in it, one of them being John Hett Smith, arrested for complicity in Arnold's treason, and who managed to escape. A third story was added to this building about 1800, and on the new floor were a main jail room, a dungeon with one grated window which could be completely darkened, and three other rooms for the county clerk, surrogate and jailer respectively. Above were a cupola and bell. Court-houses were erected in Goshen and Newburgh in 1842, by authority of an act of the Legislature, the Newburgh building at a cost of $17,000 and the Goshen building at a cost of $13,000. The latter structure has been completely remodeled lately, and is now a fine, up-to-date building. The county clerk's office in Goshen-a one-story brick building-was constructed in 1851, and the building there for the surrogate and super- visors in 1874. at a cost of $7.400.
The county house for the poor, four miles south of Goshen, was built in 1830 at a cost of $11,000 for the building and $1,000 for 128 acres of land. The building has since been improved and is now 50 by 100 feet
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THE COUNTY OF ORANGE.
and 31/2 stories high. In 1848 a building for the insane was added, which is 30 by 50 feet, and in 1865 a separate building for colored people was erected. In 1875 another building for the chronic insane was erected, the cost of which was $20,000, and its dimensions 80 by 40 feet and 41/2 stories high. The farm has been increased to 263 acres, 200 of which are tillable, and has been provided with the requisite outbuildings.
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EARLY MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS.
CHAPTER VI.
EARLY MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS.
I N' the section of Orange County taken from Uister the first two com- panies of militia were organized before 1738. The regiment to which they were attached consisted of nine companies, located as follows: Kingston 3. Marbletown I, Wallkill I, Hurley I, Rochester I, New Paltz I, Highlands I.
The regimental officers were: Colonel, A. Gaasbeck Chambers ; lieu- tenant-colonel. Wessel Ten Broeck ; major. Coenradt F. Elmendorf ; quar- termaster. Cornelius Elmendorf.
The following lists give the names of the officers and privates in the territory which is now a part of Orange County :
FOOT COMPANY OF THE HIGHLANDS.
Officers : Captain, Thomas Ellison; ensign, John Young: sergeants, David Davids, Moses Gariston, P. MeCloghery ; corporals, Jacobus Bruyn, James String- ham: Jonah Hazard: clerk, Charles Clinton.
The names of the privates were as follows :
John Umphrey
John Markham
Alexander Falls
John Read
David Bedford
Joseph MeMikhill
Win. Coleman
David Umphrey
Joseph Sweezer
James Gamble
Thomas Coleman
John Gamble
John McVey John Jones
Cornelius MeClean
Patrick Broderick
James Umphrey
Joseph Shaw
Peter Mulinder
Caleb Curtis William Sutton
Archibald Beaty
Jeremiah Foster
Daniel Coleman
Charles Beaty
David Oliver
Amos Foster Alexander Foster
Matthew Davis
James Young
John Nicoll, Jr.
James Nealy
Alexander McKey
Robert Feef
Robert Sparks
Joseph Butterton Samuel Luckey
Juriah Quick
Jacob Gillis
John Umphrey, Jr.
Robert Burnet
Arthur Beaty
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THE COUNTY OF ORANGE.
Joseph Simson James Clark John Clark Lodewick Miller
Thomas Johnston
Casparis Stymas John Monger
James Luckey
Peter Miller
Thomas Williams
George Weygant
William Ward
William Ward, Jr.
John M. Kimberg
Josiah Ellsworth
James Edmeston
James Ellsworth
Tobias Weygant
Anthony Preslaer
Jerry Manse
Jonathan Tomkins
Robert Banker
Moses Ellsworth
Thomas Fear
John Marie
Frederick Painter
Jonathan Owens
Andrew McDowell
Total, 85.
COMPANY OF THE WALLKILL.
Officers : Captain, John Bayard; lieutenant, William Borland; ensign, William Kelso; sergeant, John Newkirk; corporal, John Miller.
The names of the privates were as follows :
Lendert Cole
Stephanus Crist
Cornelius Cole
Jacob Bush
Barnat Cole
Benjamin Haines
John Robeson
John McNeill, Sr.
James Gillespie
Matthew Rhea
Thomas Gillespie
William Crawford
John Wilkins
Robert Hunter
William Wilkins
James Monell
Andrew Graham
George Monell
George Olloms
John Monell
John North
William Monell
John North, Jr.
Thomas Neils
Samuel North
Robert Neils
James Young
John Neils
Robert Young
Matthew Neils
Matthew Young
Nathaniel Colter
James McNeill
John Neily, Jr.
John McNeill
Joseph Buttletown
Andrew Borland
Thomas Coleman
John Borland
Joseph Shaw
John McNeill, Jr.
James Crawford
William Soutter
John Crawford
John Butterfield
Alexander Milligan
John McVey
Nathaniel Hill
John Jones
Alexander Kidd
Joseph Knapp
Archibald Hunter
Isaiah Gale
James Hunter
Caleb Knapp
John Wharry
Robert McCord
William Faulkner
John Mingus
Johannes George
Jeremiah Tompkins
Isaac Tompkins
William Watts
William Smith, Jr.
Thomas Quick
Patrick Broderick
Joseph Chadwick
55
EARLY MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS.
Isreal Rodgers
Samuel Smith
Joseph Theal
James Crawford
Joseph Sutter
David Craig
Cronamus Felter Richard Gatehouse
Andrew McDowell
Richard Boyle
Robert Hughey
Johannes Crane
James Eager
John Young
Thomas McCollum
Hendrick Newkirk
Sojonaro Her
Frederick Sinsabaugh
John Haven
Hendrick Crist
McKim Clineman Jury Burger
Tunas Crist
Hugh Flanigan Benjamin Bennet
Mathias Millspaugh and son
Patrick McPeck
John Jamison
John Eldoris
John McDonald
Patrick Gillespie
James Davis
John Lowry
Total, 114.
The following, found in the records of the original County of Orange, is entitled "A List of Officers Belonging to the Regiment of Foot Militia in the County of Orange, in the Province of New York," and is dated June 20, 1738:
OFFICERS OF FOOT MILITIA.
Colonel, Vincent Mathews; lieutenant-colonel, Solomon Carpenter ; major, George Remsen; adjutant, Michael Jackson; quartermaster, James Thompson.
First Company: Captain, Ram. Remsen : lieutenant. Cornelius Smith : ensign. Ebenezer Smith. Three sergeants, three corporals, one drummer, sixty-three pri- vate men. In all, 73.
Second Company: Captain, Samuel Odell; lieutenant. Henry Cuyper : ensign, Benjamin Allison. Three sergeants, three corporals, one drummer, fifty-eight pri- vate men. In all, 68.
Third Company: Captain, John Holly; lieutenant, Michael Dunning ; ensign. Sol. Carpenter, Jr. Three sergeants, three corporals, one drummer, one hundred and eleven private men. In all, 121. -
Fourth Company: Captain, Jacobus Swartwout: lieutenant, Johannes West- brook; ensign, Johannes Westbrook, Jr. Three sergeants, three corporals, one drummer, fifty-five private men. In all, 65.
Fifth Company: Captain, Nathaniel Du Bois: lieutenant, David Sontherland; ensign, Isaac Hennion. Three sergeants, three corporals, one drinnmer, sixty-three private men. In all, 73.
Sixth Company: Captain, Abraham Haring, Jr. : lieutenant, Garret Beauvelt :
Jeremiah Rodgers James Rodgers James White John Manley Francis Falls
Edward Andrews
Samuel Crawford
John Boyle
Philip Millspaugh
Cronamas Mingus
Stuffel Mould
Robert Buchanan
Cornelius Wallace
Lawrence Crist
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THE COUNTY OF ORANGE
ensign, john Haring. Three sergeants, three corporals, one drummer, sixty-two private men. In all, 72.
Seventh Company: Captain, Jacob Vanderbilt; lieutenant, Andrew Onderdonk ; ensign, Aaron Smith. Three sergeants, three corporals, one drummer, fifty private men. In all, 60.
Troop of Horse: Captain, Henry Youngs; lieutenant, William Mapes ; cornet, Michael Jackson. Two sergeants, two corporals, one trumpeter, fifty-two private men. In all, 60.
Total officers and soldiers, 595; sub-officers, 56 foot.
In 1756 the Ulster regiment was divided into two regiments. Kings- ton was included in the northern one, and the southern was embraced in the precincts of Highlands. Wallkill and Shawangunk. These regiments took part in the French and Indian War.
In September, 1773, the officers of the Southern Regiment were: Colonel, Thomas Ellison ; lieutenant-colonel, Charles Clinton ; major, Cad- wallader Calden. Jr .; adjutant, Johannes Jansen.
In 1775 the New York Provincial Congress passed a law for organizing militia which provided that counties, cities and precincts should be divided, so that a company might be formed in each district to consist of about 85 men, including officers, between the ages of 16 and 50 years; that these should be formed into regiments of from five to ten companies each ; that the regiments should be classed in six brigades, under a brigadier- general and brigade major, and the entire force should be commanded by a major-general.
The Fourth Brigade when formed consisted of five Orange County regiments, the colonels of which were William Allison of Goshen, Jesse Woodhull of Cornwall, John Hathorn of Warwick, A. Hawkes Hay of Orangetown, and Abraham Lent of Haverstraw. The four Ulster County regiments were commanded by Johannes Hardenberg of Kings- ton, James Clinton of New Windsor, Lee Pawling of Marbletown, and Jonathan Hasbrouck of Newburgh.
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