USA > Ohio > History of Ohio; the rise and progress of an American state, Volume Five > Part 15
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198
THE RISE AND PROGRE
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Dr Smomg Loving (1827-1911) was born in Rus ville, Ky- educated in French's Academy, gradual at Stailla Medical College (1849), took a post-gradu. cours | College of Physicians and Surgeve Nes Yis Chy, and was house physician to Bellevue Wud' Charity Hospitals (1849-53). H wod with the faculty of Starling Medic
C () =) 1843 and continued in that relatio 16 deth. He was surgeon of th Lich in de Civil War, was preside .. Los Molici Society (1881), and also vic proud Lyfor Amen ao Medical Association (18 Lo Stathag Loving was tall, well built, squa shoahdered, but without an ounce of superfluc flesh He had a lodre dignity and knightly bear that made him a comporvous figure anywhere. Wh in the humor he was the most affable of men and the rare faculty of making the recipient feel that or she was the special object of his most intim regard and solicitude. He was a man of moods and
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
could change his attitude toward one in the twinkling of an eye. From superlative affability he could become fiercely denunciatory, cynical or even combative. Like most aggressive men he was intolerant of op- position, and in men of like nature with whom he was brought in contact he found his acme of odium and toward them cherished an uncompromising antipathy. He was a man of learning and ability; very compre- hensive, precise and circumstantial in his lectures, and occasionally indulged himself so much in the little details and niceties of his subject as to obscure the leading features. He was a splendid therapeutist, probably one of the best in the country, a safe and successful practician, controlled an immense practice and was a man of such indefatigable energy and endurance as to be a standing wonder to all that knew him.
Theodore G. Wormley (1827-97) was born in Wormleysburg, Pa., attended Dickinson College at Carlisle, 'received the degree of M. D. from the Philadelphia College of Medicine (1849), located in Columbus 1850, became teacher of Chemistry in Starling Medical College in 1854 and so continued until 1877, when he accepted a tender of the chair of Chemistry for the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania. He held positions in other schools and scientific bodies, published many pamphlets on chemistry and allied subjects, and in 1867 published his great work on the "Micro-Chemistry of Poisons," which brought him world-wide and enduring fame.
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
At or about the time of the reorganization of the faculty of Starling Medical College, Dr. Alexander Dunlap, of Springfield, received appointment to the chair of Abdominal Surgery. Dr. Dunlap, being the pioneer ovariotomist of the great West and a man of international fame, deserves more than passing notice.
Alexander Dunlap (1815-94), was born in Brown County, Ohio, graduated at the Miami University 1836, read medicine with his brother at Greenfield, received his M. D. at Cincinnati Medical College in 1839, and took up practice in Ripley in 1846. In 1843 he performed his first ovariotomy and probably the first in the West, barring the cases operated and reported by Ephraim McDowell. This heroic work on the part of Dunlap was met with a storm of protest by the profession and public, and he was denounced as a conscienceless butcher. Despite threats and persecutions he con- tinued his work along this line until, with an average of seventy-five recoveries to the hundred cases, he compelled recognition and was hailed as a benefactor. As a pioneer in abdominal surgery he stands among the world's best. Alexander Dunlap was a quiet, easy-going, good-natured man, and one who would never be suspected of standing off a mob or setting the world on fire. He could roll a quid of tobacco around in his mouth while talking with so much unction as to convey the impression that he was sucking a good-sized chunk of taffy. As the professor of Abdominal Surgery in Starling Medical College, it was the writer's fortune to follow him in his work, though not in title. His naive rehearsal of his first
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
case, as related to the writer, is worthy of preservation as indicating the simple operation of a strong mind: "I had hung out my shingle and waited long for a patient, when one day a man came riding into town on a foaming horse and rode up to a doctor's office. Finding no one there he rode over to another office with like result. He then came to me. A tree had fallen on a man and he wanted me to go with him. I got on my horse and we started. I tried to think of what to do for a man that a tree had fallen on. I could not think of anything I'd heard in my lectures about a tree falling on a man. I couldn't recall anything I'd read about a tree falling on a man, and so I was in great perplexity. Arrived at the house, I found another doctor there, and after examination and consultation I told him I had a catheter in my saddle-bags, and, as that was the only instrument, we had between us, we concluded to use it. The man got well, and from that time on I had patients with the rest of them."
The desertion of so large a body of men from Starling Medical College, among whom were some of the ablest and best teachers whose names had long been associated with the college, was staggering. The disaffected members at once organized and pre- pared to put into operation the Columbus Medical College, which received hearty support from the outset and which threatened the very existence of the mother school. Large numbers of old-time friends and alumni of Starling Medical College now turned their backs on her, and even affiliated with the rival school or sought ad eundem degrees elsewhere.
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
This was the darkest era in the history of old Starling and called for the highest order of courage and un- wavering fealty on the part of its supporters. But such men were there, and under the leadership of that indomitable knight, Starling Loving, the reorgani- zation went on. The faculty being recruited and the reorganization completed, the belated announcements for 1875-76 were sent out and a class of thirty responded. After three years of strenuous battling and faithful work on the part of the faculty, the tide of opinion again turned toward the mother institution and the classes began to grow accordingly. From now on, with one or two exceptions, each year noted a steady growth in the size of the classes. With returning prosperity yearly dividends were distrib- uted pro rata among the members of the faculty, improvements and additions made to the college building, new apparatus and appliances purchased, modern methods of teaching introduced, additions made to the teaching corps, and more thorough work exacted of all connected with the school. Star- ling Medical College was now enjoying an era of prosperity beyond all precedent.
In 1896-97 and 1897-98 the enrollment numbered two hundred and eighty-seven on each occasion, enough to fill every seat in the amphitheater. After the death of Dr. John Hamilton negotiations were set on foot whereby the Columbus Medical College became merged into Starling.
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
THE OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
This institution received its charter December 3Ist, 1890, but did not complete its organization until 1892, so that its first class graduated in 1893. Its principal organizers were: Drs. J. F. Baldwin, R. Harvey Reed (deceased), J. W. Wright, J. M. Dunham, Geo. M. Waters, D. P. Adams, and W. J. Means. It consisted of the three departments of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy, and its peculiar character- istic was its adoption of the recitation plan of teaching instead of the didactic. Soon after its organization it erected an attractive college building on Park Street, and became affiliated with the Prostestant Hospital for clinical material. After various vicissi- tudes it finally consolidated in 1907 with Starling Medical College to form the Starling-Ohio Medical College.
TRUSTEES AND FACULTY, STARLING MEDICAL COLLEGE
Trustees-William S. Sullivant, Joseph R. Swan, John W. Andrews, John Butterfield, Robert W. McCoy, Francis Carter, Samuel M. Smith, Lincoln Goodale, Joseph Sullivant, James A. Wilcox, A. Denny Rodgers, Starling Loving, John M. Wheaton, Erskine B. Fullerton, E. L. Hinman, P. W. Huntington, James Kilbourne, Josiah Smith, Curtis C. Howard, D. Tod Gilliam, Thomas C. Hoover.
Anatomy-Jesse P. Judkins, John Dawson, John M. Wheaton, Otto Frankenburg.
Physiology-Henry C. Pierce, J. W. Conklin, D. Tod Gilliam, A. M. Bleile, C. B. Morrey.
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Chemistry-Theodore G. Wormley, Sidney A. Nor- ton, Curtis C. Howard.
Materia Medica-Samuel M. Smith, Charles A. Lee, John W. Hamilton, Homer Thrall, Starling Loving, William M. Chamberlin, Erskine B. Fullerton.
Practice of Medicine-John W. Butterfield, D. Hansbury Smith, S. M. Smith, Starling Loving.
Surgery-Richard L. Howard, Edward M. Moore, John W. Hamilton, James H. Pooley, Davis Halder- man, Thomas C. Hoover.
Obstetrics-H. H. Childs, Francis Carter, Henry G. Landis, D. Tod Gilliam, Otto Frankenburg, E. J. Wilson.
Gynecology-Henry G. Landis, D. Tod Gilliam, E. M. Gilliam.
Note .- Necessarily the names of prominent and active members of the faculty have been omitted from the above list, among whom may be mentioned, Drs. W. D. and C. S. Hamilton, Surgeons; Dr. C. F. Clark, Ophthalmologist; and Judge Gilbert H. Stewart, Author and Professor of Medical Jurisprudence.
CLEVELAND MEDICAL COLLEGE
As Starling Medical College of Columbus was the direct descendant of the Medical Department of Willoughby University, so also was the Cleveland Medical College an offshoot of the same, having been organized by a faction of the faculty who had separated themselves from the mother institution for that purpose. The organizers were Drs. John Delameter, Jared P. Kirtland and J. Lang Cassels. The organization took place in 1843 and was brought about by two causes: the obvious impossibility of sustaining a Medi-
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
cal College at Willoughby and a tempting offer from Cleveland for its transference to that town. The Willoughby University of Lake Erie, of which the col- lege now under consideration constituted the medical department, never, outside of the medical department, had any existence except in organization and name. The quasi institution was located in the little town of Willoughby, a place of about fifteen hundred inhabitants, which inhabitants were distinguished for their culture and refinement and zeal for learning. "It enjoyed the unusual advantage of a circulating library, a lyceum and a debating society in which historical, political, literary and scientific questions were discussed with zeal and ability." From this nucleus and a very natural desire for better facilities and greater things, the idea of a great institution of learning, a university in which all the cardinal branches were taught, took shape and led to the organization of the Willoughby University of Lake Erie. The medical department, the only one assuming any tan- gible form, consisted of Horace A. Ackley, M.D., Pro- fessor of Anatomy; Amasa Trowbridge, M.D., Professor of Surgery; Daniel L. M. Peixotto, M.D., Professor of Chemistry, and William M. Smith, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica. Like most of the medical colleges of that early date, the faculty was composed of strong men, men of a mental caliber that would do honor to any of the boasted institutions of to-day. In 1835-36 the Medical Department of Willoughby contained twenty-three students and conferred the degree of M.D. on five successful candidates. After a disheartening struggle of nine years, accentuated
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
by irrepressible dissensions between trustees and faculty, it became evident that something must be done. There must be a change of base. Part of the faculty were in favor of Cleveland and part favored Columbus. Opportunely at this time some enter- prising citizens of Cleveland came forward with an offer of grounds for the college and financial aid in erecting a suitable college building. Immediately thereupon the three gentlemen named above, Dela- meter, Kirtland and Cassels severed their connection with the Willoughby institution and organized the Cleveland Medical College. Impatient to begin opera- tions and not wishing to await the delays incident to obtaining a charter from the legislature, the new college was organized as the Medical Department of the Western Reserve University, located at Hudson.
The Willoughby College, as an organization, soon thereafter removed to Columbus, and, after the munif- icent gift of Lyne Starling, was rechristened Starling Medical College. In 1884 the college building of the Cleveland Medical College was completed and the first class graduated the same year. The building was located on the corner of Erie and St. Clair streets. The original faculty consisted of:
Dr. John Delameter (1787-1867),
Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children. Dr. Jared P. Kirtland (1793-1877),
Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. Dr. Horace A. Ackley (1815-59), Professor of Surgery.
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
Dr. John Lang Cassels (1808-79),
Professor of Materia Medica.
Dr. Noah Worcester (1812-47),
Professor of Physical Diagnoses and Diseases of the Skin.
Dr. Samuel St. John (1813-76),
Professor of Chemistry.
Dr. Jacob J. Delameter,
Lecturer on Physiology.
It is said of this group "that it was the best balanced faculty west of the Alleghenies."
In the absence of facilities for clinical teaching afforded by the larger cities and centers of dense population and by large and thoroughly equipped hospitals, recourse was had to dispensary and private work. To this end all the clinical material available, both in the practice of the faculty and of others well disposed toward the school, was utilized, with the result that some very good and instructive clinics were presented. As Cleveland at this time was a place of 6,000 or 7,000 inhabitants, this was about all that could be expected in the way of clinical facilities. In the course of a few years, hospitals began to spring up here and there in the city under various auspices and devoted to various purposes, and little by little their doors were opened to the medical colleges for clinical purposes; but it was not until some time after the Civil War that they could be made available for general clinics.
In 1887 a new building, thorough and up-to-date in all its appointments, supplanted the old, this through the generosity of John L. Wood. Amplification and
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
improvements have from time to time been added to this building as the necessities demanded. It would be a gracious task to follow the history of this institution from the date of its inception down to the present; to take up the members of its faculties one by one and to give a life sketch of each; to select from the honorable body the men who have distin- guished themselves above others and to accord to them their appropriate niches; but the space at our command forbids, and we all the more willingly make this sacrifice of personal feeling because of the proud eminence and undisputed position of this splendid institution of medical learning among others of its kind. To be a member of the faculty of the Cleveland Medical College is in itself a voucher of high professional attainment. To be a graduate of the Cleveland Medical College is a passport to the con- fidence and fraternal good will of the medical profession.
A DISRUPTION AND A NEW COLLEGE
In 1863 Dr. Gustav C. E. Weber, a surgeon of more than local fame and occupying the chair of Surgery in the Cleveland Medical College, resigned and organ- ized a new college under the name of the Charity Hospital Medical College. The original faculty of this college contained the names of such men as Dr. Leander Firestone, Dr. Addison P. Dutcher, Dr M. S. Castle, Dr. Jacob Dascomb, Dr. J. H. Salis- bury, Dr. Robert N. Barr, Dr. Wm. J. Scott and Dr Abraham Metz, besides that of the prime mover and organizer, Dr. Gustav C. E. Weber. It was an all- round good working faculty, and several of the members
GUSTAV C. E. WEBER
Born in Bonn, Prussia, May 26, 1828; came to the United States in consequence of the German Revolution of 1848; educated at Bonn, Vienna, Amsterdam and Paris; Surgeon-General of Ohio, 1861, and organized a system for the better medical care of troops in the field; prominently identified with medical education in Cleve- land; appointed consul to Nuremberg, 1897; died in Willoughby, Ohio, March 21, 1912.
THE RISE AND PROGRE
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WIMMERTY 5 1 4 NEW COLLEGE
VA SFF TAK Gums C. F. Weber, a surgeon of m The Goal base and counting the chair of Surg o the Duvalund Modrus College, resigned and org bad's new odlings wider the name of the Cha Hopital Stedmal College The original faculty thin endlege contamsed the names of such men as Leder Firestone Dr. Addison P. Dutcher, M. S. Cartle, De Jacob Darcomb, Dr. J. H. S. bury. D: Robert N. Bart, Dr. Wm. J. Scott and Abraham Metz, besides that of the prime move organizer, Dr, Gustav C. E. Weber. It was all round good working faculty, and several of the me
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
acquired a certain degree of celebrity along different lines. Clinical teaching was made a prominent feature of the new college, and the wards of St. Vincent Hospital, completed the following year, were utilized for this purpose. The first class was graduated in 1865. From 1869 to 1896 it constituted the medical depart- ment of the University of Wooster. In 1881 an effort was made to unite the two regular schools into one large college under the auspices of the Western Reserve University, and there was a large going over of the faculty of the Wooster institution to that of the Western Reserve. The trustees of the Wooster Uni- versity, however, checkmated this movement by filling the vacated chairs and resuming business under the old regime. In 1896 the school drew away from the Wooster University and became affiliated with the Ohio Wesleyan University. At the same time it changed its name to the Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons. As a result of this change a commodious new college building was erected and occupied in 1900. In 1910, the Cleveland Medical College reabsorbed the Cleveland College of Physi- cians and Surgeons as the Medical Department of the Western Reserve University. For much valuable information pertaining to the development of medicine in Cleveland we are indebted to the courtesy of Dr. H. E. Handerson, of Cleveland.
The names of the members of the faculty of the Cleveland Medical College, occupying the eight cardinal chairs from the date of organization to the present time, are given below in the order of incumbency.
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Anatomy-(1) Jacob J. Delameter, (2) Proctor Thayer, (3) Isaac Newton Himes, (4) Jacob Laisy, (5) B. W. Holliday, (6) H. W. Kitchen, (7) Carl A. Hamann.
Physiology-(1) David H. Scott, (2) Isaac Newton Himes, (3) J. C. Ferguson, (4) J. T. Woods, (5) Charles B. Parker, (6) John Pascal Sawyer, (7) Johannes Wilhelm Gas, (8) William T. Howard, (9) George Neil Stewart, (10) John J. R. Macleod.
Chemistry-(1) John Lang Cassels, (2) Samuel St. John, (3) E. W. Morley, (4) Perry L. Hobbs.
Materia Medica-(1) John Lang Cassels, (2) Jacob J. Delameter, (3) Alleyne Maynard, (4) E. L. King, (5) John E. Darby, (6) John Henry Lowman, (7) Tor- ald Sollman.
Practice of Medicine-(1) Jured P. Kirtland, (2) David H. Scott, (3) John Bennett, (4) Wills J. Scott, (5) John Pascal Sawyer, (6) Charles F. Hoover.
Surgery-(1) Horace A. Ackley, (2) Proctor Thayer, (3) Gustav C. E. Weber, (4) Charles B. Parker, (5) Dudley P. Allen, (6) Frank E. Bunts, (7) William H. Nevison, (8) George W. Crile.
Obstetrics-(1) John Delameter, (2) H. K. Cushing, (3) Charles A. Terry, (4) Frank Wells, (5) Hunter Holmes, (6) T. Clarke Miller.
Gynecology-(1) H. K. Cushing, (2) Charles A. Terry, (3) Frank Wells, (4) Henry J. Herrick, (5) Charles B. Parker, (6) Franklin D. Brandenburg, (7) Hunter Robb, (8) William H. Humiston.
In a supplementary note to some valuable infor- mation relevant to the Medical Department of the Western Reserve University, kindly contributed by its Secretary, F. C. Waite, he says:
"Ackley was one of the strong men of his time and in this part of the country stood for the leading surgeon.
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
"Kirtland, as you perhaps know, in addition to being very well known in his profession, was better known the country over for his proficiency in natural science. He got out the first natural history report in the State, and his work is ranked along with that of such men as Audubon and other pioneer naturalists.
"The elder Cushing, H. K. and the younger, E. F. (who died March, 1911), were members of a long series of doctors in the same family. E. Cushing, the father and grandfather of those mentioned, was the first medical man in Cleveland, coming here a year or two after the town was founded.
"Weber you probably know about. His activities in the Civil War helped greatly to bring order out of chaos in the medical service. He died during the present year (1912).
"Morley you probably also know of, since he is looked upon as one of the leading American chemists.
"I could give you biographical notes about many of the men, but perhaps this will suffice for you, and I hesitate to refer to living men."
MEDICAL SOCIETIES
In 1834 Dr. William M. Awl, of Columbus, issued a circular letter addressed "To all scientific practi- tioners of Medicine and Surgery in Ohio," calling for a general convention to be held in Columbus, January 1835, for the consideration and discussion of various subjects pertaining to the advancement and welfare of the profession at large. The special subjects for discussion were: The regulation of professional eti-
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
quette, the construction of independent medical so- cieties, the support of a periodical journal of practical medicine, the erection of public asylums for lunatics "and the education of the blind, the promotion of the temperance cause, the regulation of vaccination and the establishment of leech depots at convenient points so as to be within reach of all. The meeting was largely attended and took in a broader scope than the program called for, including such subjects as higher medical education, the legalizing of human dissection and other matters of like character and importance. These conventions met at various times and places, but for the most part at Columbus and annually. It was the inauguration of a new era. The previously isolated and estranged members of the profession were brought together in friendly council and community of interest. It was a revelation to all. To the leaders of the pro- fession in the great centers it sprung many surprises, for they found among the representatives present from country, village and even backwoods districts, men of minds and in some instances learning that commanded their respect and even admiration. To the timid and retiring it was a revelation, for in these great men-these demigods, as they had been wont to regard them-they found men of like passions with themselves, men who ate, drank and slept, men who had limitations as to knowledge, who made mistakes and admitted them and who in many ways resembled themselves. To be sure, they were highly proficient along some lines, and in some ways their sayings were as Greek to them. Nevertheless they were human, and with like opportunity it was not impossible that
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OF AN AMERICAN STATE
they themselves might acquire an approximate pro- iciency; therefore, they would sit at the feet of the nasters and learn. They had tasted of the waters of Mount Pierius and found them sweet. The impulse had been given, the profession was aroused, the results vere in the future. As a result, medical colleges vere founded in the larger towns and cities, social ind district societies organized, multiplied libraries ounded, and existing medical institutions stirred nd imbued with higher animus and new life. It is only fair to say that under the authority of the State Legislature district societies had been established in various parts of the State as early as 1811, but such ocieties had no educational aims and were constituted olely for the purpose of regulating the practice of nedicine within the prescribed limits of the various districts. They were empowered to license practi- ioners of medicine of eligible type and to prosecute nd bring to justice illegal practitioners, including quacks and pretenders of every description. There vere five of these districts to start with, which eventu- lly swelled to twenty. After twenty-two years of itter failure and inefficiency the State convention vas organized and the district societies fell into lesuetude, or rather ceased to exist, for desuetude had been their normal condition from the time of creation. n the meantime (1851) the Ohio Medical Society vas organized on a somewhat broader foundation nd succeeded the "Conventions." Even at this carly date we observe among the papers read some of exceptional literary, scientific and economic worth. Movements were set on foot for placing the profession
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