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HISTORY OF OHIO
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History of Ohio
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UWE FIVE
CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES-INDEX
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY NEW YORK 1912
THOMAS EWING
Born in West Liberty, Ohio county, Virginia (now West Virginia), December 28, 1789; graduated from Ohio Univer- sity at Athens, Ohio, 1815, and was admitted to the bar in Lancaster, Ohio, 1816; Prosecuting Attorney of Fairfield county several years; achieved great distinction at the bar; United States Senator, 1831-37; appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President William Henry Harrison, and continued for some time under President Tyler, when he resigned; Secretary of the Interior under Presi- dent Taylor from March, 1849, until the latter's death in August, 1850; afterward was again United States Senator until March, 1851; represented Ohio at the peace con- ference held to avert secession; nominated by President Johnson, 1868, for the office of Secretary of War, but not confirmed; died in Lancaster, Ohio, October 26, 1871.
History of Ohio
The Rise and Progress of an American State
By
EMILIUS O. RANDALL and DANIEL J. RYAN
VOLUME FIVE
CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES-INDEX
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY NEW YORK 1912
Printed by John C. Rankin Company, New York for The Century History Company
COPYRIGHT 1912 BY THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Publication Office 54 Dey Street, New York, N. Y. U. S. A.
326590
PREFACE
HE first four volumes of this work are devoted to the consecutive history of Ohio, with but passing attention to several important and special subjects in the progress of the nar- rative.
The present volume consists of five articles on topics by selected writers personally qualified by capacity and knowledge to present in an authoritative manner their respective subjects. In the choice of the litera- ture for this volume it has been the object of the Edi- tors to preserve these contributions as a valuable part of the history of Ohio. To these contributors the Editors make special acknowledgment for their sub- stantial additions to this work.
EMILIUS O. RANDALL. DANIEL J. RYAN.
CONTENTS
OHIO LITERARY MEN AND WOMEN
By WILLIAM HENRY VENABLE
Biographical Notice
I
General Aspects of the Subject 3
Pioneer Books and Pens in Ohio 6
Early Periodical Literature. 8
Some Ohio Journalists.
IO
Personal Narrative, Military Reminiscence, etc.
16
History, Local and General. 19
Education 26
Science 27
Law and Medicine
31
Theology and Denominationalism.
32
Religious, Social, and Civic Duties and Ideals.
39
Essay, Literary Criticism, etc.
41
Books for Young People
46
Fiction.
47
Humorous Writers. 67
Poetry
68
THE JUDICIARY OF OHIO
By DAVID K. WATSON AND MOSES M. GRANGER
Biographical Notices 85
The Northwest Territory 87
The First Judges 88
The First Law. 90
The First Court Session 92
Admission and Practice of Attorneys. 99
Organization of the State Government IOI
Early Supreme Judges of the State. 105
Distinguished Members of the Bar 105
Organic History of the State Courts. 109
John McLean. 116
Conflict with the Legislature, 1808-09 118
Calvin Pease-George Tod. 123 Samuel Huntington 124
The Old "Associate" Judges. 125
The Question of National Supremacy . I27
The Fugitive Slave Law. I33
Joseph Rockwell Swan 137
V111
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Josiah Scott 140
William Virgil Peck I4I
Charles Robert Sherman. 142
Peter Hitchcock.
144
Reuben Wood. 146
Rufus Putnam Ranney 147
William White. 15I
William Hugh Frazier
I54
MEDICAL OHIO
By D. TOD GILLIAM, M. D.
Biographical Notice 159
The Pioneer Doctor 161
Primitive Practice. 163
The Dawn of Progress. 167
Circumstances and Limitations in the Early Times. 174
The Demon Jealousy 176
The Medical Colleges
177
Ohio Medical College
18I
Starling Medical College
191
Ohio Medical University
Cleveland Medical College.
202
A Disruption and a New College
206
Medical Societies. 209
Ohio State Board of Health. 213
Ohio State Board of Registration 216
Hospitals. 219
Modern Advancement 222
OHIO AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ON THE GREAT LAKES By HARVEY D. GOULDER
Biographical Notice 229
The Voyage of the Griffin 231
Pessimism of Henry Clay 233
Elements of Ohio's Advantage . 234
History of Improvements in Navigation.
235
General O. M. Poe 240
Interchange of Lake Superior Ore and Ohio Coal 241
Unloading Improvements 243
The Wondrous Change, and Some of Its Promoters 246
201
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
1x
OHIO AS A MANUFACTURING STATE
By OPHA MOORE
Biographical Notice. 251
Ohio's Rank in the Union. 253
Agricultural and Manufacturing Development Compared 255
Statistics of Leading Industries, 1910. 258
Statistics for Thirty-seven Cities, 1910.
262
General Historical Summary
263
Beginnings of Industry
266
Cincinnati, to 1820
268
Cleveland, to 1910.
275
Cincinnati, to 1910
290
Columbus, to 1910.
305
Toledo, to 1910.
310
Dayton, to 1910.
313
Youngstown, to 1910.
317
Canton, to 1910.
324
Springfield, to 1910. 327
Hamilton, to 1910.
329
Akron, to 1910. 322
INDEX ..
331
ILLUSTRATIONS
Thomas Ewing.
Frontispiece Facing page 10
Murat Halstead
Donn Piatt.
30
Alice Cary-Phobe Cary
50
Samuel Sullivan Cox
62
David Ross Locke
68
William Haines Lytle
~
82
Peter Hitchcock.
92
Henry Stanbery.
¥
IIO
John McLean
¥
I20
Rush Richard Sloane.
¥
I26
Joseph Rockwell Swan
¥
140
Rufus Putnam Ranney
¥
66
146
William White.
¥
154
William Starling Sullivant
170
Daniel Drake.
¥
180
Roberts Bartholow --- George Curtis Blackman
66
188
Starling Loving
196
Gustav C. E. Weber.
206
Jedediah Cobb-Jared Potter Kirtland.
¥
218
Samuel Livingston Mather
234
Alva Bradley
246
James Gamble
256
Eliam E. Barney
270
Amasa Stone.
280
John H. Thomas
284
Robert Johnson
288
Oliver S. Kelly.
296
Benjamin Head Warder
304
Charles E. Pease.
60
314
William N. Whiteley
326
74
Daniel Decatur Emmett
¥ 100
Edmond Stafford Young .
I16
Rufus King
124
Calvin Pease
¥
I32
Richard Almgill Harrison
150
Noah Haynes Swayne.
Fayette Brown
238
OHIO LITERARY MEN AND WOMEN
BY WILLIAM HENRY VENABLE
William Henry Venable, eminent among the leading poets of our State and author of numerous important works in history, biography, fiction, and criticism, was born near Waynesville, Warren County, Ohio, April 29, 1836. His manifold writings have secured for him an illustrious place among con- temporary men of letters and have established his reputation as an authority in all that pertains to the literary history and progress of the Ohio Valley. Dr. Venable has spent his entire life, excepting for a single year, in Ohio, where with tongue and pen he has devoted himself to the higher interests of his time, working especially to promote the cause of liberal education and literary culture. The wide-ranging list of his published volumes comprises the fol- lowing titles: A School History of the United States (1872); June on the Miami, and Other Poems (1872); The School Stage (1873); The Amateur Actor (1874); Dramas and Dramatic Scenes (1874); The Teacher's Dream, illustrated by Farny (1881); Melodies of the Heart, Songs of Freedom and Faith, and Other Poems (1885); Footprints of the Pioneers (1888); The Teacher's Dream, and Other Songs of School-Days (1889); Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley (1891); John Hancock, Educator (1892); Let Him First be a Man, and Other Essays (1894); Poems of William Haines Lytle, edited, with Memoir (1894); The Last Flight (1894); Tales from Ohio History (1896); Selections from the Poems of Wordsworth (1898); Selections from the Poems of Byron (1898); Selections from the Poems of Burns (1898); Santa Claus and the Black Cat, or Who is Your Master? (1898); A Dream of Empire, or The House of Blennerhassett, an Historical Romance (1901); Tom Tad, a Novelof Boy-Life (1902); Saga of the Oak, and Other Poems (1904); Cincinnati: A Civic Ode (1907); Floridian Sonnets (1909); A Buckeye Boyhood (1911) .- THE EDITORS.
T HE "American Review of Reviews" for April, 1903, contains an article written by Murat Halstead and entitled, "A Century of the State of Ohio," in which eloquent contribution to Buckeye literature occurs this forceful paragraph: "In addition to the heroic quality of the immigrants who possessed Ohio, there seemed to be influences of soil and climate, of airs and waters, of the fruitful woods and living streams; and there was, by the mighty magic of creation, in the brains and blood, the tissue and sinew of men and the grace and faith of women, that yielded a growth of manhood and womanhood in a race equal to the founding of a mighty nation, with the inheritance of all the empires gone before-the conquest of the beneficent continent, that in a few generations has given weight to America, in the scales of destiny, equal to that of Europe."
The influences, the fruitfulness, the brains and blood in which Mr. Halstead discovered the creative cause of the political and military prowess of the Ohio people, are also the source from which flow the literary energy andæenterprise manifested in the State.
By virtue of its location and history, Ohio is a typical commonwealth, an exponent of the spirit and of the general culture prevailing in the Ohio Valley and in the region bordered by Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior. The five sister states who now divide among them the ownership of what was the Old North- west are daughters of the Ordinance of 1787, and Ohio, the first born of the five, once held potential sway over the destiny of the whole domain. She transmitted to the younger members of the geographical family,
4
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
as one by one they took up the functions of maturity, the virtues and aspirations inherited from her stalwart and ambitious progenitors. A persistent likeness of features common to them all denotes the consanguinity of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. These states are in commercial and political sympathy, their interests are alike, their organic laws are similar, their systems of education agree, their conceptions of life and art and literature are in essential harmony.
There was an era when the states now called Central, including Kentucky, called themselves distinctively The West, and considered their literature an indigenous species for the honor and glory of which they contended with passionate provincialism. They were jealous of competition and would protect their infant industry of prose and poetry, by a wall of prejudice. But in the process of nationalization more liberal ideas were evolved and educated people gradually gave up the crude notion that there ought to be or could be an independent, local literature, fostered mainly for home consumption. They realized that art is art the world over. A novel or a poem which is worthless in Ohio cannot be good in Massachusetts or in Alaska, though it may be marketable; a book which is intrinsically excellent is excellent everywhere, whether accepted or rejected by the reading public.
The State of Ohio has become a vital member of the National Republic of letters. Her authors are not merely Chio men and women, they are American men and women.
An element of state pride necessarily and properly enters into one's feelings and judgments in literature,
5
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
as in politics, trade or any other sphere of human effort and purpose. But local considerations must merge and lose themselves in larger views. Literature, like patriotism has regard to the whole nation. Not that we love Ohio less, but the United States of America more.
In the realm of books-in the spacious common- wealth of the fine arts in general-no state lines are drawn, no bigotry can exist, but universal magnanimity is the law and the motive there. Even national boundaries are freely crossed by the devotee of liberal culture-genius ranges the globe and is modern through all time. The few great and permanent classics are the world's common treasure no matter in what con- tinent or country they happen to come to birth.
The literary men and women from one or another of the eighty-eight shires of Ohio have done and are doing their full part in aiding to establish the supremacy of things true, honest, just, pure and of good report. They have done the State efficacious service and their vital influence has pervaded the nation and helped to create public opinion. In every field of intellectual labor their energy has been exerted. Their power has wrought in the upbuilding of institutions political, social and educational, no less than in raising the House Beautiful of letters and art. Their aggregate contri- bution to the knowledge and culture of the last hundred years is copious and of an average excellence sufficiently high to command the respectful attention of the reviewer and the historian.
6
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
PIONEER BOOKS AND PENS IN OHIO
The founders of Ohio were not illiterate men. On the contrary many of them had formed the reading habit in the East and they did not neglect to bring books along when they moved to Marietta, Cincinnati, Chillicothe and Cleveland, to establish a new State. There was a public library in Belpre as early as the year 1796. The first Cincinnati library was opened in March, 1802, and the far-famed "Coonskin Library," in Athens County, began to circulate its precious volumes in the backwoods in 1803.
The first book printed in Ohio was "Maxwell's Code," a small octavo containing the laws of the Northwestern Territory. This appeared in 1796. Dr. Daniel Drake's potent little handbook, "A Picture of Cincinnati," came out in 1815. In it the author says: "Ten years ago there had not been printed in this place a single volume; but since the year 181I, twelve different books, besides many pamphlets, have been executed."
In 1820, John P. Foote started a type foundry and a book store, in the Queen City, and there, ten years later, the publishing house of Morgan, Lodge and Fisher had business enough to require five presses, each of which threw off 5,000 printed sheets daily. At about the same date was organized the firm of Truman and Smith, which in time grew to be the most extensive schoolbook house in the world. The veteran U. P. James began to publish in 1832, and his establishment
7
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
became so flourishing that it was popularly distin- guished as the "Harper's of the West."
There existed in Cincinnati, in 1813, an organization called "The School of Literature and the Arts," the first president of which was the Honorable Josiah Meigs. Twenty years later, sprung up the "Western Literary Institute and College of Professional Teach- ers," of which an eminent alumnus of Princeton wrote: "It is doubtful whether in one association, in an equal time, there was ever concentrated, in this country, a larger measure of talent, information and zeal." The proceedings of this renowned college may be found in six published volumes of "Transactions, " a set of books now rare, and not without value to the student of pedagogics and of early western culture. The energies of the association were eventually trans- mitted to the Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, the Mechanics' Institute, the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, the Academy of Fine Arts, and other educative bodies. That such agencies for intellectual advancement were fostered so early in the history of the Buckeye Commonwealth, goes to show that letters and arts had made consider- able progress in some parts of the State long before "Johnny Appleseed" distributed bibles and tracts among the frontier settlers, or Francis Glass, the nomadic schoolmaster of the wildwood, wrote in the Latin language his "Life" of George Washington.
At a comparatively early period in the development of Ohio, the kingdom of the quill and the type-case was largely controlled, in the then "West," by five able and energetic enthusiasts, Dr. Daniel Drake,
8
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Rev. Timothy Flint, Judge James Hall, Hon. E. D. Mansfield, and the poet Wm. D. Gallagher. Three of the number were born near the close of the eighteenth century, and two at the very beginning of the nine- teenth. Their lives and services I have endeavored to chronicle in a published volume,* and there is no need for more than a mere allusion to them in this condensed summary. Suffice it here to say that every one of the five mentioned deserves to be remembered gratefully for his devotion to the things of the mind, and that honor is especially due to the memory of Mr. Gallagher, who labored indefatigably in the cause of literature for its own sake.
EARLY PERIODICAL LITERATURE
The newspaper, especially the Sunday newspaper of the present day, has become the vast circulating library of the people. Most of the magazines which are so widely distributed and read throughout the country, come from the East. The curious investi- gator who examines the dusty files of old Western newspapers and periodicals, will be astonished to discover how great was the quantity and variety of this kind of literature, issued from Ohio presses, before the State had reached even her semi-centennial. Of a list of 120 periodicals, monthly and weekly, published in the Ohio Valley anterior to 1860, more than 90 were printed in Ohio. The Ohio State Library contains, in bound volumes, fifty-two different literary periodicals published in Ohio. Neither newspapers nor professional
* Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
9
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
journals are included in the catalogue: the periodicals referred to were devoted chiefly to literature, and furnished their readers with much that was original and remarkably well written, in prose and verse --- story, poem, comment, criticism, and essay. A bare transcription of the names of a few of the most meri- torious and influential of these early ventures, is all the notice they can here receive. From the ninety I select the following eleven: "The Literary Cadet," Cincinnati, 1819, editor, Dr. J. R. Buchanan; "The Literary Gazette," Cincinnati, 1824-25, John P. Foote; "The Western Review," Cincinnati, 1827-30, Timothy Flint; "The Cincinnati Mirror," 1830-36, W. D. Gallagher; "The Western Monthly Magazine," 1832- 37, James Hall; "The Western Messenger, " 1835-41, James Freeman Clarke; "The Hesperian," Columbus and Cincinnati, 1838-41, W. D. Gallagher; "The Ladies' Repository," 1841-76; "The Herald of Truth," 1847-48, L. A. Hine; "The Genius of the West," 1853-56, W. T. Coggeshall; "The Dial," 1860, M. D. Conway.
Since the Civil War, the business of publishing literary magazines has not flourished in Ohio, or, to any great extent, in the West generally, the demand for such periodicals being supplied mainly by New York, Boston and Philadelphia. But the newspapers during the war period, as before and after, were main- tained as indispensable vehicles, not only to purvey news and politics, but to carry popular literature to almost every house and home. The excitements of the years 1861-65 intensified men's thoughts and feel- ings, and gave force and color to what was written for
10
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
print. Those times of storm and stress brought out the best powers of many editors, field correspondents, and purposeful contributors to the press. The State of Ohio enjoys a full share of distinction on account of her newspaper men and newspaper literature. Some of her journals made it an object to encourage and reward praiseworthy effort in the higher forms of composition, that is, in literature proper, as dis- tinguished from ordinary reportorial work and editorial routine. Many men and women, in Ohio, learned to write skillfully, by taking pains to meet the most exacting requirements of critical editors, and they were thus trained in the school of practical journalism to become ready with the pen, and, in some cases, fitted for the authorship of successful books.
SOME OHIO JOURNALISTS
Charles Hammond (1779-1840), born in Baltimore and educated in the University of Virginia, came to Ohio in his early manhood; started the "Ohio Federal- ist," in Belmont County; was a member of the state legislature (1816-21), and reporter for the Supreme Court of Ohio (1823); and from 1825 to 1840, editor in chief of the Cincinnati Gazette. He was a man of Hamiltonian power and versatility, admired by Clay, and eulogized by Webster as the "greatest genius who ever wielded the political pen." His formidable rival on the Jackson side was Moses Dawson, editor of the Cincinnati "Advertiser."
Edward Deering Mansfield (1801-80), a graduate of West Point and of Princeton, migrated to Cincin-
MURAT HALSTEAD
Born in Ross township, Butler county, Ohio, September 2, 1829; graduated from Farmers' College, near Cincinnati; successively editor of the Cincinnati Commercial, Cin- cinnati Commercial Gazette, and Brooklyn Standard Union; a voluminous and able writer on the events and men of his times; nominated to the Senate, 1889, by President Benjamin Harrison for the office of Minister to Germany but not confirmed; died June 2, 1908.
10
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
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Literature proper, as dis-
wi reportorial work and editorial routine. M and women, in Ohio, learned to write skilllully, by taking pains to meet the most exacting requirements of critical editors, and they were thus trained in the school of practical journalism to berome ready with th in and, in some cases, fitted for the authorship
SOME OM SCORSALIVES
Charles Hammond (1979-1849), bues in Baltimore and educated in the University of Ve, mme to Ohio in his early manhood: ifarindi - 06 Federal- ist," in Belmont Countyi wa a . her of the state legislature (1816-21). and mepoirier - the Supreme Court of Ohio (ISay); and from lang to Topay editor in chief of the Cincanali Gaz M & man of Hamiltonian power and veremisty, simired by Clay, and eulogized by Webster as the "ament genius who ever wielded the political peri Hw formidable rival on the Jackson side was Mu Dawson, editor of the Cincinnati "Advertiser.".
Edward Deering Mansfield (1801-80), a graduate of West Point and of Princeton, migrated to Cincin-
11
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
nati in 1825, formed a law partnership with O. M. Mitchel, the astronomer, and became a political writer of great influence. He was for a time a professor in Cincinnati College, and afterwards editor of the Gazette and correspondent of the New York Times, under the pseudonym of "Veteran Observer." Besides his work as publicist and newspaper man, Mansfield engaged in authorship, producing a popular "Political Gram- mar," a "Life of Daniel Drake," "Life of Scott," "History of the Mexican War," a book on "American Education," "Personal Memoirs, " etc.
Orville James Victor (1827-1910) was born in Sandusky and brought up to the newspaper business in Ohio. After achieving reputation as a writer, he removed to New York, where, until the close of his life, he was engaged in active literary pursuits. In addition to his labors in miscellaneous journalism, he found time and energy to write an elaborate "History of the Southern Rebellion," "A History of American Conspiracies," and several biographies.
Murat Halstead (1829-1908), born in Butler County, Ohio, educated in the common school and in Farmer's College, was one of the foremost of American journal- ists. His trenchant pen, like unto a sword, helped to fight many political battles. Aside from his pro- digious labors in the field of party controversy, he accomplished a great deal in lines distinctively cul- tural and literary, being a brilliant and successful magazine writer and general author. While proprietor of the Cincinnati Commercial, Mr. Halstead did much to raise the standard of newspaper literature and to encourage merit in writers. His influence on the litera-
12
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
ture of the Ohio Valley has been great. Among his published works are the following: "The Convention of 1860," "The White Dollar," "The Story of Cuba, " "The Life of William Mckinley," "The Story of the Philippines," "The History of American Expansion," "Our Country in War," "Official History of the War with Spain," "Life of Admiral Dewey," "The Great Century," "The Boer and the British War," "The Galveston Tragedy," and "A Life of Roosevelt."
Henry Van Ness Boynton (1835-1905), another distinguished journalist from Ohio, and not less famed as a military hero in two wars, for many years chair- man of the Chattanooga National Military Park Com- mission, is the author of two notable books: "Sher- man's Historical Raid, a Response to and Criticism of Gen. Sherman's Memoirs," and "The Chickamauga National Military Park."
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